MillA J o y m a l

T H E O I L S E E D S P R O C E S S I i ' ( , j a ? 3 S T R V

prepress/full press ubmnn/OCT 26 1979

T f s a s M ^ U t w & ^ f y

84 NO. a 1JSPS 405 880) Our 84th Year OCTOBER, 1979

REGIONAL OFFICESCALIFORNIA: El Segundo 90245Don Eastman— 999 N. Sepulveda Blvd.

TEXAS: Hurst 76053Earl Easley— 1050 W. Pipeline Dr.

MISSOURI: Weston 64098David Boone— Box 245, 16 Pleasantview Dr.

OHIO: Strongsville 44136Woot Ballard— 19699 Progress Dr.

GEORGIA: Atlanta 30339 Gerald Horton— 6520 Powers Ferry Rd.

TENNESSEE: Knoxville 37921 D&R Supply (Parts Warehouse)6131 Industrial Hts. Dr.EUROPE: 1110 Morges, Switzerland Peter von Daniken— Chemin du Moulin 5

LATIN AMERICA: TEXAS, Hurst 76053 Fred Samudio— 1050 W. Pipeline Dr.

DISTRIBUTORSCALIFORNIA: Los Angeles 90012 Proin Inc— 1001 E. First St.

TEXAS: Ft. Worth 76109 W. C. Cantrell C o -3 2 4 5 May St.

MINNESOTA: Minneapolis 55420 Alloy Hardfacing & Eng. Co. Inc. 1209 Clover Dr. South

PENNSYLVANIA: Glen Riddle 19037 Pittock and Assoc— Parkmount Rd.

ANDERSON

EKPCIICR PRESSExpeller Press — the answer to both PrePress and Full Press applications. Rely on our 80 years experience in manufacturing mechanical extrac­tion equipment. W rite fo r literature on pressing, cooking/drying and screening of vegetable oil materials. Anderson IBEC, Division of IBEC In­dustries, Inc., 19699 Progress Drive, Strongsville, Ohio 44136 U.S.A. In Europe: Chemin du Moulin 5, 1110 Morges, Switzerland.

J When it comes to m echanical extraction of ^.vegetable oilseeds, PrePress or Full Press —

Expeller Press is the best of both worlds.

In PrePress operations, the 11-66 Expeller Press •; will process over 150 m etric tons per day with

a residual oil content in the range of 15-20%. Full Press models process up to 35 m etric tons

* per day with residual oils at 3Vz-6%.

PROCESS EQUIPMENT DIVISION

crown iron works CoV .... , , , . . .1229 Tffer St HE.. P.fl. 80* ?3€4, Wtnrwapo«s. MN 55440

Phone (612) 781-3101

peanuts cottonseed

safflower soybeans rapeseea

sunflower

Beautiful oil. Clean. Clear. Profitable. Crown Extraction Plants make it that way. Process cottonseed, soybeans, peanuts, sunflower, rapeseed, safflower, copra, corn germ, wheat germ; one of them, or all of them. Get the versatility of a reliable Crown Extraction Plant. Factory prepiped and preassembled extractor for ease of installation and control of costs.

IFor a complete oil extract plant, think first of the Cro Extractor, DesolventizeM Desolventizer-T oaster-Dn Cooler, Crown Solvent Rec System and Crown Miner? System. Whatever yournff Crown process engineers' help you get the oil outJ oil. Profitable. Call on Cb the extraction specialists

Your primary source of supply is one problem you shouldn’t have to worry about. We can try to help you.

Why? Because almost all of our Getty and Skelly products are manufactured from crude oil at our own refineries. And when you order from us we arrange for direct delivery from our closest supply point to your tank.

We develop, produce and provide the top-performing products your operation demands. Products such as aliphatic and aromatic solvents,

toluene, benzene, phenol, ace­tone, nonenes, heptenes, oc- tenes, naphthalene and sulfur as well as petroleum coke.

Add it all together, we’ve got just about everything you need. . . along with 40 years’ experience and dedication.

And there’s an office very near you that’s ready, willing and able to rush your order direct to you:

Getty Refining and Mar­keting Company, Eastern Region, #3 Executive Campus, Rt. 70, Cherry Hill, N.J.08034. Phone (609) 662-6900.

Mr. Lee Genovese, Specialty Products Sales Manager.

Getty Refining and Market­ing Company, Central Region, P.O. Box 1650, Tulsa, OK 74102. Phone (918) 560-6187. Mr. Ken Olson, Solvent Sales Manager.

G ettySOLVENTS & PE

SkellyrROCHEMICALS |

Getty Refining and Marketing Company..... -.........

GAZETTEER — October, 1979OIL MILL

IO M S A O f '

P P R ES ID EN T

BOBBY JONESA n d e rso n , C la y to n P . O . B ox 191 Lu bb ock , T e x a s 79408

FIRST V IC E P R ES ID EN T

EDUARDO DE LA PENA O .,

In d u stria s De La Pena S .A . A p a r ta d o 1-1009 G u a d a la ja r a , J a l . , M exico

S E C O N D V IC E P R ES ID EN T A N D

S H O R T C O U R S E C H M N .

RONNIE LUTTMANP lan te rs Cotton O il M ill P ine B lu ff , A rk a n s a s

S E C . TR EA S U R ER

BENTLEY PAGE3 4 14 54th S t.Lu bb ock , T e x a s 79 4 1 3 (80 6 ) 799-6571

SH O R T C O U R S E C O - C H A IR M A N

S. P. CLARKFood Pro te in R & D A& M U n ive rs ity FE B o x 63C o lle g e S ta t io n , T e x a s (7 1 3 ) 845-7033

C O N V E N T IO N — 1980

T E C H N IC A L C H A IR M A N

MARTIN HORSMANA n d e rso n , C la y to n & C o . P h o e n ix , A r izo n a

C O -C H A IR M E N —S O C IA L

DICK CAGLIAE lectric M otor Shop B o x 446Fresno , C a l i f . 93709

W ally ThomsonB e a rin g s S u p p ly B o x 408Fresn o , C a li f . 93708

O i l M i l l G a z e t t e e r : V o l. 84;

0CT0BEP ub lish ed m onth ly by O IL M ILL G A Z ET TEER

6633 H ilc ro ft

P. O . Box 3 5 4 2 3 , H ouston , T e x a s 77035

Ph: 713-772-5982

O ff ic ia l o rg an o f

In te rn a t io n a l O il M ill S u p erin ten d en ts

and

Tri-S ta tes O il M ill Su p e rin te n d e n ts A sso c ia tio n

Second C la ss P ostag e P a id a t H ouston , T e x a s

S U B S C R IP T IO N S

Dom estic su b scr ip tio n , $ 6 .5 0 per y e a r in a d va n ce

Fore ign su bscrip tion $ 9 .0 0 per y e a r , a ir m a ils

on request

M issing cop y c la im s m ust be m ad e w ith in 30

d a y s dom estic , 90 d a y s fo re ig n .

Per copy p rice : 75# cu rre n t; $ 1 .5 0 w ith in one y e a r ; a l l o th e r, $ 3 .0 0 .

KRIS SMITH

E d ito r/P u b lish e r

D oll LesterC ircu .w ...o .i D ijn u g e i

R e p resen ta tives

P a tr ic ia Rush , TSO M SA

1722 D organ S t., Ja c k so n , M iss . 3 9204

Bill Lester (1 year) Phoenix, Arizona Frank Brunnemann (2 years) Fresno, Bob Clay (3 years) Fresno, California Wilson Florey (4 years) Ft. Worth, Texas

Traduccion en Espanol de el ar- ticulo “ Colectores Ciclonicos de Cono Largo de la Universidad Texas A&M ” por el autor H. J. W itz, de la com- pania Producers Cotton Oil Co., de Fresno, California, estan a disposi- cion de el publico en la oficina de Oil Mill Gazetteer, el precio de $2.00 cubre los gastos de Correo Aereo.

ADVERTISERINDEX

All Valley Industrial Supply Alloy Specialists of

Marshall, Inc. .......................Anderson IBECAtlanta Belting ........Brandon and Clark

22

.... 16Cover

.... 30

.... 18

Buhler M.IAG .............................W. C. Cantrell Co.Creason Corrugating Co.Control Electric Co. ................Crown Iron W orks Co...............Dabney-Hoover Supply Co.Du Mond Co., Inc. ..................... jWm. C. Ellis & Sons ..............JFreeman & Freeman .............|French Oil Mill MachineryGetty Solvents (Skelly) .........C liff Cranberry Corp.................Industrial Metal Products Insulation & Refractories

Services Inc. ...........................Ralph L. Jackson Inc. ............ ]Egon Keller Co. & Carl Aug.

Picard .......................................Law and Company .....................Lewellyn W elding and

Fabricating Co.........................Lubbock Electric Co. .............Luttrell Belting & Supply Manufacturers Maintenance

Service ...................................... !Masiero Industrial ................Moorhead Machinery & Boiler !Murray-Carver, Inc....................Muskogee Iron W orks ............Phelps Machinery ...................Pittock and Associates ...........Plant Maintenance Service CorpScrew Conveyor Corp. ............Sikes Machine Shop Southwestern Supply &

Machine W orks Southern Boiler & Tank Works Stinnes Oil & Chemical Co., Inc.* M. C. VerderyKenneth W hitlock, Inc. ........W itt Corrugating & Tool Co.

Classified:Wm. Hendrick .............Food Protein R & D, Texas A&H

Technical Articles:“ 1D-3D” — Texas A&M Long ft

Collectors ......................... 1By H. J. W itz, Producers CotOil, Fresno

Miscella Refining TodayBy Wm. Blake Hendrix, S#|

Systems, Tiburon, Calif-

Summary of N FPA 36-1978Edition ................. '*By Leigh Shomaker, French Mill Machinery, Piqua, Ohio

4 O IL M IL L GAZETTEER — October, I

We can solve your Wear-Part problems

We manufacture an extensive range of wear resistant parts for all makes of Screw Presses used in the Animal Fats and Vegetable Oil Processing Industries.

We guarantee quick and reliable deliveries. In addition, we hold stock on many standard items.

Our products are of the highest quality ensuring excellent product lifetime and maximum cost effectiveness.

