What is a preposition?What is a preposition?

A word that shows the A word that shows the relationship between two thingsrelationship between two things

la-la-l[l[ (on)

(by)

bb (in)

ll(to, at)

!!mimi(from)

ynynEPEP..

(before)

rx;rx;a; a; (after)

tx;tx;T; T; (under)

la-la-

l[l[ (on)

(by)

bb (in)

!!yByBee

(between)

• Independent PrepositionsIndependent Prepositions

• Maqqef PrepositionsMaqqef Prepositions

• Inseparable PrepositionsInseparable Prepositions

%l,M,h; %l,M,h; ynEp.l. ynEp.l.

B B Before the KingBefore the King#[eh' #[eh' tx;T;;tx;T;;

B B Under the treeUnder the tree

lWBM;h; lWBM;h; rx;a; rx;a;

B B After the floodAfter the flood~yIM;h; ~yIM;h;

!yBe!yBeB B Between the watersBetween the waters

!ybeîW rAaàh' !!ybeîW rAaàh' !yBeî ~yhiêl{a/ yBeî ~yhiêl{a/

lDEäb.Y:w: lDEäb.Y:w: `%v,xo)h;`%v,xo)h;

And he And he divideddivided

GodGodbetweenbetweenthe lightthe lightand and betweenbetween

the the darknessdarkness

!b,a,h'-!b,a,h'-l[;l[;

B B On the stoneOn the stone~d"a'h'-~d"a'h'-

la, la, B B From the manFrom the man

lx;N:h;-lx;N:h;-d[;d[;

B B As far as the valleyAs far as the valley#r<a'h'#r<a'h'

-!mi-!miB B From the earthFrom the earth

bv,YEßw: bv,YEßw: ry[iêh'-!mi ry[iêh'-!mi

‘hn"Ay ‘hn"Ay aceÛYEw:aceÛYEw:

ry[i_l' ~d<Q<åmi

And he And he wentwent

JonahJonahfromfromthe citythe cityand he satand he sat

From the From the frontfront

(to the east)(to the east)

to the cityto the city

B.B. B B In, by, withIn, by, with

l.l. B B To, forTo, for

K.K. B B Like, as, according toLike, as, according to

~yhil{a/ ar"B' ~yhil{a/ ar"B' tyviarEB.tyviarEB.In the beginning God created…

~yhil{a/ ar"B' ~yhil{a/ ar"B' tyviarEB.tyviarEB.

dwId"l. rAmz>midwId"l. rAmz>miA Psalm for David

When an inseparable preposition appears before a begadkaphat letter,

that letter will drop its dagesh lene

tyIBtyIB;;

tyIbtyIb;B.;B.

becomesbecomes

dwIdwID' D'

dwI)dwI)d"l. d"l.

becomesbecomes

Two sheva’s will result in a hireqTwo sheva’s will result in a hireq

xx. . xx. . xx..xxiihm'ähhm'äh

eb.eb.B. hm'ähhm'äh

eb.Bieb.Bi(animals) (in animals)

Two sheva’s will result in a hireqTwo sheva’s will result in a hireq

xx. . xx. . xx..xxiihmol{hmol{

v.v.B. hmol{hmol{

v.liv.li

Exception #1: If the word begins Exception #1: If the word begins with a yod, the sheva is droppedwith a yod, the sheva is dropped

~il;v'~il;v'Wry> Wry>

~Øil;êv'Wrå

yBi

B.

Exception #2: If the word begins Exception #2: If the word begins with a gutteral, the prefix adopts the with a gutteral, the prefix adopts the vowel mark of the letter it precedesvowel mark of the letter it precedes

a, [, h, x

yrIayrIa]K; ]K;

K.yrIayrIa]]

(lion)(lion) (as a lion)(as a lion)

Exception #3: If the word is joined Exception #3: If the word is joined to a noun with a definite article, theto a noun with a definite article, the

drops out as a contraction drops out as a contraction

#r<#r<a'B' a'B'

B.#r<#r<a'h'a'h'

hh

“From”

Can serve as an Can serve as an independent prepositionindependent preposition

ry[i(h'-!mi ry[i(h'-!mi (from the city)(from the city)

“From”

