presentation by joseph k. berry

Presentation byPresentation by

Joseph K. BerryJoseph K. Berry

W.M. Keck Scholar in Geosciences, University of DenverW.M. Keck Scholar in Geosciences, University of Denver

Principal, Berry & Associates // Spatial Information SystemsPrincipal, Berry & Associates // Spatial Information Systems2000 S. College Ave, Suite 300, Fort Collins, CO 805252000 S. College Ave, Suite 300, Fort Collins, CO 80525

Phone: (970) 215-0825 Email: [email protected]: (970) 215-0825 Email: [email protected]

Website at Website at www.innovativegis.com/basiswww.innovativegis.com/basis

Geotechnology in TransitionGeotechnology in Transition: : Evolution, Current Practice, Trends and Future Directions Evolution, Current Practice, Trends and Future Directions

that are Moving Us Beyond Mapping that are Moving Us Beyond Mapping

Geospatial Workshop for the City of Oslo – September 2, 2010Geospatial Workshop for the City of Oslo – September 2, 2010

Understanding…Understanding…

1) 1) What GIS IS …and Is Not, What GIS IS …and Is Not, 2)2) Nature of Grid-based Mapped Data, Nature of Grid-based Mapped Data,

3)3) Map Analysis and Modeling, Map Analysis and Modeling, 4)4) Multimedia Mapping, and Multimedia Mapping, and

5)5) Where GIS Is Headed Where GIS Is Headed

……an an enabling technologyenabling technology used in spatial reasoning, dialog and decision-making— used in spatial reasoning, dialog and decision-making—

Geotechnology is one of the three "mega technologies" for the 21st century and promises to forever change how we conceptualize, utilize and visualize

spatial relationships in scientific research and commercial applications (U.S. Department of Labor)

Modeling involves analysis of

spatial relationships and patterns

(Continuous/Numerical)

Prescriptive Modeling

Why So What What if…

Global Positioning System (location and navigation)

Remote Sensing(measure and classify)

GPS/GIS/RSThe Spatial Triad

Mapping involves precise

placement of physical features and inventories

(Discrete/Graphic)

Descriptive Mapping

(Nanotechnology)(Nanotechnology) GeotechnologyGeotechnology (Biotechnology)(Biotechnology)

Map Analysis …provides “tools” for investigating spatial patterns and relationships

Geographic Information Systems (map and analyze)

isWhere What

(Berry)(Berry)

Conceptual Framework for Map AnalysisConceptual Framework for Map Analysis

(Berry)(Berry)

GeotechnologyGeotechnology – one of the three mega-technologies for the 21st Century

70s Computer Mapping (Automated Cartography)

80s Spatial Database Management (Mapping and Geo-query)

90s Map Analysis Map Analysis (Spatial Relationships and Patterns)

00s Multimedia Mapping Multimedia Mapping (GIS/Internet/Visualization integration)

Global Positioning System (Location and Navigation)

Remote Sensing (Measure and Classify)

Geographic Information Systems Geographic Information Systems (Map and Analyze) Spatial Triad

Spatial AnalysisSpatial Analysis (Geographic Context)

Spatial StatisticsSpatial Statistics (Numeric Context)

…analytical tools for characterizing “contextual spatial relationships” within and among mapped data, such as effective distance, optimal paths, visual connectivity and micro-terrain analysis. Specific classes of spatial analysis operations include Reclassify, Overlay, Proximity and Neighbors.

…analytical tools for characterizing “numerical spatial relationships” within and among mapped data, such as density analysis, spatial interpolation, data mining, correlation and predictive modeling. Specific classes of spatial statistics include Surface Modeling, and Spatial Data Mining.

AnalyticalToolbox

Desktop Mapping FrameworkDesktop Mapping Framework (Vector, (Vector, DiscreteDiscrete))

Click on…Click on…Select ThemeSelect Theme Zoom PanZoom Pan

Info Info ToolTool

ThemeThemeTableTable

DistanceDistance

QueryQueryBuilderBuilder

……identify tall identify tall aspen standsaspen stands

Big …over 400,000m2 (40ha)?