Our agencies are situated world-wide and our technical staff are always available to discuss your problems on site. —. ^

1 mEgon Keller GmbH & Co.P. O. Box 14 0350 • D-5630 Remscheid 1 W.-Germany Telephone (0 21 91) 86 27 • Telex 8 513473 ■ Telegrams kellerkek

Carl Aug. Picard GmbH & Co. KGP. O. Box 14 0440 ■ D-5630 Remscheid 1 • W.-Germany Telephone (021 91) 87 01 ■ Telex 8 513 906 • Telegrams picardi

i e r o i n d u s t r i a l s . cb r DESDEEST,

iABUSOFSDt

II ID

L 1924 J

“MASIERO” Continous Press

CAPACITY SOYBEAN: 240 TON PER DAY - TPD COTTON: 300 TON PER DAY - TPD

FACTORY B R A Z I L SAO PAULO Jau - SP Av. Ip iranga, 919 - 15°

Tels: 2 9 39 /2 613 Sala 1507 CP 218 Tels: 355636/332805

Telex - 11 24325

MANUFACTURERS OF: — Reducers - Cookers - Toasters - Extractors - Deodorizing Apparatus - Drying Worm Gears - Conveying Worm Gears - Seed Driers - Roller Mills - Hammer Mills - Filters - Gear and Piston Pumps - Hullers - Bucket Elevators - Cleaning Screens - Decorticating Mills - Solvent Extraction Units.OIL Mill, GAZETTEER — October, 1979 5

that runs like a Swiss watch can have new wear parts in 24 hours

Buhler-Miag flaking mills are engineered and built to serve you reliably for a very long time.

But if and when parts or service are needed, they are available in a very short time.

We can now ship wear parts from our Minneapolis factory inventory within 24 hours of your call.

So before you buy your next flaker, consider Buhler-Miag. Consider its precision engineering.

Consider its confident, quiet operation, its uniform flaking, its minimal maintenance.

And consider that now, it’s never more than a day away from parts and service.

With all this going for Buhler-Miag, it may be hard to consider anyone else.

May we tell you more? Call or write for literature and complete details.

= I (B U H L E R -M IA G )P.O. Box 9497, Minneapolis, MN 55440 • (612) 545-1401

1925 Leslie St., Don Mills, Ontario M3B 2M3 • (416) 445-6910

BUHLER BROTHERS LTD. CH 9240 Uzwil, Sw itzerland Phone (073) 50 11 11 Telex 77 5410V-^r»«ncD^fnRS E ™ L CE A^P.,®Ui LDlNG COMPLETE EDIBLE OIL PROCESSING PLANTS INCLUDING: UNLOADING • STORAGE * PRE-CLEANING ♦ ORVINJ

............ ... MECHANICAL & PNEUMATIC HANDLING • DUST CONTROL • INTEGRATED PROCESS CONTP• TEMPERING . CLEANING . CRACKING • DE-HULLING . CONDITIONING . FLAKING

6 OIL MILL GAZETTEER — October,*

An Appraisal of

Texas A&M Long Cone 11X3IT Cyclone Collectors

ByH. J. WITZ

Producers Cotton Oil Company Fresno, California

CYCLONES, or centrifugal collec­tors, are used in all areas of

industry. They are widely used in cotton gin and oil mill pneumatic conveying systems as the primary collection device. They reduce air pollution by separating solid particu­lates from flue gases, and can be used to collect and classify various dry materials in grinding and size reduction processes. They have a low initial cost, as compared to other types of collectors. They are simple, rugged, and have a low operating cost. They require little supervision and will operate under wide limits of loadings. They must be carefully sized, however, in order to comply with current federal, state, and local emission laws, to avoid excessive pressure drop, and to provide for the most efficient collection of dust and lint.

The design of cyclone collectors prior to 1950 was very simple. The body diameter was calculated to be approximately four to six times the diameter of the inlet pipe. The body height was approximately one-half the diameter and the cone length was equal to the diameter. This resulted m a low efficiency collector (70-75 per cent) which could handle a large volume of air.

In 1955 the American Petroleum nstitute published an engineering

report on cyclone dust collectors which indicated 99.9 per cent collec­tion efficiency of particulate matter m excess of 20 microns with a small ciameter high efficiency cyclone collector which had an inlet velocity of approximately 3,000 FPM. This data was checked, simplified, and republished by the Texas State Department o f Health and the Texas

inner’s Association, and the high efficiency cyclone collector was ac­cepted as the standard for the cotton ginning industry and to a limited degree by the oil mills.

The passage o f the National Envi­ronmental Policy A ct (1969) and the

ean A ir A ct (1970) with the re­

quirement that industry would be regulated to improve the environment, restricted the use of the old style, large diameter, low velocity cyclone collectors without the use of a sec­ondary filter device such as a bag filter or water scrubber, and industry has elected to replace the majority of these low velocity units with small diameter high efficiency cyclone collectors.

All of the centrifugal cyclone collec­tors at the Producers Cotton Oil Company Fresno mill were replaced in 1963 with Standard Cotton Gin “ 2D-2D” units. They provided a mar­ked reduction in the total emissions by 1963 standards, but did not comply

"1 D -3 D " High E ffic ien t Cyclone Collector Design C a lcu lations — 3000 FPM

Entrance Velocity PRO DUCERS CO TTO N O IL CO M PA N Y

1. C a lcu la te or m easure the velocity (FPM ) o f the a ir in the pneum atic conveyor duct to the cyclone

2 . C a lcu la te the cross-sectional a rea of the pneum atic conveyor duct (Square Feet)

3 . M ultip ly the m easured velocity in feet per m inute by the cross-sectional area

o f the pneum atic conveyor duct in square feet to determ ine the volum e rate o f a ir in cubic feet per minute (CFM ) to be handled by the cyclone

4. D ivide the volum e rate (Step 3) by 3 ,000 FPM to determ ine the cross- sectiona l a re a (FT2) o f the in let to the cyclone

5. The in let duct is rectangular w ith He == Dc and Be 1 /8 Dc. Therefore the ca lcu lated cross-sectional a rea (Step 4) is equal to 1 /8 Dc2From w h ich :

Dc --- (8 x cross-sectional a rea insq uare fee t) ' / 2

6 . M u ltip ly Dc (Step 5) by 12 to convert to inches and calcu late the other d im ensions o f the cyclone from the fo llo w in g design proportions;Dc — D iam eter of Cyclone Body; Lc == Dc^^Length o f Cyclone Body; Zc -— 3Dc= r Length o f Cyclone cone; He := : Dc— Height o f In let Duct; Be == D c/8==W idth o f In let Duct; De z = D c/2 — Diam eter or A ir D icharge O pen in g ; Jc == (5 /8 ) (De)= ^Diam eter o f Dust D ischarge O pen ing ; Sc == D c/8===Extension o f A ir D ischarge O pening intp Cone.

with the requirements of the process weight rules of the 1970 Clean Air Act.

We then considered the use of secondary filters and installed one Wheelabrator-Frye Ultrajet Size 1218 Model 108C Series 6P Fabric Dust Collector rated at 50.000 cfm to collect all o f the exhaust emissions from the bale press room. It proved to be 99.99 plus per cent efficient but, to our dismay, the maintenance and operating costs are too high for an oil mill operation. We also investigat­ed the use of water scrubbers and elected not to make an installation due to the problems of waste disposal, odor, maintenance, and the cost of chemicals.

We were convinced that a cyclone collector and/or a cyclone collector skimming device would provide the only practical answer to our problem, and decided to install one bank of experimental Texas A&M “ 1D-3D” collectors on one lint flue system for ten Carver 176 saw delinting machines. The emissions were tested by both the Chemecology Corporation of Concord, California and by rep­resentatives of the Fresno County Air Pollution Control District and show a reduction in the grain loading from .03 gr/SCF to .01 gr/SCF and the particulate matter discharge from approximately 0.86 lbs/HR to 0.20 lbs/HR when delinting at a rate of 3.68 tons of cottonseed/HR and cut­ting 141.58 lbs lint/ton.

The installation of “ 1D-3D” cyclone collectors on all of the second cut lint flue systems and lint beaters was completed and inspected in August 1977 and Producers Cotton Oil was granted operating percnits under the process weight rules for all of the mill operations.

At this point, I would like to thank Dr. Calvin B. Parnell, associate professor of the Department of Agri­cultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, and his associates, for their assistance in preparing the slides and experimental data present­

0\l MILL GAZETTEER October, 1979 7

C Y C LO N E D ESIG N PR O PO R TIO N S:Be = D c / 8 ; He — D c; De = D c /2 ;L c = D c; S c = D c / 8 ; Zc = 3 D c ; Jc = D c/4

length and two diameters of cone length fo r the “ 2D-2D” Collector.

The relative dimensions fo r the “ 1D-3D” cyclone collector are shown in Figure 1. Below are the cyclone design proportions:

Dc = Cyclone Body Diameter Be = D c/8 = Width o f Inlet Duct He = Dc = Height of Inlet Duct De = D c/2 1 Diameter of A ir

Discharge Opening Lc = Dc = Length o f Cyclone

BodySc = D c/8 = Extension of A ir

Discharge Opening into Cone

Zc = 3Dc = length of cyclone cone. Jc = D c/4 = Diameter o f Dust

Discharge Opening as per Texas A&M Specifications

Jc — 5 /8 De = Diameter o f Dust Discharge Opening as per PCOC Re­commendations fo r C y c l o n e s with Robber Systems

Our experience has shown that a critical area o f cyclone design is the dust outlet. Too small an outlet will cause air to be drawn in and too large

an outlet will cause air to blow

A cyclone with a robber picu system should have a slight tender; to blow out, and we have determir that this can be achieved if the ia- o f the dust outlet diameter to f discharge diameter is kept abt 5 /8. W e have also calculated that 5 /8 De dust opening will permits- proxim ately 8-10 per cent of ft inlet air to discharge through | dust opening which in turn reduce the total emissions to the atmospheif

It should also be noted that tt 5 /8 De dust opening are shownf the “ 1D-3D” High Efficiency CycM Collector dimensional sketch. This

a “ Producers” standard, since 4 m ajority o f our mill collectors at connected to robber systems, and•' not in agreement with the ASl| Specification.

