presentasi tot abstract writing

8/13/2019 Presentasi TOT Abstract Writing

1/19

Tadulako University

The Technique in Abstract Writing

Daud K. WalandaTadulako University Palu Central Sulawesi


2/19


3/19

Tadulako University

An abstract can be defined as a summary of theinformation in a document (Houghton, 1975).

An abstract is a description or factual summary ofthe much longer report, and is meant to give thereader an exact and concise knowledge of the fullarticle (Bhatia, 1993).

An abstract as part of a T/D serves the purpose ofannouncingvery briefly, in summary formthe

goal(s) of the underlying research, methods thatwere employed in the investigation, and the mostimportant results achieved (Russey, 2006).

Definition


4/19

Tadulako University

Stand alone; Comprehensive: this implies, incidentally, that you may

need note of crucial side issues of scholarly significance; Precise: facts and opinions expressed within the actual T/D

must under no circumstances be exaggerated or alluded toin misleading ways (indeed, even subtle shifts in emphasiswould be considered inappropriate);

Objective: an abstract may include evaluative comments,but it must not seem judgemental, even if the T/D topic

raises controversial issues; Concise: only the most important of your results can beaccommodated in an abstract (Short, 200-300 words);

Characteristics of an Abstract:


5/19

Tadulako University

Intelligible: to meet this criterion you will be obliged torestrict yourself insofar as possible to familiar terminology,symbols, and abbreviations;

Abstract should be type as a single paragraph (exceptstructured abstract);

No new information: DO NOT refer in the abstract toinformation that is not in the document;

Most or all of the abstract should be written in the pasttense, because it refers to work done;

Avoid using the first person "I" or "we." In addition,whenever possible, choose active verbs instead of passive

ones (ex: use " the study tested " instead of " it was testedby the study " or " I tested in the study ").


6/19

Tadulako University

1. Unstructured/conventional abstract : a singleparagraph of between 200300 words containing a verybrief summary of each of the main sections of your paper,the basic components are not identified with explicitheadings, which may explain why some authors miss out

vital parts;2. Structured abstract : the same as (1) but divided intoseveral short sections;

Type of abstract:


7/19


8/19Tadulako University

3. Extended abstract : a mini paper organized in thesame way as a full paper (e.g. Introduction, Methods,Discussion ), but substantially shorter (two to fourpages). Depending on the journal, conference orcompetition, the extended abstract may or may not

include an abstract for example, it may begin directlywith an introduction;4. Conference abstract : an abstract that you submit for

consideration to present a paper at a professionalconference, designed to help conference organizers todecide whether they would like you to make an oralpresentation at their conference. It may be of any of thethree forms above.(Wallwork, 2011).

Type of abstract:


9/19

Tadulako University

Structure of an Abstract:

An abstract will normally include:

Background: a statement of the main question or

problem (including the purpose of the study);

The method(s) used to address it;

The Results obtained, and ;

The Conclusions reached .(Weissberg and Buker,1990; Hyland, 2000;Swales and Feak, 2004)


10/19

Tadulako University

Structure of an Abstract:


11/19

Tadulako University

Verb tenses in the Abstract


12/19


13/19


14/19

Tadulako University

4. Results

The results indicate/reveal that.. The results obtained must be evaluated in the light of.. Results showed consistently that. Results were predictable/as predicted

The response rate was .%.

5. Conclusions From this data it can be concluded that.. The present study provides/does not provide unequivocal

evidence of/that.. The conclusion that can be drawn from the data is that. It can be concluded that, but it must also point out that The results of the present study suggest that

Language of an Abstract


15/19

Tadulako University

Finish your T/D or paper. Take a break. Read over your paper and identify the key points for

each section. Write two or more sentences for abstract

components: Topic and research question; Methods;Results/findings; and conclusions/recommendations.

Connect the ideas with appropriate transitions. Add and remove/delete text as needed. Revise, edit and proofread

(Anonymous)

Writing an Abstract


16/19

Tadulako University

Emphasize these aspects: purpose (hypothesis), methods, scope,results, conclusions, and recommendations

Focus only on the current year's research when it is a continuationproject.

Exclude any of the mentor or supervisors work

Omit details and discussions Use the past tense to describe (However, where appropriate useactive verbs rather than passive verbs.)

Use short sentences, but vary sentence structure. Use complete sentences (Do not abbreviate by omitting articles or

other small words in order to save space.) Avoid jargon Use appropriate scientific language Use concise syntax Use correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation

(Cole, J. Mastering the Abstract Writing Process)

Simply put, the style of an abstract should always bedeclarative not discursive .

Writing and Revising Tips


17/19

Tadulako University

Before Finalizing

Get help from a mentor Make revisions based upon the feedback

Have others read your draft in order tocheck for technical errors, such as spellingand grammar mistakes


18/19


19/19

Tadulako University

hank you

Reading maketh a full man;

conference a ready man; and writingan exact man(Francis Bacon )

presentasi tot abstract writing

Documents