prescriptive approach...10/12/2015 slide 116 prescriptive approach 1,270.7 w main entry lobby main...
TRANSCRIPT
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PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH
1. Actual and Allowed LPD
2. Complete Building Method
3. Area Category Method
4. Tailored Method
This section contains exercises for lighting power adjustments,
Complete Building Method, and Area Category Method.
The exercises are designed to follow the forms and Certificates
of Compliance for Nonresidential indoor Lighting.
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SECTION 7
THE COMPLIANCE PROCESS
There are two major steps to Title 24 compliance:
1. Meet all mandatory requirements by installing required controls and
devices and ensuring that they have all of the required functionality.
2. Meet all prescriptive or performance requirements by ensuring that the
actual lighting power installed in a space is less than the allowed lighting
power for that space.
SLIDE 91 10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH
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SECTION 7
ACTUAL LIGHTING POWER
The actual indoor lighting power of the proposed
building area is the total wattage of all planned,
permanent and portable lighting systems,
adjusted by the following:
1. Reduction of wattage through controls beyond
what the standards require
2. Lighting wattage exclusions
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 92
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SECTION 7
ACTUAL LIGHTING POWER: REDUCTION THROUGH CONTROLS
If you exceed the mandatory controls
requirements by installing a control where
it is not required, you are eligible for a
Power Adjustment Factor (PAF). This
will result in a lower calculated lighting
power use for the installed system.
( Controlled W ) X ( PAF from 140.6-A )
= Lighting Power Reduction
For example, a 480 ft2 open office plan
with an occupancy control is eligible for a
PAF of 0.2. Given that the controlled
lighting in that space totaled 100W :
(100W) X (0.2) = 20W of excluded
lighting power (80W total)
SLIDE 93 10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH
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SECTION 7
ACTUAL LPD: LIGHTING WATTAGE EXCLUDED
Wattage of many lighting applications may be excluded, including:
• Studio lighting for film or photography and for a videoconferencing studio
• Equipment that is for sale and for demonstration
• Lighting installed by the manufacturer in vending machines, scientific and
industrial equipment, refrigerated cases, walk-in freezers, and food
preparation equipment
SLIDE 94
Photo: Jessie Whiteman
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH
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SECTION 7
ALLOWED LIGHTING POWER
The allowed indoor lighting power for each building or area is
calculated using one of the following methods:
• Complete Building Method
• Area Category
• Tailored Method
Each of these methods involves multiplying the square footage of a space by
the allowed wattage per square foot for that space.
SLIDE 95 10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH
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SECTION 7
AREA CATEGORY METHOD
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 96
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SECTION 7
AREA CATEGORY METHOD
The total allowed lighting power for the building is the sum of all allowed lighting
powers for all areas in the building. An “area” is all adjacent spaces which are
associated with a single function type listed in TABLE 140.6-C.
(TABLE 140.6-C ) X (floor area of area) = Allowed Lighting Power for that area
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 97
Photo Credit: Acuity Brands
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SECTION 7
ADDITIONAL POWER ALLOTMENTS
Additional lighting power is allowed under the Area Category Method for:
• Specialized task work lighting
• Ornamental lighting
• White board lighting
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 98
Photo Credit: Finelite Photo Credit: Tech Lighting
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SECTION 7
TABLE 140.6-C: AREA CATEGORY METHOD—
LIGHTING POWER DENSITY VALUES
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 99
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SECTION 8
PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH IN PRACTICE
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 100
The following example will show the steps to determine whether the actual lighting
power of a project will comply with the allowed lighting power budget using the
Area Category Method:
1. Calculate the lighting power allowance
2. Calculate the total installed lighting power for all planned lighting from a lighting schedule
3. Exclude portable task lighting power for the office areas, using an option available under the
Area Category Method
4. Apply control credits earned by specifying lighting controls that go beyond code requirements
5. Determine the adjusted lighting power using answers from steps one through four
6. Compare the adjusted installed lighting power to the allowed lighting power
This section concludes with an example calculation of allowed lighting power using
the Complete Building Method to compare results with the Area Category Method.
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SECTION 8
PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH IN PRACTICE
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 101
Forms Reference
This example includes notes on what sections of the Certificates of
Compliance for Nonresidential Indoor Lighting are necessary for this
scenario. Forms can be downloaded from the Energy Commission's website:
energy.ca.gov/title24/2013standards/nonresidential_manual.html.
Note: The forms included in this module have been adapted for the purpose of the exercises.
Please download the complete forms on the California Energy Commission website.