A comparison o f the dimensions outline o f the “ 1D-3D” vs. “2D-21 Cyclone Collectors (Figure 2) shol that the design diameter and oveial length are equal. The area of til inlet opening is also equal at 111 Dc2. The one diameter long x 1|A inch diameter wide inlet opening int the 1D-3D is more efficient than tlsr one-half diameter long x 1/4 diamete

F ig u re 2 : D IM E N S IO N A L O U T L IN E o f "1 D - 3 D " v s . " 2 D - 2 D " C Y C L O N E COLLECTORS

ed below on the design and efficiency o f the A&M “ 1D-3D” Cyclone Collec­tor.

The A&M Cyclone is a standard small diameter efficiency collector with a short body, long cone, and narrow i n l e t . T h e designation “ 1D-3D” stands for one diameter body length and three diameters of cone length versus two diameters o f body

F ig u re 1: R ELA T IV E D IM E N S IO N S O F T E X A S A&M LO N G -C O N E C Y C L O N E C O LLEC TO R

8 OIL MILL GAZETTEER — October;

wide inlet into the 2D-2D since, at equal inlet v e l o c i t i e s , the dust stream has a shorter distance to travel to reach the wall of the cyclone. The short body and long cone also tend to increase the centrifugal force on the dust particles to force a higher percentage of entrained material out of the dust discharge opening.

Producers Oil Company provided Dr. Parnell with samples of first cut and second cut linters from the Fresno mill. They were processed with an A&M liquid wash procedure containing methonal to provide an estimate of the free dust less than 100 microns that could potentially be emitted. This data was then run through the A&M Cyclone Design computer model to estimate the emission concentrations.

The first cut lint was conveyed at inlet velocities of 3,000,. 3,333, and 3,600 FPM and at loadings of 25, 35.6, 50, and 75 lbs/H R. The average percentage of reduction in emissions with the A&M long cone collector vs. the “ 2D-2D” Collector was approximately 22 per cent.

The second cut linters were also conveyed at inlet velocities of 3,000, 3,333, and 3,600 FPM and at load­ings of 125, 144, 150 and 175 lbs/HR, with average reduction in emissions of 18 per cent. This lower figure was anticipated, however, due to the higher per­centage of pepper and fines in the second cut linters.The Texas A&M computer model

projections are promising, but they do not show the maximum potential reductions. The actual emission from conventional “ 2D-2D” cyclones and “1D-3D” cyclones handling second cut lint at the Fresno mill showed reduc­tions in excess of 100 per cent when connected with robber systems on the dust outlets and linters from machine picked cotton — See Table 1.

A bar chart (See Figure 3) com­parison of the efficiencies of long cone vs. short cone collectors at a dust loading of 100 lbs/H R and various inlet velocities illustrates the significant reductions in emissions in milligrams per cubic meter with the A&M Collector:

TABLE 1: A CTU A L EM ISSIO N S FROM C O N V EN T IO N A L "2 D -2 D " vs.

"1 D -3 D " C YC LO N ES O N SECO N D CUT LINTERS

Velocity 3000 FPM 3200 3600 4100

Difference331.7 MG/CUM318.8 301.34 276.89

It also illustrates the increased efficiency of the cyclone collector at higher inlet velocities.

A comparison at 200 lbs/H R load­ing indicates the same increase in efficiency at higher velocities and the

2D-2D 1D-3D 2D-2Dw / SKIMMER

—G ra in s/S C F - .032 .012 .015.027 .011 .010

1D-3D w / SKIMMER

.0076

.011

associatesfractional

proportional differences in emissions: Velocity Difference 3000 FPM 674.54 MG/CUM 3200 654.163600 614.224100 565.38

Dr. Parnell and his prepared a predicated efficiency curve for grain dust cyclones with an inlet velocity of 3600 FPM and a dust feed rate of 100 lbs/H R which showed that the A&M Collector had a collection efficiency of approximately 95 per cent with particles as small as nine microns.

In conclusion, the Texas A&M Long Cone Cyclone Collector is a more efficient collection device for oil mill lint room operations than the standard cotton gin type small diameter high efficiency cyclone. It is not the answer, however, to con­trolling emissions where there is a requirement for no visible emissions or zero opacity. It should be con­sidered as a good primary collector to reduce the load on downstream

filters when designing new systems to comply with the future restric­tions of the 1977, 1982, and 1987 Clean Air Acts.

* * *IMPCO Decorticator

The experimental machinery at the Fresno Mill for processing undelinted cottonseed consists of one IMPCO Decorticator mounted over two IMPCO Separator Shaker Units and two secondary beaters, in series con­sisting of one Fort Worth BC-3 Mote Beater and one Carver Tailings Beater.

The unit has a capacity of ap­proximately 75-80 tons/24 HRS of undelinted seed at 10-12 per cent lint, and 250-260 tons/24 HRS of delinted seed at 2.5 to 3 per cent lint. The oil content of the fuzzy lint and hulls is approximately 1.8 to 2 per cent.

The equipment is operated in con­duction with the normal separation room equipment and the fuzzy hulls are lost in the regular hull stream. We do not have to prepare hull pepper for protein control, since it is available from the Carver hulls system.

In our opinion, the system has satisfied our objectives o f increasing the mill capacity from 525 tons/day without affecting the total emissions and our air quality permit. It has also permitted the lint room to be shut down approximately six hours per day to avoid the “ on peak”

Figure 3 : EFF IC IEN C Y CO M PA R ISO N O F LO N G CO N E V S . SH O RT C O N E CO LLECTO RS AiT 100 LB S /H R DUST LO A D IN G

■2D 20 ID 3D

IN LET VELOCITY ( F P M )

OIL M ILL GAZETTEER — October, 1979 9

electrical demand and rate charges as follow s:RATES PER M ETER PER MONTH

Demand Charge:On peak, per kilowatt ofmaximum demand $4.20Plus partial peak .35Plus o ff peak — 0— Energy Charge:On peak, per kilowatt

hour .01045Plus partial peak .00845Plus o ff peak .00645In total figures, this amounts to

a savings o f approxim ately $10,000/ month during the “ A ” period of May 1 through September 30, and a sav­ings of approxmimately $6,000/m onth during the “ B” period of October 1 through April 30.

It is also our opinion that the system could be improved upon. The operation o f the decorticator is ex­cellent. The separator shaker units do not free all of the meats from the fuzzy hulls, however, until they are passed through a fan. It is our recom ­mendation that the system could be

improved upon by mounting tk decorticator over two or more hull shakers without the beater basljf to separate the lose meats. The jW hulls would then be asperated throng i a fan and discharged to a doubt drum beater. The hulls diseharg- n stream would then go to storage r fo r further processing and the meat 1 would go to a tailings beater for, | final clean-up of loose lint.

Presented to the convention of the lt ternational Oil M ill Superintendents As» ciation, June 1 9 7 9 , Guadalajara, Mexico,

French Appoints Harrison To Field Engineer, Solvent Extraction

The French Oil Mill Machinery Company, Piqua, Ohio, announces the appointment o f James A. Harrison as field

engineer, solvent extraction di­vision, fo r equipment installa­tion, operator training and plant start-up.

Mr. Harrison recently com­pleted 14 years experience with maintenance and plant opera­tion at Grasas Y Aceites, S.A., Chinandega, Nicaragua, where cottonseed is directly extracted and cottonseed miscella is con- tinously refined. Plant capacity

is 400 tons per day whole cottonseed.Mr. Harrison has completed technical training at W ill­

iamsport Technical Institute, Williamsport, Pennsylvania.

Short Course Dates Announced For 1980: April 14-15

Space has been reserved in Rudder Tower at Texas A&M University for April 14-15, 1980 for the forty-eighth annual Short Course for Oil Mill Operators.

Stanley P. Clark, Food Protein Research and Develop­ment, Texas A&M University, co-chairman for the short course, reported that these dates were relatively open without too many conflicts with other campus activities with which delegates would have to compete for rela­tively short supply motel rooms. Last year’s short course was held April 9 and 10 but with Easter Sunday on

April 6, these mid-month dates were the most suitableLast year’s short course drew a record crowd at:

officials expect to see this continued in 1980 with anotkg. outstanding line-up of speakers and subject matter.

Ronnie Luttman, Pine B lu ff, Arkansas, is chairman t; the short course. Mr. Luttman is also second vice presided of the International Oil Mill Superintendents Association sponsors o f the short course along with the Texas Cotton­seed Crushers Association and Texas A&M University

Wm. B. Hendrick Opens Fort Worth Oil Mill Consulting Office

W illiam B. Hendrick, a recently retired superintend™ has opened offices in Fort W orth, Texas, as an oil mil consultant.

Mr. Hendrick’s career has spanned some 30 years™ Anderson Clayton, the past 11 with the company’s Guada­lajara, Mexico operations. Through the years he hasgsdnej the respect o f oil millers everywhere for his experts in his field. He obtained his degree in mechanical engi­neering- from Texas A&M University in 1940. Along tb way he has become bi-lingual, speaking Spanish w English with fluency.

Mr. Hendrick served as technical program chairms: for last summer’s annual meeting o f the International ft Mill Superintendents Association in Guadalajara.

Mr. and Mrs. Hendrick now reside at 1914 Patton Conti Fort W orth, Texas 76110.

Larry Baker, plant manager, Honeymead Product' Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, is a new member «• the International Oil Mill Superintendents A sso cia tio n

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10 O IL M IL L G AZETTEER — October, ^ 0

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0,L M lLL GAZETTEER “ October, 1979 " L iM Tl

There's an important "EXTRA" in...Moorhead Rotary Steam T ibeDryers

Moorhead has been custom-designing, man­ufacturing, erecting and servicing complex processing equipment for the oilseed indus­try for most of its 60 years. Noteworthy but not unique.So what is there about Moorhead that makes it unique? It’s not just the factor of size, because others also build dryers in our size range of 6 1 x 30' up to 12 ' x 7 0 No, there’s a more important difference. It’s the extra ruggedness. Our en gin eers ca lcu la te the actual strength requirements and then add a generous service and safety factor.Because a plant shutdown is such a calamity, M oorhead designers have long been e x ­ceeding normal requirements. Dryers are being built to withstand the abuse of un­known loadings. Everything that Moorhead manufactures is probably more ruggedly con­structed, more heavy duty than any other we can name.W e call it the Moorhead Extra.Service is another Moorhead Plus. Regard­less of the age orm akeof your dryer assembly, M oorhead fie ld en gin eers and crew s are available to take over the rebuilding or serv­icing o f your equipm ent. M oorhead agri­business products carry a full year’s guaran­tee on materials and workmanship.The process starts with your letter or phone call. May we hear from you?