Can serve as an Can serve as an inseparable prepositioninseparable preposition

ry[imery[ime(from a city)(from a city)

“From”

Can be joined to another Can be joined to another prepositionpreposition

ry[iÞh'-ry[iÞh'-l[;mel[;me(on from the city)(on from the city)

“From”

• Comparative UseComparative Use

#Wrx'#Wrx'mme bAJ-e bAJ-hm; hm'k.x'-hm; hm'k.x'-

hnOq. hnOq. To getTo getwisdomwisdomwhatwhatgoodgood

Than Than goldgold

““How much better to get wisdom than How much better to get wisdom than gold” (Proverbs 16:16).gold” (Proverbs 16:16).

“From”

• Comparative UseComparative Use

• Superlative UseSuperlative UsetY:x; lKomi ~Wr[' tY:x; lKomi ~Wr[' hy"h' vx'N"h;w>hy"h' vx'N"h;w>

And the And the serpentserpent

waswasclevercleverFrom allFrom all(more (more

than all)than all)

lifelife

“From”

• Comparative UseComparative Use

• Superlative UseSuperlative Use

• Partive Use (indicates a part)Partive Use (indicates a part)

lk;aTow: lk;aTow: Ayr>Pimi Ayr>Pimi xQ;Tiw:xQ;Tiw:

And she And she tooktook

From (part) From (part) of its fruitof its fruit

And she And she ateate

(Not translated)(Not translated)~yhil{a/ ar"B' ~yhil{a/ ar"B'

tyviarEB.tyviarEB.#r<a'h' taew> #r<a'h' taew> ~yIm;V'h; tae~yIm;V'h; tae

rx;a;rx;a;

After, behind

rx;a;rx;a;Adam had relations with his wife again; and she gave birth to a son, and named him Seth, for, she said, "God has appointed me another offspring in place of Abel, for Cain killed him.“ (Genesis 4:25).

rx;a;rx;a;Now Moses was pasturing the flock of Jethro his father-in-law, the priest of Midian; and he led the flock to the west side of the wilderness and came to Horeb, the mountain of God. (Exodus 3:1).

rx;a;rx;a;When the LORD first spoke through Hosea, the LORD said to Hosea, “Go, take to yourself a wife of harlotry and have children of harlotry; for the land commits flagrant harlotry, forsaking the LORD.” (Hosea 1:2).

hw"hy> hw"hy> yrEx]a;meyrEx]a;me

taetae

With, beside

Or

Sign of definite object

la,la,

To, toward, into

!yBe!yBe

Between

B.B.

In

%wOtB.%wOtB.

In the midst, inside

%w%w<T'<T'

BB..

hm'k.x'hm'k.x'

Wisdom, skill

~k;~k;x' x'

B “To be wise”

hm'k.x'hm'k.x'““You shall speak to all the skillful You shall speak to all the skillful persons whom I have endowed with persons whom I have endowed with the spirit of the spirit of wisdomwisdom, that they make , that they make Aaron's garments to consecrate him, Aaron's garments to consecrate him, that he may minister as priest to Me” that he may minister as priest to Me” (Exodus 28:3).(Exodus 28:3).

hm'k.x'hm'k.x'WisdomWisdom shouts in the street, shouts in the street,

She lifts her voice in the square She lifts her voice in the square (Proverbs 1:20).(Proverbs 1:20).

K.K.

As, like, according to

lKolKo

All

lKolKoThen God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the sky and over the cattle and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.” (Genesis 1:26).

#r<a'êh'-lk'b.W

fm,r<Þh'-lk'b.W

lKolKolKomi ~Wrê['

hy"åh' vx'N"h;w>

hd<êF'h; tY:åx;was And the

serpentcraftyfrom all

living (animals)

(of) the ground

ynEp.liynEp.li

Before(literally: to my face)

ynEp.liynEp.liNow the earth was corrupt in the sight of God, and the earth was filled with violence. (Genesis 6:11).

ynEp.liynEp.liYou prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies;You have anointed my head with oil;My cup overflows. (Psalm 23:5).

l.l.

To, toward

![;m;l.![;m;l.