NRCC-LTI-02-E: Indoor Lighting—Lighting Controls
NRCC-LTI-01-E: Indoor Lighting
NRCC-LTI-03-E: Indoor Lighting Power Allowances
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SECTION 8
J.S.H. ASSOCIATES
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 102
J.S.H Associates is a 1,944-square-foot office building.
OFFICE INFORMATION
• Open Office: 532 ft2
• Private Office: 222 ft2
• Conference Room: 252 ft2
• Main Lobby: 228 ft2
• Kitchen: 156 ft2
• Corridors: 278.5 ft2
• Restroom 1: 51 ft2
• Restroom 2: 51 ft2
• Copy Room: 89.25 ft2
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SECTION 8
J.S.H. ASSOCIATES: 1,944 FT2 OFFICE BUILDING
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SECTION 8
PORTABLE LIGHTING
Symbol Luminaire Quantity Watts System
Wattage
Efficacy
(Lumens/Watt)
45” LED UNDERCABINET LIGHTING Finelite Edge Undercabinet
10 12.2 W 122 W 62.2
LED TASK LIGHT Koncept Z Bar Mini Task Light
6.5 22.5 W 6.5 W —
Total Portable Lighting Watts: 128.5 W
INDOOR LIGHTING SCHEDULE
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 104
Symbol Luminaire Quantity Watts System
Wattage
Efficacy
(Lumens/Watt)
2x2 LED RECESSED TROFFER Cree CR22
15 35 W 525 W 90–100
1X4 1-LAMPFLUORESCENT RECESSED TROFFER Finelite HPR w/ Sylvania 32W T8 lamp; Sylvania Quicktronic Ballast
4 28 W 112 W 89
2X4 2-LAMP FLUORESCENT RECESSED TROFFER Finelite HPR w/ Sylvania 32W T8 lamp; Sylvania Quicktronic Ballast
2 54 W 108 W 89
6” LED RECESSED DOWNLIGHT Cree LR6
12 12 W 144 W 90
LED WALL SCONCE Tech Lighting Mura
6 8 W 48 W 50
8’ LED SUSPENDED LUMINAIRE Lunera Lighting L7-G3
1 85 W 85 W 84
8’ LED LINEAR WALL MOUNT LUMINAIRE Finelite Muro-Oval
1 45.2 W 45.2 W 57.3
LED PENDANT Philips Vetro
3 10 W 30 W 76
LED SUSPENDED LUMINAIRE Philips Ledino Cinta Suspension Light
2 22.5 W 45 W 100
Total Installed Lighting Watts: 1,142.2 W
TOTAL LIGHTING WATTS: 1,270.7 W
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SECTION 8
DETERMINING COMPLIANCE WITH THE AREA CATEGORY METHOD
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 105
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SECTION 7
SUMMARY OF ALLOWED LIGHTING POWER
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 106
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SECTION 8
1. LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCE
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 107
REQUIRED FORMS:
NRCC-LTI-03-E: Indoor Lighting Power Allowance
C-2 Area Category Method General Lighting Power Allowance
1. Determine the allowed lighting power of each area according to Table 140.6-C.
2. Determine the square feet of each area type.
3. Calculate the wattage allowance by multiplying the square feet of each area type
by the additional watts allowed
4. Total the allowed watts.
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SECTION 8
J.S.H ASSOCIATES: 1,944 FT2 OFFICE BUILDING
RESTROOM #1
51 ft2
RESTROOM #2
51 ft2
COPY ROOM
89.25 ft2 CORRIDOR
278.5 ft2
KITCHEN
156 ft2
OPEN OFFICE
532 ft2
PRIVATE OFFICE
222 ft2
CONFERENCE ROOM
252 ft2 MAIN ENTRY LOBBY
228 ft2
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SECTION 7
C-2. AREA CATEGORY METHOD
GENERAL LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCE
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 109
Open Office
Private Office
0.75
1.0
532 ft2
222 ft2
399 W
222 W
1,797 W
Conference Room
Main Lobby
1.2
1.5
252 ft2
228 ft2
302.4 W
342 W Kitchen
Corridors
1.6
0.6
156 ft2
278.5 ft2
249.6 W
167.1 W Restroom #1
Restroom #2
0.6
0.6
51 ft2
51 ft2
30.6 W
30.6 W
Copy Room
Office Area > 250ft2
Office Area ≤ 250ft2
Classroom, Lecture, Training, Vocational
Main Entry Lobby
Kitchen, Food Preparation
Corridor, Restroom, Stair, & Support
Corridor, Restroom, Stair, & Support
Corridor, Restroom, Stair, & Support
Corridor, Restroom, Stair, & Support 0.6 89.25 ft2 53.7 W
1859.75 ft2
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SECTION 8
ADDITIONAL LIGHTING WATTAGE ALLOWANCE
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 110
REQUIRED FORMS:
NRCC-LTI-03-E: Indoor Lighting Power Allowance
C-3 Area Category Method Additional Lighting Wattage Allowance
1. Determine the allowed lighting power of each area according to Table 140.6-C.
2. Determine the square feet of the office primary function area.
For white board lighting, determine the linear feet of whiteboard
3. Calculate the wattage allowance by multiplying the square feet of each area type
by the additional watts allowed
4. Choose the smaller of either the newly calculated allowed watts or the total design
watts of the luminaire
5. Total the additional allowed watts.
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SECTION 7
C-3. AREA CATEGORY METHOD
ADDITIONAL LIGHTING WATTAGE ALLOWANCE
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 111
Classroom
Main Entry Lobby
7 ft
228 ft2
5.5 W/LF
0.5 W/ft2
38.5 W
114 W
Whiteboard Lighting: Finelite Muro Wall Mount 45.2 W 38.5 W
Ornamental: Philips Ledino Cinta Suspended Luminaire
61 W
22.5 W 22.5 W
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SECTION 8
TOTAL LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCE
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 112
REQUIRED FORMS:
NRCC-LTI-03-E: Indoor Lighting Power Allowance
C-1 Area Category Method Total Lighting Power Allowances
Calculate the adjusted installed lighting power by adding the additional lighting
wattage allowance to the general lighting power allowance.
1,797 W + 61 W = 1,858 W total allowed lighting power
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SECTION 7
SUMMARY OF ALLOWED LIGHTING POWER
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 113
1,858 W
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SECTION 8
2. INSTALLED LIGHTING POWER
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 114
REQUIRED FORMS:
NRCC-LTI-01-E: Indoor Lighting—Lighting Controls
C. Indoor Lighting Schedule and Field Inspection Energy Checklist
The installed lighting power includes all planned permanent and portable
lighting. Complete the lighting schedule in "C. Indoor Lighting Schedule
and Field Inspection Energy Checklist" to determine the total to use for
compliance purposes.
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SECTION 7
C. INDOOR LIGHTING SCHEDULE AND
FIELD INSPECTION ENERGY CHECKLIST
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 115
2x2 LED Recessed Troffer 35 W x 12 420 W Office Area > 250ft2
Office Area > 250ft2
Office Area ≤ 250ft2
Office Area ≤ 250ft2
Office Area ≤ 250ft2
45” LED Undercabinet Lighting
2x2 LED Recessed Troffer
LED Task Light
LED Suspended Luminaire
12.2 W
35 W
6.5 W
22.5 W
x
x
x
x
10
3
1
1
122 W
105 W
6.5 W
22.5 W
#
#
#
#
#
6” LED Recessed Downlight 12 W x 4 48 W Classroom, Lecture, Training
Classroom, Lecture, Training
Classroom, Lecture, Training
8’ LED Suspended Luminaire
8’ LED Linear Wall Mount Luminaire
85 W
45.2 W
x
x
10
3
85 W
45.2 W
#
#
#
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SECTION 7
C. INDOOR LIGHTING SCHEDULE AND
FIELD INSPECTION ENERGY CHECKLIST
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 116
1,270.7 W
Main Entry Lobby
Main Entry Lobby
Main Entry Lobby
6” LED Recessed Downlight
LED Pendant
LED Suspended Luminaire
12 W
22.5 W
10 W
x
x
x
5
1
3
60 W
22.5 W
30 W
#
#
#
Corridor, Restroom, Support Area
Corridor, Restroom, Support Area
1x4 T8 Fluorescent Recessed Troffer
2x4 T8 Fluorescent Recessed Troffer
28 W
54 W
x
x
4
2
112 W
108 W
Corridor, Restroom, Support Area 6” LED Recessed Downlight 12 W x 3 36 W
Corridor, Restroom, Support Area LED Wall Sconce 8 W x 6 48 W
#
#
#
#
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SECTION 8
3. INSTALLED PORTABLE LUMINAIRES IN OFFICES
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 117
REQUIRED FORMS:
NRCC-LTI-01-E: Indoor Lighting—Lighting Controls
B. Installed Portable Luminaires in Offices—Exception to Section 140.6(a)
When calculating actual lighting power, there is an exception to Section 140.6(a)
that states that up to 0.3 watts per square foot of portable lighting for office
areas shall not be required to be included in the calculation of actual indoor
Lighting Power Density.