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Miscella Refining Today

ByWM. BLAKE HENDRIX, B.S. CH. E.

Project Engineer Sullivan Systems, Inc,

Tiburon, California

F

m

6

OR THE PAST 30 years the solvent extraction of crude oil from cottonseed has been a commercially

viable process. Refining’ in the miscella state has gained acceptance over the past 20 years, and today is becoming1 an integral part of the solvent extraction plant. With the increase in processing costs that have come about over the years, along with the decrease in the overall profit margin between the raw cottonseed and crude oil, miscella refining has become even more attractive.

Although the advantages of miscella refining were known before it came into commercial use, several ad­vances in equipment design had to be developed first. The major development being the hermetic centrifugal separator, which is the “ heart” of the process. The hermetic separator allowed the design of a totally enclos­ed system that minimizes the loss of solvent.|| The basic processing steps have remained the same since miscella refining’s development, but the process has been streamlined to improve the operation and reduce energy and maintenance costs.

This paper will give a brief description of the process­ing steps involved in miscella refining, with examples of maintenance and economic benefits for the oil mill operator. A typical flowsheet of the Sullivan Systems miscella refinery is shown in Figure 1.I The miscella feedstock for the refinery is picked up from the extraction process after the first stage evaporator. Two feed tanks with a hold time of four to eight hours are usually used to adjust and check the feedstock con­centration. Direct solvent extracted crudes have been found to refine most efficiently at a 60-65 per cent oil: 35-40 per cent hexane ratio.(*) Crude prepress expeller extracted oil can be reconstituted with hexane and refined with excellent re­sults also using the 65:35. oil: hexane ratio. The 65:35, oil hexane ratio is the maximum at which good refining yields can be obtained. As the oil content is raised above 65 per cent, the amount of oil entrained in the soapstock during separation increases, lowering the refining yields.(2) An incidential benefit of refining in the miscella state is the reduced viscosity and specific gravity as compared to 100 per cent cottonseed oil in con­ventional refining. Cottonseed oil at 75° F has a viscosity of 62 CS and a specific gravity of 0.915 compared to a 65:35 miscella viscosity of 5.5 CS and specific gravity o f 0.82. Pump- in£> heating, mixing, and separa­tion are all made easier due to the

miscella’s properties, reducing the energy requirements.Experience has shown that the sooner the oil is process­

ed after it is removed from the oil seed, the lower the refining losses and the higher the finished oil quality. One of the major advantages of miscella refining over conventional refining is the oil is refined before the color is set in by heating the miscella during hexane removal.

It is important to have at least two feed tanks for the refinery to maintain a homogenous mixture of a constant oil: hexane ratio. While refining if the ratio is fluctuating, the correct ratio of oil to caustic will not be maintained. This would result in an under-refined oil of low quality or a over-refined oil with high refining losses. As with any continuous process, if the feedstock is not a constant homogenous one. the process will suffer impaired performance.

Another desirable quality of the crude miscella is a solids content of 0.05 per cent or less. A higher content will invariably lead to more frequent cleaning of the centrifugal separator and lower productivity. Proper operation of the oil mill will usually be sufficient to produce this low solids content. If meal fines are a pro­blem, a filter may be used to filter the miscella before it is pumped to the crude miscella feed tanks. In dealing with prepress oil, it is desirable to filter the oil before it is blended into miscella,

Some of you now have a motorized filter, such as a CUNO, in the crude miscella feedline. We are attempting to eliminate usage of the motorized filters in our system due to the fact that their increasing costs are not justifiable in relation to the job they perform. Although they will remove a large portion of the suspended meal,

Oil. MILL GAZETTEER _ October, 1979 13

i f present, the smaller fines can still pass through them. I f the oil is properly processed, there should be a minimal amount o f suspended meal fines present; and a duplex basket strainer with wire cloth liner should be sufficient,

The crude miscella feed temperature preferably ranges from 120°F to 130°F. Temperatures in this range prevent the hexane from flashing and reduces steam consumption through the refinery. W hen the miscella comes directly from the first stage evaporator, it is already heated above this temperature and may require cooling if it is not blended with some cooler feedstock. The trim heater then brings the feed temperature up to 135°, after which it goes to the reagent addition section.

The first reagent is a food grade acid injected into the feed using a small volume metering pump. The acid pretreatment varies between 100 ppm and 500 ppm by weight o f oil depending on the quality of the crude. (2) An acid such as phosphoric or glacial acetic has been found to be effective in color removal. O ff-grade crude and early season production have historically required a higher dosage o f acid to obtain a lower bleach color and reduce refining loss. A s the season progresses, the acid dosage may be reduced without a reduction in oil quality. The amount o f acid also depends on what region the cot­tonseed was grown in and the local seasonal conditions. It should be pointed out that the acid used must be ap­proved by the FD A.

The acid is mixed with the miscella immediately after injection in a static mixer which provides intimate dis­

persal of the acid. The static m ixer has replaced the mo driven high shear m ixer used in the past, reducing! plant’ s power consumption and maintenance costs It virtually maintenance free and perform s consistent without operator adjustment. The pretreated is then alkali refined using dilute caustic in a 16°. Baume concentration. The use o f two mechanically ed caustic dilution tanks provides the refinery witt, homogenous caustic mixture and allows an easy chan o f concentration without shutting down the process H chemical reaction of the dilute caustic with the free fa acids proceeds rapidly at a temperature of 130 to 1351 A reduction in temperature will reduce the reaction ra which means more residence time will be needed, therefoj- a reduction in flowrate. The treat, amount of added to the oil, is based on the free fatty acid content on an oil basis. Usually, an excess of 0.2 to per cent over the theoretical is used depending on crude quality.

The amount o f caustic added is controlled by a r controller. The ratio controller receives two signals, «* from the crude miscella transm itting rotameter, and I other from the caustic transm itting rotameter. Coi paring the two flow rates to a present ratio, the ral controller adjusts the caustic flow control valve maintain the proper treat. In the past the crude i cella flow rate has been adjusted manually using rotameter fo r flow indication. W e are now using indicating controller to control the crude flow for number o f reasons. W ithout the controller, as the

ACCO's Brazilian Superintendents Hold Meeting

Superintendents for Anderson, Clayton Company in Brazil held their twenty-eighth annual meeting this summer at the mill in Londrina. The banquet was held at the Bier-House in Londrina on July 20, the final day of the two-day meeting.

Attending were, left to right: Rubens Martins Alves, superintendente de Londrina; Alfredo Paes Lima Dacunte, superintendente de Ponta Grossa (immediately in front); recond from left, back row: Oswaldo Guilherme, tecnico em aparelhos electronicos, SFO (instrumentation technician — operations sta ff); Jose Cervantes G. Rodrigues, superintendente de Cruz Alta; Aldo Distrutti, superintendente de Paraguacu Paulista; Leonardo Godottti, superintendente General das Fabricas de Oleo (general super­intendent for Brazilian Oil Mills); Leslie Watkins, director tecnico — Houston (technical director for oil mills, corporate sta ff); Jose de Oliveira Sobrinho, assistente administrativo — SFO (administrative assistant — operations sta ff) ; Dennis M. Buchanan, director vice presidente (vice president/manager, Brazilian Oil Mill Division); Davi D. de Freitas, gerente de Compras em Londrina (seed buyer — Londrina); Jose Derli da Costa, gerente de custos e orcamentos (manager costs and budget department); Jose Henrique J. Campos, eng. assistente de processos, SFO (process engineer, operations staff); Heiner H.I. Sachs, superintendente de Araquara; Paulo Cesar C. Goncalves, assistente do superintendente de Londrina; Pylede de Assis, assistente de gerente de compras em Londrina ((assistant seed buyer, Londrina).

M OIL MILL GAZETTEER — October,

pressure is raised due to meal buildup in the centrifugal separator, the crude pump discharge pressure increases. This in turn lowers the flowrate because of the inherent flow characteristics of a centrifugal pump. This “ riding back” on the pump curve would then have to be corrected by the operator increasing the flowrate, which would in turn increase the back pressure above the optimum set- ing. Two or three adjustments may be necessary to obtain the desired back pressure. The flow controller will com­pensate for the small incremently changes in the back pressure that are necessary to obtain the lowest separa­tion losses and highest oil quality. The operator now adjusts only the one variable parameter, back pressure, instead of two interdependent ones as in the past. Besides simplifying the back pressure adjustment, the flow con­troller frees the operator to look after other portions of the system.

All of the instruments used for automatic control of the process variables are totally pneumatic and of the large case type. Pneumatic instruments are used because they operate safely in hazardous locations, and generally have a low maintenance requirement and simplistic opera­tion. However, a major cause of difficulty with instruments of this type is dirty instrument air supply. Foreign particles, water, oil, and caustic in the air supply will impare or permanently damage portions o f the in­struments; and every effort must be made to prevent their entering the instrument air supply. A contaminated air supply not only causes immediate problems; but is extremely hard to clean out, causing reoccurring main­tenance headaches. The easiest and best solution to preventing contaminated air is to have two separate air systems, one for plant air uses, and the other solely for instrument air. We strongly recommend a separate instrument air supply, for it never fails that someone forgets to close a blow point valve allowing oil to con­taminate the air systems. The cost of the piping for a separate air supply will quickly be exceeded by instrument repair costs if a system becomes contaminated.

After injection, the dilute caustic and miscella mixture passes through the reaction section which is made up of two different types of mixing. The first is a series of four static mixers, o f which any one, or all, may be used. These static mixers as with the acid addition mixer, produce a high intensity mixing providing ex­tremely good intimate contact between the crude miscella and dilute caustic. By varying the number o f mixers in series using bypass valves, the degree of mixing can be controlled. The static mixers eliminate the use of a variable speed motorized mixer, thereby, decreasing both power consumption, and the maintenance required to

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maintain a vital part of the refinery. We have found that static mixers provide a trouble free high quality performance at a small capital investment.

