presentation 1 complex

8/8/2019 Presentation 1 Complex

1/43

A Nation Separated:Tensions between North

and South Koreaand the Role of Internal

and External Actors


2/43

To show that studies in this field

focus more on the differences of twoKoreas ignoring the role of internal

and external actors, which in fact, are

the ones causing the tension between

North and South Korea.


3/43

It hopes to open up future studieswhich focus more on these internal and

external actors.


4/43

Surrender of Japan

to allies (US

& USSR) due to

conflictingideologies resulted

in the development

on the Korean

peninsula thedivision of North

and South Korea.


5/43

Intentionalismconstructing explanations out of the

direct intentions and motivations of the

actors involved and using explanatory

concepts which the actors themselves

might use to account for their actions.(Hay 1995b:195)


6/43

Rational choice theory

social and political choices are made by

rational, self-interested individuals. (Marshand Stoker: 2002).


7/43

Institutionalismdeals with the set of norms and rules

inside formal organizations and political

systems. It is more of a descriptive way

of presenting. It also focuses on rules

and the informal formation of institutions

as dynamic. (Marsh and Stoker, 2002)


8/43

Institutionalism Intentionalism

All aspects (A comparative

study of North and SouthKorea, 1988); Economic;

(Eberstadt, 2009; Harvie and

Yi, Nanto, 2003; Chanlett-

Avery, 2010); Socio-cultural

(Connor, 2009; Jonsson,

2006); Political (Schurmann,

1968; Kim, n.d.; Yang, 1986)

(Feffer, 2003; Noland, 2004;

OHanlon and Mochizuki,2003); (South Korea, 2010)


9/43

Institutionalists

argue that the differences were

caused by the evolvement of thedifferent institutions, which eventually

led and contributed to the tensions

between the North and South Korea.


10/43

Intentionalists -

argue that tension was caused based

from the actions and personalintentions of the individuals.


11/43


12/43

Culture

xSouth More power and freedom

xNorth tied up to leaders and

government


13/43

The contrasting belief system in North

and South Korean make the peninsula

one of the most diverse places in the

world in terms of religion and thought,these differences inevitably heighten

interest in the Koreas, but they are very

problematic for possible reunification.

(Connor 2009:156).


14/43

Religion

xSouth freedom to express religion

xNorth forced on individual


15/43

In the study conducted by the NationalReunification Board, the North viewed

religion as a tool to beguile, exploit

and oppress the people.


16/43

Class Structure South man can improve his

status through own effort

North inherited


17/43

Education

South enhance knowledge ofindividual

North way to impose ideologies on

the citizens


18/43

Media

South freedom of press but they

should be responsible


19/43

North

A comparative study of the North and

South Korea states that the function

fulfilled by the press in the North is

the recreational and advertisingfunction. The press is used only for

political purposes. It has become a tool

for propaganda.


20/43

North uses cultural contacts as politicalpropaganda. (Jonsson 2006:100)


21/43

Economic


22/43

North Korea South Korea

Communist siege economic system

(National Unification Board)

Inner-directed economy(North Korea at a crossroads by

Suk HI Kim)

Capitalist market economy

(AComparative Study of North and

South Korea)

1. Private ownership of production

means guaranteeing the

freedom of the activities of

economic subjects;

2. Decentralized economic

decision-making;

3. The automatic adjustment of the

economy through the market

mechanism.


23/43

North Korea South Korea

Military almost GNP (U.S.

Department of State, 2010)

Expenditures- $227.2 billion (U.S

Department of State, 2010)

Defense (2009)- 2.5% of GDP =34.1 trillion (U.S Department of

State, 2010)


24/43

Political


25/43

A Comparative Study on North and South Korea (1988),

when it comes to political ideologies, South Korea permits

peoples voluntary participation among various groups, thus,

peoples basic rights are guaranteed and maintained.Unlike in North Korea, according toFranz Schurmann (1968),

they believed in Marxism-Leninism as their pure ideology

and Kim II-sungs Juche philosophy, method and guiding

principle the working class and massesshould retain, as their practical ideology.


26/43

North believed that the government is

the dominant authority and the decisions

resides in their hands.

South allows its people to intervene in

the government decisions and to freely

participate in different interest groups.


27/43

As said bySong-cholYang (1986), South Korea,

holds a democratic type of political system wherein

the power is distributed into the legislative, the executive

and the judiciary and places them under separate officesto maintain checks and balances and prevent concentration

and misuse of power. Whilst in the North Korea, it has a

totalitarian dictatorship system, where one-party, which is the

Workers Party, have the over-all control in the different

social activities whether in the personal or public realm.


28/43

North totalitarian dictatorship- Workers Party

South liberal democracy- legislative, executive, judicial


29/43

North Workers Party has the over-all

control in the whole economy without

knowing the concerns of its people.

South meetings and consultations,

comprising different offices and the

public, were held first and will come upwith a mutual decisions.


30/43

In terms of media, in line with whatYoung-ju Kim (n.d),

the operation of the South was privately owned

wherein the proprietor has all the freedom to televise

the current issues and events that is happening in their

Country and they can expose the diverse opinions of theirpeople. While in the North, it is censored by their

Government and only Kim II-sungs speeches and

insult against the South were put on view of the public.

They are using the media to propagandize and

strengthen anti-Japanese revolutionary tradition andJuches philosophy.


31/43

North Kim II-sungs speeches, Juche

philosophy, anti-Japenese revolutionary

tradition and Communism are allowed totelevise in their country.

South current issues and events, movies

and other entertainment shows can beview by the public.


32/43

As stated byYoung-ju Kim (n.d),When it comes to

educational policies, the South Korea focuses on

developing individual creativity and potentiality of their

peoples while in the North, even the education is

under the control of the Workers Party and they are

imposing all schools under them to follow the

Collectivist education.

Education


33/43

North system in education is controlled

by the Workers party and obliged to

follow the Collectivist Education.

South concentrate on honing its

peoples individualism and capabilities


34/43

Military


35/43

Korea divided because of the use of

military as well as political strength as a

gauge to become a great power

It all began during the Korean War that

sparked in the 1950s because of the

United States of America and Soviet.


36/43

North - North Koreas military force in

the present day is considered to be

bigger, better, closer and deadlier before

South - South Koreas military strength is

way weaker than the North because it is

only their second priority It has now

gained yearning for autonomy as aneffort to establish a more sufficient

military


37/43

Literature highlighted the differences of

North and South Korea in terms of

SOCIO-CULTURAL,ECONOMIC,

POLITICAL AND MILITARY aspects.


38/43

Concluded that these differences

contribute to the tension present in both

countries, which fail the attempt for

possible reunification.


39/43

Failed to recognize

- influence of the internal actors

(leaders)

- external actors (US, USSR and even

China.)


40/43

1. Actors only glanced upon

2. Role of the actor or the leader should

also be put into consideration3. Role of the influential countries


41/43

tensions between North and South Korea

are only most likely to worsen if internal

and external actors are not addressed.


42/43

Reviewed literature did not have a

thorough discussion of the role of

internal and external actors

Vague mentions and discussions on the

role of current leaders of the country


43/43

Proposed that the role of internal and

external actors (China) can be a possible

research topic in the future.

presentation 1 complex

Documents