• For the Complete Building Method, include the total wattage for portable
lighting into the installed lighting total.
• This section is used to determine if greater than 0.3 W of portable lighting is
planned for any office.
Two portable luminaires in the offices
• LED undercabinet lighting in the open office area
• LED task light in the private office
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SECTION 8
3. INSTALLED PORTABLE LUMINAIRES IN OFFICES
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 118
REQUIRED FORMS:
NRCC-LTI-01-E: Indoor Lighting—Lighting Controls
B. Installed Portable Luminaires in Offices—Exception to Section 140.6(a)
Two portable luminaires in the offices
• LED undercabinet lighting in the open office area
• LED task light in the private office
1. Multiply the watts per luminaire by the number of luminaires to determine
installed portable luminaire watts in this office.
2. Determine the square feet of each office primary function area.
3. Divide the installed portable luminaire watts by the square feet of the office to
determine watts per square foot.
4. Determine accountable wattage by multiplying the square feet of the office
primary function area by the watts per square feet. If the watts per square foot
is ≤ 0.3, claim 0 W of accountable watts for installed portable luminaires.
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SECTION 7
B. INSTALLED PORTABLE LUMINAIRES IN OFFICES —
EXCEPTION TO SECTION 140.6(A)
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 119
LED undercabinet lighting 12.2 W 10 122 W
LED task light 6.5 W 1 6.5 W
532ft2
222ft2
0.23 W/ft2
0.03 W/ft2
0
0
Office > 250 ft2
Office ≤ 250 ft2
0
0
0 W
P
P
P
The new Installed Lighting total with the exclusion of portable luminaire wattage is 1,178.2
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SECTION 8
4. LIGHTING CONTROL CREDITS
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 120
REQUIRED FORMS:
NRCC-LTI-02-E: Indoor Lighting—Lighting Controls
Mandatory and Prescriptive Indoor Lighting Control Schedule,
PAF Calculation, and Field Inspection Checklist
This lighting plan exceeds the mandatory requirements for lighting controls
• Partial-ON occupancy controls in the restrooms and copy room
Complies with §130.1(a), §130.1(c), and §140.6(a)2
• Combined manual dimming plus partial-ON occupant sensing control in
the conference room controlling pendants and suspended luminaire
Complies with §130.1(a), §130.1(b), §130.1(c), §130.1(d), and §140.6(a)2
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SECTION 7
MANDATORY AND PRESCRIPTIVE INDOOR LIGHTING CONTROL
SCHEDULE, PAF CALCULATION, AND FIELD INSPECTION CHECKLIST
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 121
Restroom #1 Partial-ON occupancy Sensor 5.6
55.65 W
Restroom #1 Partial-ON occupancy Sensor 5.6
Copy Room Partial-ON occupancy Sensor
1
1
1
28 W
28 W
56 W
0.20
0.20
0.20 11.2
Conference Room Combined Manual Dimming and Partial-ON
Occupancy Sensor
1 133 W 0.25 33.25
P
P
P
P
P P P E
P P P E
P P P E
E
E
E
P P P P P E
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SECTION 8
5. ADJUSTED LIGHTING POWER
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 122
REQUIRED FORMS:
NRCC-LTI-02-E: Indoor Lighting—Lighting Controls
Summary of Allowed Lighting Power
Use the "Summary of Allowed Lighting Power" in Form NRCC-LTI-01-E to
calculate the adjusted installed lighting power by adding the portable lighting and
subtracting the lighting control credits from the total installed lighting.
1,142.2 W + 0 W – 55.65 W = 1,086.55 W total adjusted installed lighting power
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SECTION 7
6. COMPARE ADJUSTED INSTALLED LIGHTING POWER TO
ALLOWED LIGHTING POWER
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 123
1,858 W
1,142.2 W
0 W
55.65 W
1,086.55 W
Our lighting plan is compliant.
REQUIRED FORMS:
NRCC-LTI-01-E: Indoor Lighting
Summary of Allowed Lighting Power
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SECTION 7
COMPLETE BUILDING METHOD
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 124
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SECTION 7
COMPLETE BUILDING METHOD
The Complete Building Method may only be used on projects involving entire
buildings with one primary type of use or in mixed-use buildings or tenant spaces
where 90% of the spaces have one primary use.
This is the simplest way to comply with the standards, and many will attempt this
method first before trying one of the two more complex methods.
