presentation 06 biomolecules1
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1. CONDENSATION (DEHYDRATION)
Loss of H2O▪ - OH (hydroxyl group)▪ - H (hydrogen)Covalent bonds are formed
Energy is expendedPolymerase enzyme
2. HYDROLYSISAddition of H 2OCovalent bonds are brokenEnergy is releasedHydrolase enzyme
How many molecules of water are needed tocompletely hydrolyze a polymer that is 10monomers long?
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Sugars and polymersof sugars
ClassesMonosaccharidesDisaccharides andoligosaccharidesPolysaccharides
ImportanceFuelBuilding materials
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ImportanceMajor cell nutrientsIncorporated into more complexcarbohydrates
ClassificationLocation of carbonyl group (C=O)
AldoseKetose
Size of C-skeleton (3- 7 C’s) Arrangement around C’s
Linear formRing form (in aqueous solutions)▪ - H on top of plane of ring▪ -OH on top of plane of ring
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IMPORTANCEMaltose (glucose + glucose)Lactose (glucose + galactose)Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
FORMATION AND STRUCTUREGlycosidic linkage – covalentbond between 2monosaccharidesCondensation or dehydrationsynthesis reactions
Draw the structure ofa) sucrose formed from a 1-2
glycosidic linkage of glucose and fructose
b) galactose formed from the 1-4 glycosidic linkage of glucose and galactose.
1-4 GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE
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IMPORTANCEStructural polysaccharides
Cellulose and chitinStorage polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen
STRUCTURE AND FORMATION• Hundreds to thousands of
monosaccharides joined byglycosidic linkages
•Homopolysaccharides• Starch ( 1,4 linkages)
• Amylose• Amylopectin
• Cellulose ( 1,4 linkages)• Heteropolysaccharides
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large molecules assembledfrom smaller molecules bydehydration reactionshydrophobic and non-polarglycerol + fatty acid fatfatty acids have long C-skeletons (16-18 atoms)with a carboxyl endester linkages are formedwhen 3 fatty acids join toglycerol
FunctionsEnergy storageCushioning of vital organsInsulation
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glycerol + 2 fattyacids andphosphate group
amphipathichydrophobic tailshydrophilic heads
assemble into
bilayersmajor componentsof cell membranes
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C-skeleton with fourfused ringsVary in the functional
group attached to theringsCholesterol
Cell membranes
Used for synthesis ofsex hormones▪ Testosterone▪ Estrogen
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Amino acids arranged in alinear chain and foldedinto a globular formAmino acidsStructure
Carboxyl (-COOH) endAmino (-NH2) endR (variable) group attachedto the -Carbon
ClassificationNonpolarPolarCharged (acidic/basic)
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http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/amino_acid_structure_2.jpg
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http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/chemistry/charges.gif
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Sequence ofamino acids in apolypeptide chain
Change in oneamino acid maychange propertiesof entire chain
Glu Valsubstitution causessickle cell anemia
C ili /f ldi d H b d f i
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Coiling/folding due to H-bond formationbetween carboxyl and amino groups of non-adjacent amino acids.R groups are NOT involved.
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3d structure resulting fromfolding of the 2 structures stabilized by bondsformed between amino
acid R groupsforms many shapes (e.g.globular compact proteins,fibrous elongated proteins)disruption denaturation
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Present in some proteins
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Present in some proteinswhose tertiary structures(subunits) join to form aprotein complex
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Structure affected bypHsalt concentrationpresence of solvents
temperatureChaperone proteins incell help in refoldingproteins
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DNA (deoxyribonucleicacid)
Provides directions for ownreplicationDirects RNA synthesisControls protein synthesis
RNA (ribonucleic acid)mRNA directs proteinsynthesis in the ribosometRNA transfers a specificamino acid to apolypeptide chainrRNA combines with aprotein to make up aribosome
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Nucleotide
Nucleoside
Nitrogenousbase
Pentosesugar
Phosphate
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5’ end
3’ end
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