presenatasi krismin

8/10/2019 PRESENATASI KRISMIN

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Cinnabar

Cinnabar

General

Category Sulfide mineral

Formula

(repeating unit)

mercury(II) sulfide, HgS

Strunz classification 02.CD.15a

Crystal symmetry Trigonal Trapezohedral

H-M symbol:3 2

Space group:P312 1

Unit cell a = 4.145(2) , c = 9.496(2) , Z=3

Identification

Color Cochineal-red, towards brownish red and

lead-gray

Crystal habit Rhombohedral to tabular; granular to

massive and as incrustations

Crystal system Trigonal
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Twinning Simple contact twins, twin plane {0001}

Cleavage Prismatic {1010}, perfect

Fracture Uneven to subconchoidal

Tenacity Slightly sectile

Mohs scalehardness 2-2.5

Luster Adamantine to dull

Streak Scarlet

Diaphaneity Transparent in thin pieces

Specific gravity 8.176

Optical properties Uniaxial (+)

Refractive index n= 2.905 n= 3.256

Birefringence = 0.351

Solubility 1.04 x 10-25g per 100 ml water (Ksp at

25C = 2 x 10-32)[1]

References [2][3][4]

Etymology[edit]

The name comes from (kinnabari),[5]aGreekword most likely applied byTheophrastusto

several distinct substances. Other sources say the word comes from

thePersian

shangarf(Arabicized as

zinjifrah), a word of uncertain origin (also

compare, Sanskrit: sugara). InLatinit was sometimes known as minium, meaning also "red lead",

though both of these terms now refer specifically tolead tetroxide.[6]
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Cinnabar is found in all localities that yield mercury, notablyPuerto

Princesa(Philippines);Almadn(Spain);New Almaden(California);Hastings MineandSt. John's

Mine,Vallejo, California;[10]Idrija(Slovenia);New Idria(California);Giza,Egypt;Landsberg,

nearObermoschelin thePalatinate;Ripa,at the foot of theApuan Alpsand in theMount

Amiata(Tuscany); the mountain Avala (Serbia);Huancavelica(Peru);Murfreesboro,

Arkansas;Terlingua(Texas); and the province ofGuizhouinChina,where fine crystals have beenobtained. It was also mined nearRed Devil, Alaskaon the middleKuskokwim River.Red Devil was

named after the Red Devil cinnabar mine, a primary source of mercury.

Cinnabar is still being deposited at the present day from the hot waters ofSulphur Bank Minein

California andSteamboat Springs, Nevada.

Mining and extraction of mercury[edit]

Apparatus for the distillation of cinnabar,Alchimia, 1570

Cinnabar has been mined since theNeolithic Age.[11]During theRoman Empireit was mined both as

a pigment (Vitruvius,DAVII; IV-V) (Pliny,HN;XXXIII, XXXVI-XLII) and for its mercury content (PlinyHN; XXXIII, XLI), and it has been the main source of mercury throughout the centuries.[citation needed]

To produce liquid mercury (quicksilver), crushed cinnabar ore isroastedinrotary furnaces.Pure

mercury separates from sulfur in this process and easily evaporates. A condensing column is used to

collect the liquid metal, which is most often shipped in iron flasks.[citation needed]

Toxicity[edit]

See also:Mercury poisoning

Because of itsmercurycontent, cinnabar can be toxic to human beings. Though peoples in ancient

South America often used cinnabar for art, or processed it into refined mercury (as a means to gildsilver and gold to objects) "the toxic properties of mercury were well known. It was dangerous to those
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who mined and processed cinnabar, it caused shaking, loss of sense, and death...data suggest that

mercury was retorted from cinnabar and the workers were exposed to the toxic mercury

fumes."[12]Overexposure to mercury,mercurialism,was seen as an occupational disease to the

ancient Romans, "Mining in the Spanish cinnabar mines ofAlmadn,225 km southwest of Madrid,

was regarded as being akin to a death sentence due to the shortened life expectancy of the miners,

who were slaves or convicts."[13]

Decorative use[edit]

Cinnabar has been used for its color in theNew Worldsince theOlmecculture.[14]Cinnabar was used

inroyalburial chambersduring the peak ofMaya civilization,most dramatically in theTomb of the

Red QueeninPalenque(600-700 AD), where the remains of a noble woman and objects belonging to

her in her sarcophagus were completely covered with bright red powder made from cinnabar.[15]

The most popularly known use of cinnabar is in Chinese carvedlacquerware,a technique that

apparently originated in theSong Dynasty.The danger of mercury poisoning may be reduced inancient lacquerware byentrainingthe powdered pigment inlacquer,[16]but could still pose

anenvironmental hazardif the pieces were accidentally destroyed. In the modern jewelry industry, the

toxic pigment is replaced by a resin-basedpolymerthat approximates the appearance of pigmented

lacquer.

Other forms of cinnabar[edit]

Hepatic cinnabaris an impure variety from the mines ofIdrijain theCarniolaregion ofSlovenia,

in which the cinnabar is mixed withbituminousand earthy matter.

Metacinnabariteis a black-colored form of HgS, which crystallizes in thecubicform. Synthetic cinnabaris produced by treatment of Hg(II)saltswithhydrogen

sulfidetoprecipitateblack, synthetic metacinnabarite, which is then heated in water. This

conversion is promoted by the presence ofsodium sulfide.[17]

Hypercinnabar, crystallised in thehexagonalform.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabar
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