prequiz 1.describe the strength of bonds between atoms in a solid. 2.what is a mineral? 3.true or...
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PreQuizPreQuiz
1. Describe the strength of bonds between atoms in a solid.
2. What is a mineral?
3. True or False: Only eight elements make up the bulk of the minerals found in Earth’s crust.
4. What is the most common mineral group?a. carbonates b. silicates c. oxides d. halides
5. What are rock-forming minerals?
6. What are some common properties of minerals?
3.1 The Rock Cycle3.1 The Rock Cycle
• rock- any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet– Mixtures of minerals and sometime
nonmineral material
• 3 major types of rocks:– Igneous– Sedimentary– metamorphic
Rock CycleRock Cycle
Summary QuestionsSummary Questions• Use your own words to describe the sequence of
processes that result in igneous rocks. Describe a specific example of a sedimentary rock becoming an igneous rock.
• Use your own words to describe the sequence of processes that result in sedimentary rocks. Describe a specific example of a sedimentary rock becoming a new type of sedimentary rock.
• Use your own words to describe the sequence of processes that result in metamorphic rocks. Describe a specific example of a sedimentary rock becoming a metamorphic rock.
Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks• Formation
– Intrusive Igneous Rocks• Rocks that form when magma hardens beneath
Earth’s surface– Magma- molten material below earth’s surface
– Extrusive Igneous Rocks• Rocks that form when lava hardens on Earth’s
surface– Lava- molten material on or above earth’s surface
granite rhyolite
Texture of Igneous RocksTexture of Igneous Rocks
• Igneous Rocks are classified by texture and composition
• Textures– Coarse-grained- slow cooling results in large crystals– Fine-grained-rapid cooling results in rocks with small,
interconnected mineral grains– Glassy- cools so quickly that ions cannot arrange
themselves into a network of crystals • Glassy does not mean they look glassy!!! (pumice)
– Porphyritic- rocks experience different rates of cooling, so they have different sizes of crystals in the same rock
Igneous TexturesIgneous Textures
Coarse-grained
Fine-grained
Glassy
Porphyritic
Examples of Igneous RocksExamples of Igneous Rocks
1. Granite
2. Rhyolite
3. Gabbro
4. Basalt
5. Obsidian
6. Pumice
Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks• Formation (5 major processes)
– Weathering- breaks rocks into sediments• Sediments- smaller pieces of rocks and minerals
– Erosion- movement of sediments• Agents: water, wind, ice, or gravity
– Deposition- dropping of sediments because agent lost energy
– Compaction- squeezing or compacting of sediments
– Cementation- dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the sediments
Classification of S.R.Classification of S.R.• Classified according to the way they form
– Clastic sedimentary rocks- made of weathered bits of rocks and minerals
• Grouped according to the size of the sediments– Conglomerate- rounded, gravel-size or larger– Breccia- angular
– Chemical sedimentary rocks- forms when dissolved minerals precipitate from water solutions
Features of S.R.Features of S.R.
• The many unique features of sedimentary rocks are clues to how, when, and where the rocks formed– Layers show the order in which the rocks
formed– Fossils hidden in sedimentary rocks show
evidence of past life forms– Ripple marks and mud cracks
Examples of S.R.Examples of S.R.
• Conglomerate
• Breccia
• Sandstone
• Limestone
• Rock salt
Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic Rocks
• Metamorphism- to change form• Formation
– Changes occur at elevated temperatures and pressures
– Conditions are found a few kilometers below Earth’s surface and extend into the upper mantle
• Agents– Heat- provides energy needed to drive chemical
reactions, which may cause minerals to recrystallize– Pressure- may cause the spaces between mineral
grains to close or cause the mineral to recrystallize– Hydrothermal Solutions- hot water solutions
promote recrystallization by dissolving original minerals and then depositing new ones
Classification of M.R.Classification of M.R.
• Classified by texture and composition
• Texture– Foliated-rocks with layered or banded
appearances• Formed when rocks undergo intense pressures
causing the rock to be more compact or even recrystallize the rock
– Nonfoliated- rocks without banded appearances
• Contain only one mineral
Contact vs. RegionalContact vs. Regional
• Contact Metamorphism– When magma intrudes rock– Produces low-grade metamorphism = minor
changes• Ex: Marble
• Regional Metamorphism– During mountain building, rocks are exposed to
extreme pressures and temperatures – Produces high-grade metamorphism = intense
changes
Examples of M.R.Examples of M.R.
• Parent rock- original rock before metamorphism takes place
Metamorphic Rock
Parent Rock
Slate Shale
Gneiss Schist, Granite
Marble Limestone
Quartzite Sandstone
Schist Phyllite
Anthracite Bituminous Coal