At this point in the mixing, the reaction between the FFA and the caustic has been completed and a soap miscella has been formed. The second mixing section allows for the reaction to go to completion. A series of low speed residence mixers or “ miscella reactors” provides the additional time necessary with the proper contacting to complete the reaction. As with the static mixers, it is possible to use all or none of the miscella reactors. The determining factor on how many reactors to use is based on the crude miscella quality and the refining results obtained. Here the small soap miscellas start to agglomerate forming larger clusters with little oil entrainment. The phosphatides and color bodies, of which the main component is gossypol, are then adsorbed onto the soap clusters. The adsorbtion of the impurities is a slow process which is influenced by the tempera­ture of the mixture. The optimum temperature is between 120-135°F with a lower temperature increasing the re­quired containing time, (2) The miscella reactors are designed to provide enough mixing to keep the soap miscella in suspension without creating an emulsion that would be difficult to centrifugally separate. The miscella does not emulsify as readily as in a conventional refinery and, therefore, this mixing is not as critical. Two major reasons for the high yield produced by miscella refining are the facts that the miscella does not easily emulsify and the soap tends not to entrain oil.

When looking at the maintenance of miscella reactors, the outlook is excellent. The reactors have a low speed

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OIL MILL, GAZETTEER — October, 1979 15

direct gear reduction drive mounted on the top head o f the mixer. The shaft is sealed by a mechanical seal to prevent leakage o f hexane that would occur if a packing1 were used. The low shaft speed coupled with the top and bottom bearing support with no wear surfaces except at the bearings, yield a long lasting mechanical dependability. With the shaft and agitator blades, being the only moving parts in the reactor internals, it is virtually maintenance free. I f the reactor is properly maintained and operated, it will give a long maintenance free performance.

Following the miscella reactors and the completion of the reaction, the miscella mixture then proceeds through another trim heater where the temperature is adjusted to 135°F to obtain the best separation in the DeLaval hermetic centrifuge. This is the upper temperature limit for separation purposes, fo r at a temperature of 138°F, the hexane will begin to vaporize causing difficulties in the separation step.

From the trip heater the feed mixture proceeds to the centrifugal separator which is the “ heart” of any miscella refining system. In this case it is the DeLaval “ hermetic” centrifuge. The word hermetic, which is defined as an airtight seal, is the key to why miscella refining is a process. The hermetic type centrifuge, being a “ sealed” one, allows the pressurization o f the total system includ­ing the separator. This deals effectively with the safety aspects o f hexane vapor and reduces the plant operating cost by conserving hexane which vaporizes readily at the separation temperature and atmospheric pressure. The hermetic seal is achieved using double carbon seals lubricated with water at the inlet and outlet o f the separator, which allows feed pressures o f 125 psig at the inlet. The separation of the soapstock and refined miscella is readily carried out due to the large difference in specific gravity between the two. The miscella at 135°F and a 65:35 ratio has a sp. gr. o f 0.795 and the soapstock has one of close to 1. 0. Due to this greater specific gravity difference, the outlet seal o f the separator was redesigned to provide a larger opening from which the soapstock discharges to prevent an un­controlled back pressure buildup.

A manual back pressure control on the refined miscella outlet maintains the proper separation interface location in the separator bowl and disc stack. The proper interface

location will give a light clear yellow refined misce!la The soap content o f the miscella will be less than 1" ppm and usually in the range o f 10-50 ppm. The soapsto" produced is dark brown gelatinous material with one three per cent hexane content, normally.

Even with low meal content m iscella, a small amour; of solids are present and will eventually accumulate j; the centrifuge’ s bowl. A s the solids build up on tkj bowl wall, the back pressure will have to be increase,1 to maintain the same low soap content in the refine,! miscella. As mentioned earlier, this would cause a flow reduction due to the nature o f the centrifugal feed pu® if it were not compensated fo r by the flow controller,

Another o f the m ajor benefits of miscella refininj over conventional caustic refining is the low losses usually 30 to 40 per cent under the AOCS cup loss. Along with the low refining losses, the finished oil "has ; bleached oil color usually 50 per cent lower than th?; o f the officia l cup results. Data from an actual reft ing run showed an oil w ith an AOCS cup loss of 8,1 per cent, a F F A o f 1.5 per cent, and bleach color # 2.1. It was refined at an actual plant loss o f 4.9 per cent had a F F A o f 0.02 per cent, and a bleach color of 0,8, This is a 43.5 per cent oil savings over the AOCS cu)> loss. O ) The improvement seen in the refined oil varies according to the grow ing region and seed quality, bat almost always results in im provem ent over the official AOCS results.

The refined miscella proceeds on to the evaporators and strippers fo r hexane rem oval via a seal tank or baci pressure valve. Both the seal tank and back pressure valve perform the same function o f preventing the hexane from flashing in the pipeline due to the vacuum in the evaporation system. The isolation from the vacuum isjj necessary to ensure consistent back pressure control oil the refined miscella centrifuge discharge which directly| effects the oil quality.

Another advantage realized by the oil mill operator is I the removal o f the gums, color bodies, and other impurities! in refining helps prevent lost efficiency in the evaporators.I The refined miscella prevents the build up of a gummy deposit being cooked on to the heat transfer surfaces, reducing the cleaning cycle frequency which requires production stoppage. This is also an energy saving| bonus since the heat transfer efficiency will remain high,

M

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16 OIL MILL GAZETTEER — October, 1®

requiring- less steam. This energy savings in the evapora­tion section is not always thought of when discussing miscella refining; and with today’s rapidly rising energy costs, it is a point to be considered when deciding on the installation of a miscella refinery.

Soapstock disposal in a miscella refinery is not a big pollution headache as it is for the conventional refineries. The soapstock can be readily added to the meal in the Desolventizer-Toaster (D /T ), which recovers the soap’s hexane content and actually adds to the value of the meal. The meal produced by solvent extraction has a low fat content because o f the high efficiency of solvent extraction in oil removal. Although it is desirable to remove as much oil as possible from the meal, this could result in a bigger problem of meal that cannot be readily sold as animal feed. It may also cause pro­blems in pelletizing the meal if it is too dry or dusty. Adding the soap cures both of these pz’oblems, solving the soap disposal problem and increasing the meal’s value as an animal feed.

A soapstock pump is provided with the system for transferring the soap produced at the centrifuge. Most plants use this pump to go directly to the D /T with the soap, which is fine as long as the meal supply to the D/T is of sufficient volume. If a problem develops in the extractor, temporarily causing a meal shortage in the D/T, the refinery would have to be shut down unless there was an alternate available. We recommend that a soapstock storage tank be provided to prevent the refinery from depending solely on the D /T ’s opera­tion. The soap storage tank would also eliminate the possibility of air slugs entering the D /T and causing the vacuum to drop. The use of a storage tank allows the soap to be added as needed for the amount of meal being produced and the fat content desired.

Looking at the economic advantages provided by miscella refining for the oil mill operator, we find they are numerous. The obvious advantage is the oil mill will be producing a premium quality oil that has a price advantage over crude of one to five cents per pound depend­ing on market conditions. Even when the price of crude and BPSY are equal, the oil mills producing PBSY will have a more desirable product, enabling production volumes to remain up. The crude producer may be required to pay a penalty under these conditions and have more difficulty selling his total production. In some areas of the United States, salad oil producers

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Like money in the bankFor gins, oil mills, groin elevators and other moteriols handling operations.

O M G 10/79

The SENSOTRON is on electronic monitor providing split-second readings of the continuous flow of materials within / your plant, and c be situated in any convenient location. /

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prefer not to purchase crude oil and will only buy a PBSY quality oil.

At first appearance the price difference between crude and PBSY seems to indicate that miscella refining- is a profitable operation. To determine if this is an accurate picture o f the operation, an economic evaluation must be done. A fter careful analysis o f the operation costs and initial investment, indications show it to be a very profit­able choice with a payback on initial investment in two years or less. The speed with which the refinery is amortized is dependent on the existing market conditions.

This evaluation was based on the follow ing assump­tions:

1. A 5000 pph (as oil) miscella refinery is to be in­stalled in a new or existing oil mill.

2. The refinery installed cost includes a complete mis­cella refinery and the tankage needed. Installation costs are for the rural southern U.S.A.

3. A ll operating costs are based on current prices from the southern U.S.A.

4. The crude oil quality is assumed to have an average FFA of 1.2 per cent and an AOCS cup loss of six per cent.

5. The caustic excess is assumed to be 0.4 per cent.6. The acid pretreat is assumed to be 400 ppm for the

total yearly operations.7. The oil mill is on a full year operation with a three-

week yearly maintenance shutdown and has a refin­ery efficiency of 90 per cent.

The total operating costs for the refinery include the caustic, acid, labor, power, and yearly average mainte­nance costs. When adding these, the cost per pound of oil pi*oduced comes to a low 0.26 cents per pound. W ith the current price differential between crude cottonseed and PBSY being approximately two cents per pound, the profit would be 1.74 cents per pound of oil produced. Assum ing that this profit margin remained the same over the whole year, the profit realized would be $614,000 before taxes. The cost o f a totally installed 5000 pph refinery today would be in the range o f $533,000 to $561,000 depending upon the regional location. A factor in keeping the installed cost o f the refinery low, is the small space requirements of the processing area. The total process fits easily into a 20-foot by 40-foot area.

As can be clearly seen, the installed cost o f a 5000 pph refinery could be recovered in two years or slightly less, assuming a 50 per cent tax on profits. In actuality, the market prices on crude and PBSY vary over the year and

when the price difference increases, the payback t' is reduced.

In summary, the advantages of miscella refining f 0r,

oil mill operator are numerous.1. The cost of the refinery is amortized in two yeaIS[

less.2. The PBSY cottonseed oil produced is easier to mart

than crude, and the oil mill earns the premium tween the two.

3. There are no pollution problems associated with f-refinery.

4. The soapstock by-product can be used to adjust ft meal’s fa t content, increasing its market value

5. The process is com pletely hermetic, minimizing ■; solvent loss and reducing safety hazards.

6. Power requirements for the refinery are minim;7. Operating and maintenance costs are low.8. The space requirements o f the process are mofe

B IBLIO G R A P H Y1. Crauer, L .S ., presented at USD A and Mississippi Valley oj|is

Processors A ssociation, February 7, 1966.2. Crauer, L .S ., P ennington , If, JO AOCS, October 1964, V0]

N o. 10, pp . 656-659.

Presented at the Oil M ill Operators Short Course, April 9 m Texas A& M University.