::Object IDObject IDX,YX,YX,YX,YX,YX,Y ::

FeatureFeature SpeciesSpecies etc.etc. : :: :Object ID AwObject ID Aw : :: :

Spatial Spatial Table Table (WHERE)(WHERE)

AttributeAttributeTable Table (WHAT)(WHAT)

Discrete, irregular map features (Discrete, irregular map features (objectsobjects))

PointsPoints, , LinesLines andand AreasAreas(Berry)(Berry)

MAP Analysis Framework MAP Analysis Framework (Raster, (Raster, ContinuousContinuous))

Continuous, regular grid cells (Continuous, regular grid cells (objectsobjects))

PointsPoints, , LinesLines, , AreasAreas andand SurfacesSurfaces

::--, --, --, --,--, --, --, --,--, --, --, --,--, --, --, --,--, --, --, --,--, --, --, --,--, --, 12101210, --,, --,--, --, --, --,--, --, --, --,::

GridGridTableTable

(Berry)(Berry)

Click on…Click on…Zoom Pan RotateZoom Pan Rotate DisplayDisplay

ShadingShadingManagerManager

GridGridAnalysisAnalysis

……calculate a calculate a slopeslope map and map and drape on the drape on the elevation surfaceelevation surface

Calculating Slope Calculating Slope and Surface Flow Videoand Surface Flow Video

(click)(click)

Slope= rise/run

Basic Grid Data Structure Basic Grid Data Structure (Analysis Frame)(Analysis Frame)

Points, Lines , Points, Lines , AreasAreas

FillFill

Layer MeshLayer Mesh Grid MapGrid Map

A A Grid MapGrid Map consists of a consists of a matrix of numbersmatrix of numbers with a value with a value indicating the characteristic /condition at each grid cell indicating the characteristic /condition at each grid cell locationlocation

(Berry)(Berry)

“…“…preconditions geographic spacepreconditions geographic space for analysis” for analysis” (Implicit Topology)(Implicit Topology)

Points, Lines , AreasPoints, Lines , Areas

SurfacesSurfaces

Map Stack …forming a geo-registered set of “map layers” forming a geo-registered set of “map layers”

organized as a organized as a Map StackMap Stack

Analysis FrameAnalysis Frame

The The Analysis Frame Analysis Frame provides provides consistent consistent “parceling” needed “parceling” needed for map analysis for map analysis and extends discrete and extends discrete point, line and areal point, line and areal features to features to continuous continuous map surfacesmap surfaces Data listing for a

Map Stack

Drill-down

Col 3, Row 22Col 3, Row 22

Layer MeshLayer Mesh

Desktop Mapping Desktop Mapping vs.vs. Map AnalysisMap Analysis

ContinuousSpatial Distribution

DiscreteSpatial Object

Map AnalysisGeographic Space

Map AnalysisMap Analysis map-ematically relates patterns within and among continuous map-ematically relates patterns within and among continuous

spatial distributions (Map Surfaces) —spatial distributions (Map Surfaces) — spatial analysis and statisticsspatial analysis and statistics

(Geographic Distribution)

““Maps are Maps are numbers firstnumbers first, pictures later”, pictures later”

22.0Spatially

GeneralizedSpatiallyDetailed

40.7 …not a problem

AdjacentParcels

High Pocket

Discovery of sub-area…

(Berry)(Berry)

Average = 22.0StDev = 18.7

Desktop MappingData Space Field

Data

Standard Normal Curve

Desktop MappingDesktop Mapping graphically links generalized statistics to discrete spatial graphically links generalized statistics to discrete spatial

objects (Points, Lines, Polygons) —objects (Points, Lines, Polygons) — non-spatial analysisnon-spatial analysis

X, Y, Value

PointSampled

Data

(Numeric Distribution)

Spatial Database ManagementSpatial Database Management links computer links computer

mapping with database capabilities mapping with database capabilities ((80s80s) )

Computer MappingComputer Mapping automates the cartographic process automates the cartographic process ((70s70s))

Recall that Recall that in the beginningin the beginning we had… we had…

Mapping and Geo-queryMapping and Geo-query

(Berry)(Berry)

Map AnalysisMap Analysis representation of relationships within representation of relationships within and among mapped data and among mapped data ((90s90s))