On account of

!mi!mi

From, out of

l[;m;l[;m;

Above, upward

hw"c.mihw"c.mi

Commandment

d[;d[;

Until, as far as

l[;l[;

On, upon, on account of

rb;D.-l[;rb;D.-l[;

Because of, on account of

~[;~[;

With

lae( Wlae( WnM'î[i nM'î[i

BB “God with us” “God with us” (Isaiah 7:14)(Isaiah 7:14)

hP,hP,

Mouth

hd,f'hd,f'

Field

……and conquered all the and conquered all the countrycountry of the Amalekites of the Amalekites

(Genesis 14:7).(Genesis 14:7).

hd,f'hd,f'

Field……that he may give me the cave of that he may give me the cave of

Machpelah which he owns, which is Machpelah which he owns, which is at the end of his at the end of his fieldfield (Genesis 23:9). (Genesis 23:9).

hd,f'hd,f'

Field

Esau became a skillful hunter, a man of the field, but Jacob was a peaceful man, living in tents (Genesis 25:27).(Genesis 25:27).

tx;T;tx;T;

Under, below, instead of

tx;T;tx;T;The water prevailed more and more upon the earth, so that all the high mountains everywhere under the heavens were covered. (Genesis 7:19).

Moreover, he shall speak for Moreover, he shall speak for you to the people; and he will be you to the people; and he will be as a mouth for you and you will as a mouth for you and you will be as God to him (Exodus be as God to him (Exodus 4:16).4:16).

~yhil{~yhil{aleale

hp,hp,l. l.

So Jacob named the place Peniel, for So Jacob named the place Peniel, for he saidhe said, “I have seen God face to face, , “I have seen God face to face,

yet my life has been preserved.” yet my life has been preserved.” Genesis 32:30).Genesis 32:30).

~AqßM'h; ~veî ~AqßM'h; ~veî bqo±[]y: bqo±[]y:

ar"óq.YIw: ar"óq.YIw: ‘‘~yhil{a/ ~yhil{a/ ytiyaiÛr"-ytiyaiÛr"-

yKi( lae_ynIP.yKi( lae_ynIP.`yvi(p.n: `yvi(p.n:

lceÞN"Tiw: lceÞN"Tiw: ~ynIëP'-la, ~ynIëP'-la,

~ynIåP'~ynIåP'

And he And he calledcalled

JacobJacobnamenamethe placethe place

PenuelPenuelbecausebecauseI sawI sawGodGod

facefacetotofacefaceand was and was savedsaved

my soulmy soul

hw"hy> rB,DI hw"hy> rB,DI ~ynIp'B. ~ynIP' ~ynIp'B. ~ynIP' `vae(h' %ATmi `vae(h' %ATmi rh"ßB' ~k,²M'[irh"ßB' ~k,²M'[i

FaceFacein (to) facein (to) facehe spokehe spokeYahwehYahweh

with you with you (plural)(plural)

on the on the mountainmountain

from the from the midstmidst

(of) the fire(of) the fire

Since that time no prophet has Since that time no prophet has risen in Israel like Moses, whom risen in Israel like Moses, whom

the LORD knew face to face the LORD knew face to face (Deuteronomy 34:10).(Deuteronomy 34:10).

~ynI)P'-~ynI)P'-la, la,

~ynIßP'~ynIßP'

“With him I speak mouth to mouth, Even openly, and not in dark sayings, And he beholds the form of the LORD. Why then were you not afraid To speak against My servant, against Moses?” (Numbers 12:8).

AB-rB,d:a] AB-rB,d:a] hP,-la, hP,ä hP,-la, hP,ä

“With him I speak mouth to mouth, Even openly, and not in dark sayings, And he beholds the form of the LORD. Why then were you not afraid To speak against My servant, against Moses?” (Numbers 12:8).

tdoyxib. tdoyxib. al{w>al{w>

“With him I speak mouth to mouth, Even openly, and not in dark sayings, And he beholds the form of the LORD. Why then were you not afraid To speak against My servant, against Moses?” (Numbers 12:8).

LXX:LXX: ouv diV ouv diV aivnigma,twnaivnigma,twn

For now we see in a mirror dimly, but then face to face; now I know in part, but then I will know fully just as I also have been fully known.

(1 Corinthians 13:12).

evn aivni,gmati