Sunflower Seed Futures Contract Under StudyA sunflower seed (oil variety) futures contract hi

been submitted to the Commodity Futures Trading Com

mission fo r approval fo r use by the Minneapolis Grai Exchange. The proposed contract is currently being studis by the com m ission’s legal sta ff according to a commissi spokesman, and their recommendations for action will I made to the commission within the next two months,

A I. Quest Sr. DiesArthur Eugene Quest died in Lubbock, Texas, at til

age o f 92. Burial was in that city.Mr. Quest is the father o f Gene Quest, a long til

member o f the International Oil Mill Superintend: Association. Mr. Quest was owner of A.E. Quest at Sons Manufacturing Co. in partnership with his 8o| Gene and Ralph.

RESEARCH OIL MILL FOREMANThe Food Protein Research and Development Center at Texas A&M University is seetoi! a working1 foreman to supervise our new itj search oil mill. The research oil mill houses pi plant scale equipment in all aspects of process ing cottonseed, peanuts, sunflower, soybean anc sesame. This person would be responsible f® scheduling- work, supervising 2-5 research tecb nicians and coordinating research projects wtl project engineers and chemists. The prospect candidate should possess: minimum of a W school dinloma, minimum of 5 years experietis in an o il mill, and good mechanical skills* electrical wiring, welding and equipment ® stallation and maintenance.Send resume to: Dr. L.A. Johnson, Assists! Research Chemist, Food Protein Research a# Development Center, Texas A&M Universe College Station, Texas 77843.

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The tool is actually a technique for distinguishing fa t components changed by hydrogenation of a food oil from components that have not been changed. Since the technique attaches distinguishing nonradioactive atomic labels to almost identical fatty components of food oils, is it called multiple labeling.

The technique is based upon differ­ences among the weights, or masses, of the fats. These differences in mass are chemically introduced at the atomic level and are detectable in an instrument, the mass spectrometer.

“The advantage o f multiple label­ing1,” said Edward A. Emken, research leader at the center, “ is that two or more specific fatty acids can be com­pared directly to each other in the same healthy person.”

Fatty acids are components of vege­table oils. Americans eat almost 6 billion pounds of hydrogenated vege­table oil every year in margarines, salid oils, cooking fats and shorten­ings. 90 per cent of this is soybean oil. It is hydrogenated to make it more solid at room temperature or to preserve its flavor during storage and use.

"Research with human subjects has been limited and contradictory,” Mr. Emken said. “ Some studies have in­dicated only small or no increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride (fat) levels due to dietary hydro­genated fats, but others have found significant increases.”

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OIL MILL GAZETTEER — October, 1979 19

Summary Of NFPA 36-1978 EditionBy

LEIGH SHOEMAKER French Oil Mill Machinery

Piqua, Ohio

IN ATTENDING the various industry conventions, the topic of safety has been paramount. This is justified,

of course, and one of the documents that is considered to be the “ Bible” of safety design information for solvent extraction installations is Bulletin N FPA 36, issued by the National Fire Protection Association. It is this document I will discuss.

The National Fire Protection Association, as you well know, does not deal exclusively with solvent extraction, but issues standards covering hundreds of different in­dustries and activities. Standards for solvent extraction plants were first issued follow ing the fall meeting of the association in 1957, The standards were adopted in 1959 and have been revised seven times since. The latest version was accepted at the annual meeting in December of last year. Copies of the 1978 bulletin may be acquired from the National Fire Protection Association, 470 Atlan­tic Avenue, Boston, Massachusettes 02210,

It is my intention to summarize the basic points of NFPA 36 and to particularly point to the changes which have been made since the last version was issued in 1974.

First o f all. for those o f you who are operating plants which were installed prior to the issuance of these guide­lines, there is a “ grandfather clause” which advises that these rules shall not apply to existing plants. However, any major changes or modifications to existing installations shall “ enhance safety to life and property.” Changes or modifications to existing facilities are not prohibited because o f space limitations as long as the design offers an equivalent degree of protection. I will make the impor­tance of this particular point clear a little later.

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Enforcement of these standards is left up to fts authority having jurisdiction in each instance. This authority may be the local fire marshall, fire inspector or a state equivalent agency. It is usually and most likely to be the inspector appointed by your insurer You may be confident that your installation will accepted by the insurer if it is in complete compliance with the rules of N FPA 36. In the event that strict compliance is not possible, it is ultimately the decision of the underwriter, whether or not he will accept your risk and a reasonable premium,

The location of the solvent extraction plant is a point which is thoroughly covered in the rules.

The solvent extraction plant shall be located on a concrete slab which is curbed and drains to an outside sump for the separation o f any spilled solvent from water exiting the plant. It must be o f fire resistive or non-combustible material and have the first floor at or above the surrounding grade. It must have explosion relief o f at least one square foo t fo r each fifty cubic feet o f volume provided by either loosely attached walls and roof or open air construction. Further information on this is available from N FPA 68 (Guide to Explosioi Venting),

The solvent extraction plant shall be enclosed by ai industrial type fence at a distance o f fifty feet on allf sides. This enclosed area is referred to as the ‘'Restricted Area.” W arning signs advising that no lighters, matck or similar flammable items may be taken inside this should be posted. No basements, tunnels, trenches or buildings may be located inside the Restricted Area, with the follow ing exception:

The exceptions are the solvent separation sump and solvent storage. The sump must be located in the restrict­ed area, but it must be 25 feet from the fence. Above ground solvent storage may be located in the restricted area, but it must be 25 feet from the extraction plant Above ground solvent storage, if not located in the restricted area, must have a fence surrounding it and b; located at least 25 feet from any structure. U n d e r g r o u n d storage may be located in the restricted area as long the fill spout is 25 feet from the solvent plant, A thiid exception to the prohibitions concerning the restricted area is the electrical house. This may also be locatcd in the restricted area.

The solvent extraction plant must be located at leas 100 feet from any structure, adjoining property 0 public thoroughfare. This requirement creates an al- 50 feet from the restricted area which is called 11 “ Controlled A rea .” This area has few er restrictions a"' may be fenced at your discretion. This area, as well a. the restricted area, must be maintained free of combusi ' debris and dry grass. No source o f ignition may be wi 100 feet o f the solvent plant. Thus, no boiler ho® or railroad tracks may be in this area. B u ild in g s may located in the controlled area if they are elevate least four feet o f f the ground.

20 OIL MILL GAZETTEER — October, lW

The restricted and controlled areas shall have vertical dimensions as well as horizontal. The extraction building shall have no electrical equipment or fixtures which are not class II, Group G, explosion proof within 65 feet on all sides and 15 feet above the roof of the structure or vent (whichever is higher). The balance of the restricted area has the same prohibition, except to a height of eight feet. Thus, the electrical control room may be located inside the restricted area if it is 15 feet from the ex­traction building and elevated eight feet above the ground. This would seem also to apply to other buildings, but prior to installing them, I suggest you discuss it with your insurance man.

The vertical restrictions on the controlled area extends only to four feet.

In the event that your property has a shape such that it is not possible to locate the solvent plant 100 feet from any building, source o f ignition, public thoroughfare or adjoining property — there is a remedy. You may install a vapor barrier, as long as it is no closer than 50 feet to the extraction plant. The vapor barrier must be made of concrete and be at least four feet high. It must be located in such a manner that solvent vapor must travel at least 100 feet in order to reach any of the points which are prohibited in the controlled area. The most practical way to install this vapor barrier, if it is necessary, is to combine it with the fence around the restricted area. This can be done by adding two feet of industrial fence to the top of it.

There are a number o f general rules which I would like to cover at this time.

The sump, through which all liquid effluent from the solvent must pass, must be o f concrete or similar non­combustible construction and be large enough to retain all solvent, miscella and oil which could be released by a single break in a vessel or piping plus an additional 50 per cent. In addition, if located in the restricted area, must have automatic fire protection.

Remote from the extraction process there must be a main valve for steam shutoff for the process. In ad­dition, there must be a remote electrical shutoff for all equipment except the cooling water pumps.

All equipment in the extraction process must be electric­ally interlocked so that the stoppage of any piece of solids handling equipment which may be hazardous will also stop that piece of equipment which is feeding it.

Combustible gas detection equipment, either permanent or portable must be installed. Points where vapor may be accumulated should be monitored continuously.

An approved fire protection system must be installed. It may be of the water spray, foam or deluge type. This, again, will most likely be up to your insurer.

There are a number of changes which were made to the 1974 version. For those o f you who have not as yet seen the newest bulletin, I will give you a brief outline of them.

One more step in the fierce, uphill battle to convert the United States to the metric system has been taken. All values in the 1978 version appear both in English units and ihe International System of units.

In addition to the prohibition o f any basem ents, tun-

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° IL MILL GAZETTEER — October, 1979 21

neis or trenches already referred to in the restricted area, N FPA 36 now clearly points out the drainage of the concrete slab must be on the surface. Drainage under the concrete slab is strictly forbidden.

Methods for restricting the backflow or solvent vapor from the extraction plant to other buildings is now also throroughly addressed. Pneumatic conveyors, as before, must have the air intake located outside a minimum of eight feet above the grade level. Other conveyors must have continuous aspiration to the outside air on the solvent extraction end, with both a visual and audible alarm indicating failure of the blower operation. Raw flake conveyors require not only the continuous aspira­tion, but also a physical break in the open air between preparation and extraction.

An entirely new section has been added concerning cooling towers. In oi'der for the cooling tower to be locat­ed in the restricted area it must be made entirely of non­combustible materials. If it has a non-combustible ex­terior and is protected by automatic sprinklers, it may be located in the controlled area. If it does not fit in either of these categories, it may not be located in either the restricted or the controlled area.

There is a new fire protection requirement for certain process equipment. Extractors, desolventizers, toasters, driers and spent flake conveyors must be of a design which minimizes the possibility of igniting deposits of product in these units. In addition, all such equipment must be protected by extinguishing system using inert gas, steam, or a combination o f the two. This system must be controllable from a remote and safe location.

The desolventizer and waste water evaporator are now required to have low temperature alarms. These, again, must be both audible and visual to warn of the possibility of solvent carryover.

I highly recommend your acquiring a copy o f N FPA 36. The committee is made up of a fair mix o f insurers and industry experts, and as you will see, they have attempted to be both fair and comprehensive, These are not govern­ment restrictions which often lack objective reasoning, but common sense rules which both the owner and the insurer will insist be abided by to limit the risk for both.

The French Oil Mill Machinery Company supports adherence to NFPA 36 whole-heartedly, not only in

A N ew Second Edition of

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design, but in operating precedures. Members o! tv company sit on various association committees wh’i make recommendations to the N FPA and we can V reasonable modesty say that many of the rules in th- bulletin came from our design practices.