Spatial Analysis Spatial Analysis (Contextual)(Contextual) Spatial Statistics Spatial Statistics (Numerical)(Numerical)

Map-ematicsMap-ematics

But the nature of the digital map is taking us beyond mapping…But the nature of the digital map is taking us beyond mapping…

……new analytic tools involvingnew analytic tools involving entirely new spatial reasoning skillsentirely new spatial reasoning skills

Traditional StatisticsTraditional Statistics

• Mean, StDev (Normal Curve)Mean, StDev (Normal Curve)

• Central TendencyCentral Tendency

• Typical Response (scalar) Typical Response (scalar)

Minimum= 5.4 ppmMinimum= 5.4 ppmMaximum= 103.0 ppmMaximum= 103.0 ppm

Mean= 22.4 ppmMean= 22.4 ppmStDEV= 15.5StDEV= 15.5

Spatial StatisticsSpatial Statistics

• Map of Variance Map of Variance (gradient)(gradient)

• Spatial DistributionSpatial Distribution

• NumericalNumerical Spatial Relationships Spatial Relationships

Spatial Spatial DistributionDistribution(Surface)(Surface)

Mapped Data Analysis Evolution Mapped Data Analysis Evolution (Revolution)(Revolution)

Traditional GISTraditional GIS

• Points, Lines, PolygonsPoints, Lines, Polygons

• Discrete ObjectsDiscrete Objects

• Mapping and Geo-queryMapping and Geo-query

Forest Inventory Forest Inventory MapMap

(Berry)(Berry)

NowNow

LaterLater

Spatial AnalysisSpatial Analysis

• Cells, Cells, SurfacesSurfaces

• ContinuousContinuous Geographic Space Geographic Space

• ContextualContextual Spatial Relationships Spatial Relationships

ElevationElevation(Surface)(Surface)

(Points, Lines , Areas)(Points, Lines , Areas)

Elevation Surface

Calculating Slope and Flow Calculating Slope and Flow (Spatial Analysis)(Spatial Analysis)

Inclination of a fitted Inclination of a fitted plane to a location and plane to a location and its eight surrounding its eight surrounding elevation valueselevation values(Neighbors)

Total number of the steepest Total number of the steepest downhill paths flowing into each downhill paths flowing into each location location (Distance)

Slope Slope (47,64)(47,64) = 33.23% = 33.23%

Slope map draped on Elevation

Slope map

Flow Flow (28,46)(28,46) = 451 Paths = 451 Paths

Flow map draped on Elevation

Flow map(Berry)(Berry)

Erosion PotentialErosion Potential

Flowmap

Slopemap

Deriving Erosion Potential & BuffersDeriving Erosion Potential & Buffers

Erosion_potentialFlow/SlopeSlope_classes

Flow_classes

Rec

las

sif

yR

ecla

ss

ify

Ove

rla

y

Rec

las

sif

y

Protective BuffersProtective Buffers

Erosion_potential

But all buffer-feet are not the same…

(slope/flow Erosion_potential)

…reach farther in areas of high erosion potential

(Variable-width Buffer)

(Berry)

“Simple” Fixed-width Buffer

Streams Simple Buffer

“as the crow flies”

Erosion_potential

Streams

Erosion Buffers

Dis

tan

ce

Distance away from the streams is a Distance away from the streams is a function of the erosion potentialfunction of the erosion potential (Flow/Slope (Flow/Slope Class) with intervening heavy flow and steep Class) with intervening heavy flow and steep slopes computed as effectively closer than slopes computed as effectively closer than simple distance— simple distance— “as the crow walks”“as the crow walks”

Calculating Effective Distance Calculating Effective Distance (Variable-width Buffers)(Variable-width Buffers)

Effective BuffersEffective Buffers

Effective Erosion DistanceEffective Erosion Distance

CloseClose FarFar

Heavy/Steep(far from stream)

Light/Gentle(close)

Simple BufferSimple Buffer

(Berry)(Berry)

Accumulated Proximity animationAccumulated Proximity animation(click)(click)

(See (See Beyond Mapping IIIBeyond Mapping III, “Topic 24”, , “Topic 24”, Overview of Spatial Analysis and Statistics, www.innovativegis.com/basis), www.innovativegis.com/basis)