(TABLE 140.6-B ) X (floor area of entire building ) = Allowed Lighting Power
SLIDE 125 10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH
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SECTION 8
LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCE
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 126
REQUIRED FORMS:
NRCC-LTI-03-E: Indoor Lighting Power Allowance
B. Complete Building Method Lighting Power Allowance
1. Determine the allowed lighting power density of an office building according to
Table 140.6-B.
2. Multiply the allowed lighting power density by the area of the space.
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SECTION 7
B. COMPLETE BUILDING METHOD LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCE
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 127
Office Building 0.8 W/ft2 1,944 ft2 1,555.2 W
1,555.2 W
1,555.2 W
1,306.7 W
P
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SECTION 7
REQUIRED FORMS:
NRCC-LTI-01-E: Indoor Lighting
Summary of Allowed Lighting Power
SUMMARY OF ALLOWED LIGHTING POWER
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 128
1,270.7 W
55.65 W
1,215.05 W
1,555.2 W
Our lighting plan is compliant.
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SECTION 7
TAILORED METHOD
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 129
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SECTION 7
TAILORED METHOD
This is the most granular of the three methods.
• Allowances for each area (just like area category)
• Allowances for display and task lighting within an area
Allowed lighting power is determined by the occupancy type and the
physical characteristics (e.g. ceiling height) of a space.
See Table 140.6-D for details.
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 130
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SECTION 7
ALLOWANCES UNDER THE TAILORED METHOD
The Tailored Method adds additional lighting power allowances for:
• Wall displays
• Floor displays
• Task lighting
• Ornamental/special effects lighting
• Very valuable display cases
These lighting power allowances cannot be used in any space other
than the display or task area. Any wattage not covered by these
allowances must be deducted from the general lighting allowance for
that area.
SLIDE 131 10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH
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SECTION 7
EXTERIOR SPACES
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 132
Photo: Cree
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SECTION 7
LIGHTING ZONES
Lighting Zone 1: Government parks, recreation areas, and wildlife preserves
Ambient Illumination: Dark
The local entity with authority over the property will know if the property is a
government designated park, recreation area, or wildlife preserve. If the park is
within a rural or urban area, it can be considered a part of lighting zone two or three.
Lighting Zone 2: Rural Areas
Ambient Illumination: Low
Rural areas include any population, housing, and territory that contain
less than 2,500 people.
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 133
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SECTION 7
LIGHTING ZONES
Lighting Zone 3: Urban Areas
Ambient Illumination: Medium
An urban area is a densely settled core of census tracts that contain
at least 2,500 people.
Lighting Zone 4: Special Use District
Ambient Illumination: High
This zone may be created by a local government through application
to the California Energy Commission and is used for special area
types that require a particularly high amount of light.
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 134
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SECTION 7
LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCES
The allowed lighting power for a space is determined by measuring
the area of the installation and multiplying by the lighting power
allowance for that space.
The actual lighting power is the total watts of all non-exempt lighting
systems (including ballast, driver, or transformer losses).
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 135
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SECTION 7
LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCES
When determining allowed lighting power, the
number of luminaires, their mounting heights, and
their layout affect the size of the illuminated area and
thus the allowed lighting power for a space.
The illuminated area is any hardscape area within
a square around each luminaire or pole, less any
obstructions. The size of this square is 10 times the
luminaire mounting height, with the luminaire in
the middle of the square.
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 136
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SECTION 7
LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCES
There are three major areas that are considered when determining the
allowed lighting power for a space:
Area Wattage Allowances (AWA)
The Area Wattage Allowance is determined for the total illuminated
hardscape area.
Linear Wattage Allowances (LWA)
The Linear Wattage Allowance is determined for the total perimeter
length of the hardscape. The total hardscape perimeter does not
include areas that are not illuminated.
Initial Wattage Allowances (IWA)
The Initial Wattage Allowance may be used once per project site.
The IWA provides additional wattage for small sites or for unusual
hardscape geometries.
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 137
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SECTION 7
LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCES
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 138
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SECTION 7
PLANTERS AND LANDSCAPE AREAS
Planters and small landscape areas are included
within the general hardscape area as long as the
width or length of the inclusion is less than 10 ft.,
and the inclusion is bordered on at least three sides.
Landscape areas that are greater than 10 ft. in both
width and length are excluded from the general
hardscape area calculation, but the perimeter of
these exclusions may be included in the linear
wattage allowance (LWA) calculation
10/12/2015 PRESCRIPTIVE APPROACH SLIDE 139