Presented to the Tri-States Oil M ill Superintendents Associaj Convention, June 2 5 , 1 9 7 9 , B iloxi, M ississippi.

Oklahoma Cotton Research Foundation Observes 32nd Anniversary

The Oklahoma Cotton Research Foundation celebrate its thirty-second year o f existence this year.

Foundation members support cotton research at C% homa State University on a volunteer basis paid in ats: much per bale.

In 1948, the state was beset by many cotton producing problems such as low prices, declining exports, syntheti fiber advances and research from other areas not in tm with Oklahoma’s particular growing problems.

The late Horace Hayden and other members of || state cotton industry realized that the synthetic fiber j j dustry was successful due to the research that had goaJ into those products and decided to fight back ’with tk same weapon — the Oklahoma Cotton Research Founial tion.

Since that time the industry’ s support of cotton researcl at OSU and at various experiment stations has bee: unflagging.

D. Dale McClain is current president of the organization

Cottonseed Moving To Texas MillsMovement o f cottonseed to Texas oil mills continued a;

a steady rate during September, according to the Cotton Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA.

Weather conditions improved and as fields dried pick! ing was again on the upswing. Ginning o f module store; cotton continued in the Harlingen and Corpus Christ territories and harvest machinery was returning to tk fields. Harvesting was underway in all of the souther half o f the Austin territory and moving steadily nortl- ward.

"S tra ig h t To The Horse's Mouth"National Cottonseeed Products Association supports'

research at Cal-Poly and Texas A&M is being done K determine how much cottonseed meal may be fed tt|5,000,000 horses in states served by cottonseed crusher;

USDA estimates that horses consume about 3,700 tott of concentrates per head annually, which would approxi­mate 9,000,000 tons in cotton states. The results oft work could create a potential market o f 5 4 0 ,000-900,01 tons o f cottonseed meal.

Cottonseed meal was extensively fed to workstock i pre-mechanization eras but computers are program#- on more recent data.

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inji 01O IL M IL L GAZETTEER — October,

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°IL MILL GAZETTEER — October, 1979 23

A Report From The G eneral Chairman:

— WM. C. ELLIS & SONS “ rManufacturers of Oil M i l l M ach inery GRINDING

F R O N T & L IN D E N STS. Phone: (901) 525-0569 MEMPHIS, TEN N . ___

2A o i l M IL L G AZETTEER — October,

isb

Fall is in the air and our mills throughout the States area are gearing up fo r a new season. There be many problems and solutions to share at the meeting in Memphis, December 8 . I have just beT 01 contact with Lowell Meyers, the chairman for this j Se gram, and he reports that he has some speakers up and expects to have the entire program reajv publishing in the Gazetteer in the next issue.

It is people like Lowell that makes my job asin

mJll TO

chairman so rewarding. They accept their responsiM and follow through. This organization is very fortUL

wiin having a membership that is w illing to work andII on these jobs. I have yet to ask anyone to do some! and had them refuse. It is always “ Yes, I will dol best” . I appreciate this spirit o f cooperation amojJ C° fellow superintendents and TSOM SA members. It g0 me very proud to be part of such a fine group. IJ ^ also at this time like to express my thanks fori appointment as general chairman of the TSOMSA: can only say, along with others who have served, tliSjtir will certainly give it m y best shot.

One o f m y duties as general chairman is to appoint; Dl chairmen fo r the convention next June in Biloxi. I be contacting some of you in the near future and i: pi* my hope that those contacted will continue the tradn O'- o f accepting and producing the fine technical progJ yo the TSOM SA has always had. ret

There is one thing we need in this industry andiijM1 TSOM SA and that is some young blood. As I haveatteJ sin our meetings in the past I have observed the majc a : o f us are gray, thinning or bald. W e need to nl — down into our mills and bring som e o f the young m to our meetings to share in the information to be and to learn from the old timers before they are J All of you members bring a shift foreman to the re«i| m eeting to gain the benefits to be derived by attendance — fellow ship with other oil millers and families and some good inform ation sharing.

HUGH PENNING!?!W est Monroe, Louis:

Ted Erwin Joins Union Oil MillTed Erwin has joined the Union Oil Mill in’

Monroe, Louisiana, and he and his family law moved to that city.

Mr. Erwin was form erly superintendent at the So# Cotton Oil Mill in Greenville, Mississippi. He has long! a TSOM SA member.

A lso joining the Union Oil Mill is Leroy Jenkins, from the Southern mill in Greenville.

Secretary of Agriculture Bob Bergland has anno®the appointment o f Ronald F. Schrader as director c: O ffice o f Transportation o f the U.S. Department o:lj culture. Mr. Schrader, 39, served as acting director December 1978 when the new office was formed to & date transportation activities o f the department.

TSOMSA Officers & Committee Chairm en

Officers

Gordon Jackson .... ................................... PresidentHelena Cotton Oil Co., Helena, Arkansas

Bobby Nachlinger ................ ........ First Vice PresidentOsceola Products, Osceola, Arkansas

Lowell Meyers ..................... Second Vice PresidentBunge VOD, Destrehan, Louisiana

Jack Jennings ......... Secretary-TreasuurerP. O. Box 1013, Clarksdale, Mississippi 38614

Ernest Jones Raymond Rush Robert Pearson Elmer Graves Hugh Pennington Gordon Jackson

Board of DirectorsAm ory, Miss.

Jackson, Miss. Lamesa, Texas

Oklahoma City. Okla........ W est Monroe, La.

Helena, Ark.

L O W E ll M EYERS BO BBY N A CH LIN G ER2nd V . P. 1st V . P.

M ARY and JA C K JEN N IN G S Corresponding Secretary & Sec./T reasurer

G O R D O N JA C K S O NPresident

H UGH P EN N IN G TO N W ARREN DURHAM Convention Chm . Social Chm .

Central Cotton Oil ClosingThe Central Cotton Oil Company, Macon, Georgia, is

1 closing due to shortage of cotton in this area and diffi- re 1 culty in obtaining soybeans. The mill has been on the ren market for some time and will not be in operation this JH season.

; Mike Jones is superintendent of the Macon plant and is s presently overseeing operations there. He entered oil mill- a" mg eight years ago as a solvent plant operator with this

mill, becoming superintendent in 1975 upon the death of 1 Waymond Molton. He is a member of the TSOMSA and

has attended the past three conventions o f the association, fortnj ^ native of Macon, he and his w ife reside in that city ai1“ with their nine-year old son.ome® | Mike expects, to remain in oil milling and is presently

t: considering various offers.The firm also owns a mill in Estill, South Carolina,

Southern Soya Corporation. Richard Padgett, manager of the Macon mill, has moved to the Estill plant. R. A. Den- men, executive vice president o f the company, expects to retire in March 1980 and plans to spend most o f his time at his home in Florida.

Durhams' Grandparents AgainMr. and Mrs. Warren Durham, New Orleans, are the

proud grandparents of a new grandson, Barry John ■uplands, Jr., born July 26. The son of Patricia, the young man weighed in at seven pounds, seven ounces with reddish hair.

Thelma and Warren are pleased as punch especially since they were pulling for a grandson. The baby missed a few hours being born on Grandma Thelma’s birthday.

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TSOMSA Regional Meeting Hotel Requires Advance Room Payment

The regional meeting of the Tri-States Oil Mill Superin­tendents Association will be held at the Memphis-Holiday City, 3728 Lamar Avenue, U.S. 78, Memphis, Tennessee. The meeting will be held Saturday, December 8.

Jack Jennings, TSOMSA secretary-treasurer, reports that it will be necessary to send one day’s room rent along with reservation request and that reservations should be made early to be assured of a room.

Committees are now at work developing program plans for the Memphis meeting and members are urged to mark their calendars now for this event. The November issue of the Oil Mill Gazetteer will publish all program data.

The Tri-States Oil Mill Superintendents Association an­nounces a new member, Frelon Moore, Continental Grain Co., Albertville, Alabama.

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0|L MILL GAZETTEER — October, 1979 25

Sunflowers and Soybeans Doing Wed In Southern States But King Cotton Totters

REPORTS INDICATE that sunflower yields from growers throughout the south and southeast are

profitable and the potential is there for another new crop for the area.

Yields o f 1500 to over 2000 pounds per acre are reported by farmers in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas and Tennessee. Oil percentage is also reported to be high, with most samples running 40 per cent or better.

In a continuing effort to assist the southern area in sunflower production, the board of directors of the N a­tional Cottonseed Products Association, at their annual meeting this year, instructed the Research and Education

Committee and staff to develop a comprehensive to breed varieties o f sunflow ers m ost suitably S(LJ southern conditions. S ta ff and industry members meeting with Clemson U niversity, U SDA and other research groups to develop the program.

Also, the association and tw o southeastern cr

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provided support to the University of Florida to & fac sunflower fertilization, planting dates and spacing,: weed control. A gronom ist Jernigan., in cooperation; individual growers and crushers, influenced ’workeij conduct studies on insect and disease control at J# Tennessee, fer tility requirements a t Clemson, SoaM lina, disease control at Gainesville, Florida, plantingk fertility, and row spacing at Mississippi State UimJ and the e ffects o f nitrogen fertilization at Clafksa Arkansas.

Soybeans nudged K ing Cotton from his southern til stc some years ago and now sunflowers seem to be wj cu in on both. ; ! »

eccCotton production in the south and southeast steady declines during the past decade and as near, cotton is again down in the area.

A ccording to the m ost recent U SD A crop report,* tem ber 1., the Delta states o f Arkansas, Louisiana,* souri, M ississippi and Tennessee will produce 2,6* bales, down 10 per cent from last year’s short crop up six per cent from the A ugust forecast. Condi™ the crop ranged from poor to good but prospects fovcl o f the acreage im proved during September. M sJ beginning to open but were some two weeks laterfl normal.

Production o f cotton in th e southeastern states m bama, Georgia, N orth Carolina and South Carolina* forecast at 616,000 bales, up 10 per cent from 191ii unchanged from the previous month. Late August: slowed m aturity and the beginning of harvesting.

The Delta and southeastern states are expected It:, duce 3,266,000 bales out o f prospective U. S. ffij14,200,000 bales this season. Last year these arm! duced 3,501,000 bales from a crop o f 10,85 5,800 bale.