Traditional StatisticsTraditional Statistics

• Mean, StDev (Normal Curve)Mean, StDev (Normal Curve)

• Central TendencyCentral Tendency

• Typical Response (scalar) Typical Response (scalar)

Minimum= 5.4 ppmMinimum= 5.4 ppmMaximum= 103.0 ppmMaximum= 103.0 ppm

Mean= 22.4 ppmMean= 22.4 ppmStDEV= 15.5StDEV= 15.5

Spatial StatisticsSpatial Statistics

• Map of Variance Map of Variance (gradient)(gradient)

• Spatial DistributionSpatial Distribution

• Numerical Spatial RelationshipsNumerical Spatial Relationships

Spatial Spatial DistributionDistribution(Surface)(Surface)

Mapped Data Analysis Evolution Mapped Data Analysis Evolution (Revolution)(Revolution)

Traditional GISTraditional GIS

• Points, Lines, PolygonsPoints, Lines, Polygons

• Discrete ObjectsDiscrete Objects

• Mapping and Geo-queryMapping and Geo-query

Forest Inventory Forest Inventory MapMap

Spatial AnalysisSpatial Analysis

• Cells, Surfaces Cells, Surfaces

• Continuous Geographic SpaceContinuous Geographic Space

• Contextual Spatial RelationshipsContextual Spatial Relationships

ElevationElevation(Surface)(Surface)

(Berry)(Berry)

Visualizing Spatial Relationships Visualizing Spatial Relationships (Spatial Distributions)(Spatial Distributions)

What spatial relationships What spatial relationships do you do you SEESEE??

……do relatively high do relatively high levels of P often occur levels of P often occur with high levels of K and with high levels of K and N?N?

……how often?how often?

……where?where?

Phosphorous (P)

Geographic Distribution

Multivariate AnalysisMultivariate Analysis— each map layer is a — each map layer is a continuous variable with all of the math/stat continuous variable with all of the math/stat

“ “rights, privileges and responsibilities” therewith …simply “spatially organized “ sets of numbers (matrices) rights, privileges and responsibilities” therewith …simply “spatially organized “ sets of numbers (matrices)

““Maps are numbers Maps are numbers firstfirst, pictures later”, pictures later”

(Berry)(Berry)

Clustering Maps for Data ZonesClustering Maps for Data Zones

Groups of “floating balls” in data space identify locations in the field Groups of “floating balls” in data space identify locations in the field with similar data patterns– with similar data patterns– data zones data zones or or ClustersClusters

……data distancesdata distances are minimized within a group (intra-cluster distance) and maximized are minimized within a group (intra-cluster distance) and maximized between groups (inter-cluster distance) using an optimization procedurebetween groups (inter-cluster distance) using an optimization procedure

(See (See Beyond Mapping IIIBeyond Mapping III, “Topic 7”, , “Topic 7”, Linking Data Space and Geographic SpaceLinking Data Space and Geographic Space, www.innovativegis.com/basis), www.innovativegis.com/basis)

(See (See Beyond Mapping IIIBeyond Mapping III, “Topic 16”, , “Topic 16”, Characterizing Spatial Patterns and RelationshipsCharacterizing Spatial Patterns and Relationships, www.innovativegis.com/basis), www.innovativegis.com/basis)(Berry)(Berry)

The Precision Ag Process The Precision Ag Process (Fertility example)(Fertility example)

As a combine moves through a field it As a combine moves through a field it 1)1) uses GPS to check its location then uses GPS to check its location then

2)2) checks the yield at that location to checks the yield at that location to 3)3) create a continuous map of the create a continuous map of the

yield variation every few feet. yield variation every few feet.