Soybean production continues to spiral upwarlI the south and southeast contributing' to this upwdl duction. Out o f a crop estim ated at 2,171,000,000 be the Delta states and the fou r southeastern states a«i fo r 732,350,000 bushels, close to half of the estf| production o f soybeans fo r 1979-80.

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26 O IL M IL L G A Z E T T E E R — October, 01

I I

In the Delta states o f Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi and Tennessee, a production of 652,130,000 bushels is forecast fo r this year.

In the southeastern states o f Alabama, Georgia, North and South Carolina a production o f 180,220,000 is forecast with every state marking increases over last year when141,8 4 0 .0 0 0 bushels were produced. Georgia came in with the biggest production increase, 47,150,000 bushels esti­mated for this year compared with 29,400,000 for last year.

During the past year, several mills from this area crushing only cottonseeed have closed while soybean facilities have undergone expansion programs. With sun­flowers proving to be economically feasible in the area, more oil mills are expected to add this product to their mills.Higher Cotton Production, Lower Disappearance To Boost Stocks

The forecast of 14,200,000 bales o f U. S. cotton produc­tion for 1979-80, coupled with an expected disappearance of around 12,200,000 bales, points to a sharp increase in

rn.. stocks during the season, the U. S. Department of A gri­culture has announced.

Summarizing the Cotton and W ool Situation report, economists of the department’s Economics, Statistics, and Cooperative Service, said the early-season forecast is still subject to wide uncertainty as actual developments depend on worldwide growing and harvesting conditions, as well as on economic activity in the m ajor cotton-consuming nations.

The anticipated 31 per cent increase in the 1979 cotton crop reflects both higher acreage and yields. Acres for harvest are an estimated 9,000,000 higher than last sea­son, and average yield is forecast at 497 pounds per har­vested acre,, well above last season’s abnormally low 421 pounds. A record-high 77 per cent o f this season’s output is expected to come from the southwest and west regions. I U. S. cotton exports increased to 6,200,000 bales in 1978- 79 from 5,500,000 the previous season. Economic conditions in the textile producing and consuming nations which use U. S. cotton are expected to be only slightly weaker in

the coming months. Thus, while demand fo r U. S. cotton could soften somewhat, exports should remain at the

^ relatively high level o f around 6,000,000 bales.Indications now are that foreign cotton production will

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be around 50,000,000 bales, an increase of 1,000,000 over last season. An increase of this magnitude would not appreciably weaken demand for U, S. cotton since foreign stocks August 1 wez*e at their lowest level since 1971. This helped boost the 1979-80 U. S. export commitment to around 4,000,0000 bales by August 5.

U. S. textile mills used 6,300,000 bales of cotton during 1978-79, down from 6,500,000 on the previous season. Mill use this season is likely to decline marginally to 6,200.000 in response of weaker economic conditions.

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A OH MILL GAZETTEER — October, 1979 27

ASSESSMENT OF COTTON DUST CONTROL TECHNIQUES

The following report is an update of the progress in the control of cotton dust prepared by the National Cotton­seed Products Association staff agronomist and mailed to association members.

Recently, several questions have been raised regarding progress on research developments for cotton dust con­trol. Specifically, they were concerning the following approaches to solving these problems:

1. Washing cotton lint.2. Closed green boll harvest. (Harvesting before the

cotton opens)3. Reducing bracts in cotton lint.

While it’s impossible and highly risky to guess results of research before the work is completed, the following comments may help you to judge the magnitude o f the taskr cost involved and time requirement to accomplish the goal.

B yJASPER E. JERNIGAN, Agronomist

National Conttonseed Products Association Memphis, Tennessee

W ashing cotton lint is receiving lots of attention present. Since OSHA specifically exempts washed coLt from the dust standard table, there is a strong’ feejj in the industry that this may be a complete solution' the problem. Also, research on this approach is pi farther along than on other concepts. However, befo’ethi technique can be utilized, it must be tested on hum subjects to determine its effectiveness of eliminating byssinosis problem among works: s exposed to cotton Also, a washing system that eliminates the causative a must be perfected, and testing done to insure that resulting* fiber can be processed efficiently in te xtih mj||

The next step would be to work out an efficient n processing commercial system. According to Dr. PI Wakelyn o f the National Cotton Council, estimated &! search and development costs for washing cotton w be an initial $ l-$ 2 1/2 million fo r the first 18 to 24 mo and around $6-$7 million over four years to test and peri the system. A program fo r washing cotton would

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costly for the industry after it’s in operation because of energy requirements for washing and drying the fiber. Estimates are four to five cents per pound o f lint.

Closed green boll harvesting is receiving additional attention because some believe it would be a solution to the dust problem for all segments of the industry. Such a system would involve a complete change in present cotton varieties, harvesting equipment and handling systems.

The physical problems of harvesting and handling a14,000,000 bale crop o f cotton in the green boll stage would be a mammoth undertaking. Research and develop­ment of such a system (if it's possible to formulate) would cost millions of dollars and take at least 10 years to accomplish. Added to that cost would be expenses for growers to replace much of their high cost equipment for harvesting and handling. However, research by this tech­nique has been tested on a human test panel in the model card room at Clemson University. NIOSH participated in this study and preliminary results indicate that cotton dust was controlled and no byssinotic reaction was detected in test panel members. Further testing has been suggested by NIOSH which would include five bales of green closed boll cotton.

Removal of plant parts, particularly bracts, from cotton lint to lower cotton dust continues to receive lots of attention. Studies indicate that causatives are concen­trated in the bracts and that a high percentage of trash in cotton lint comes from this source. Therefore, reducing trash in cotton offers a possibility for lowering cotton dust to perhaps an acceptable level. Plant breeding to remove or reduce cotton bracts along with producing a smooth leaf cotton variety might lower trash and hence reduce dust. However, removal of bracts does not neces­

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sarily guarantee low levels of cotton dust because it can also be generated by other plant parts. Current plant breeding efforts to remove or reduce bracts is in the frego bract type cotton in plant breeding nurseries. No commercial varieties of frego bract cottons are presently being grown. Plant breeders are trying to develop insect resistance and high yield potential into their frego bract breeding material.

A possible solution to the cotton dust problem through this approach is also several years away. Many years of research will be required to determine if this is a feasible technique for control o f cotton dust and time is also re­quired to produce and get farmer acceptance of new varie­ties which would be capable of lowering cotton dust in lint.

Other techniques such as deactivating the causatives with gases and/or irradiation are being studied.

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OIL MILL GAZETTEER — October, 1979 29

Lou Ana Adds Vegetable Oil Deodorizer, Doubling Capacity

Lou Ana Foods, the nation’s largest independent refiner o f vegetable oils, has completed installation of a $2,100,- 000 oil deodorizer unit that has doubled the com pany’s processing capacity, it was announced by Theodore G. Schad, Jr., chairman and president.

“ The new deodorizer eliminates a bottleneck in our vegetable oil processing system,” Mr. Shad said, “ and doubles our capaicty, from less than 200,000,000 pounds a year to nearly 400,000,000 pounds. W e anticipate a 25 per cent increase in our business this year as a result of the new unit, and continuing increases in follow ing years,” he said.

The deodorizer was manufactured by EMI Corporation of Des Plaines, Illinois, and is rated at a capacity of30,000 pounds an hour. Mr. Schad said the new continuous operation deodorizer is in addition to a batch deodorizer which will be retained for use in small runs and certain specialty oils.

The new unit also permits Lou Ana to refine some oils, such as coconut and palm, physically rather than chemic­ally, eliminating the caustic refining in the processing o f those oils. It also permits energy savings through heat exchange in the deodorizer that couldn’t be realized in batch processing.

“ For the last five years, Lou Ana has been operating at 100 per cent capacity,” Mr. Shad said, “ which ruled out any expansion of our market area or customer base. Now we have several options open to us. W e can add new processes, such as hydrogenation, we can achieve a larger customer base through vertical diversification, or we can

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“ W e anticipate that the 1980s will be a decade tremendous opportunity fo r the vegetable oil industry ar- for the food industry overall. Lou Ana plans to be to capitalize on that opportunity. The higher capaeiti we have achieved with the new deodorizing unit is a \ step in achieving that readiness,” Mr. Schad said.

The new deodorizer is the most recent phase o f $7,000,000 modernization and expansion plan. The conipa previously announced completion o f its water pollutin- control facility at a cost o f $2,000,000 allowing it comply with EPA guidelines fo r waste water discharge Other expenditures include installing a continuous bleat}, ing system; modernizing the refining process; incre J t, ing storage capacity from 13,000,000 pounds to 31,000,01 | pounds, modernizing tank car washing, loading andtinloi P ing stations; rebuilding three spur tracks; expand; truck terminal; increasing significantly the capability for both rail and truck transportation; modernizing upgrading laboratory and technical service facilities] and initiating energy conservation projects through the operation.

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30 O IL M IL L G AZETTEER — October,

LATEST DESIGNNO. 299-C-60” COTTONSEED CLEANER

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FEA TU R ES : • New individual motor drives

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W. B. Hunter, Jr.

Bill Hunter says it allJ O E FLA IG • CHAIRMAN O F TH E BOAOO DIXON W HITE. PRESIDEN T W. t . H U N TER. J B . . EX EC U T IV E V IC E PR ES ID EN T

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D ecem ber 29 , 1978

Mr. James C. Orr, President M U RRA Y-CARVER, INC.P. O. Box 344449 Dallas, Texas 75234

Dear Jim:

We have had your new RollMaster automatic linter feeder drive on our Carver delinting machines for over two months. We are very pleased with the perform ance - this new feeder drive on our HC-2 High Capacity delinters is very simple to adjust, then requires no further attention. It eliminates the problem o f seed roll fluctuation; it keeps the density we desire.

As you know, we have 33 o f the high capacity delinters. Prior to installation o f the new feeder drives our tonnage averaged around 350 tons per day. We now average easily in excess o f 400 tons a day, at least a 15% increase in capacity. Incoming seed has a lint content o f approximately 9% to 10%, and we are delinting down to 2V4% lint.

In summary, we think the new RollMaster feeder drive enables us to d o a more efficient job with our Carver delinters. It simplifies adjustments and greatly reduces the attention required o f the operator, yet keeps a constant seed roll.

We do not hesitate to recommend installing your new feeder drives to anyone wishing to simplify the operation o f the lint room and to get more capacity from the equipment.

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