On-the-Fly On-the-Fly Yield MapYield Map

Steps 1) – 3)Steps 1) – 3)

(See (See Beyond Mapping IIIBeyond Mapping III, “Topic 16”, , “Topic 16”, Characterizing Spatial Patterns and RelationshipsCharacterizing Spatial Patterns and Relationships, www.innovativegis.com/basis), www.innovativegis.com/basis)

Farm dBFarm dB

Step 4)Step 4)Map AnalysisMap Analysis

This map isThis map is

4)4) combined with soil, terrain and other maps to combined with soil, terrain and other maps to

derivederive

Prescription MapPrescription Map

Step 5)Step 5)

5)5) a “Prescription Map” a “Prescription Map”

Step 6)Step 6)

Variable Rate ApplicationVariable Rate Application

Cyber-Farmer, Circa 1992

that is used to that is used to

6)6) adjust fertilization levels every few feet in the adjust fertilization levels every few feet in the

field field ((Variable Rate Application; Site-specific ManagementVariable Rate Application; Site-specific Management))

(Berry)(Berry)




Multimedia MappingMultimedia Mapping full full integration of GIS, Internet and integration of GIS, Internet and

visualization technologies visualization technologies ((00s00s))

Map Delivery/DevicesMap Delivery/Devices Map DisplayMap Display Geospatial Multimedia Geospatial Multimedia Virtual RealityVirtual Reality

Knock-your-socks-offKnock-your-socks-off






(Berry)(Berry)……4 thrusts driving MMM4 thrusts driving MMM

4)4) Virtual RealityVirtual Reality

Rendered ScenesRendered Scenes

Multimedia MappingMultimedia Mapping (00’s)(00’s)

(Berry)(Berry)

…more on

GIS & VR

1)1) Map Delivery/DevicesMap Delivery/Devices

GPS/GIS Enabled GPS/GIS Enabled Devices and Devices and

Internet MappingInternet Mapping

<click>Crowd SourcingCrowd Sourcing

3)3) Geospatial MultimediaGeospatial Multimedia

Maps with Maps with IntegratedIntegrated

Photos Photos VideoVideo AudioAudio TextText DataData

<click>

Phone = Camera

2)2) Map DisplayMap Display

Interactive MapsInteractive Maps

Animated MapsAnimated Maps

<click><click>

<click>

Fly-byFly-by

Model OutputModel Output

Space Space and and TimeTime

3-D Visualization Approaches 3-D Visualization Approaches (Mega-Trend #4)(Mega-Trend #4)

Image DrapingImage Draping ---- is an established technique in GIS. Draping a is an established technique in GIS. Draping a topographic or thematic map onto a 3-D terrain surface is effective but topographic or thematic map onto a 3-D terrain surface is effective but relies on abstract colors, shading and symbols. relies on abstract colors, shading and symbols.

SportsTracker (SportsTracker (MapTrek, 1998)MapTrek, 1998)

““Map Abstraction”Map Abstraction”

(Berry)(Berry)

Landscape Visualization Landscape Visualization (3D Object Rendering)(3D Object Rendering)

Step 1) 3-D Terrain SurfaceStep 1) 3-D Terrain Surface Step 2) Polygon ContainersStep 2) Polygon Containers

““Laying the Carpet”Laying the Carpet”

Step 3) Surface TextureStep 3) Surface Texture

Step 5) Final CompositionStep 5) Final Composition Step 6) Atmospheric EffectsStep 6) Atmospheric EffectsStep 4) Tree ObjectsStep 4) Tree Objects

““Pouring the Trees”Pouring the Trees”

(Berry)(Berry)(See (See Beyond Mapping IIIBeyond Mapping III, “Topic 12”, , “Topic 12”, Landscape VisualizationLandscape Visualization, www.innovativegis.com/basis), www.innovativegis.com/basis)

Visualizing Landscape Impacts Visualizing Landscape Impacts (GIS Rendering)(GIS Rendering)

(Berry)(Berry)

Visualizing Landscape Impacts Visualizing Landscape Impacts (Clear cut)(Clear cut)

(Berry)(Berry)

Visualizing Landscape Impacts Visualizing Landscape Impacts (Water retention cut)(Water retention cut)

(Berry)(Berry)Virtual Forest Virtual Forest (Innovative GIS Solutions, 1998)(Innovative GIS Solutions, 1998)

Summer Summer (diseased)(diseased)

WinterWinter

After Snowfall After Snowfall (ski run)(ski run)

Visualizing Landscape ConditionsVisualizing Landscape Conditions

Before FireBefore Fire

(Berry)(Berry)

……changing the landscape’s changing the landscape’s carpetcarpet and and objects objects to simulate to simulate

different conditions—different conditions—

After FireAfter Fire

Virtual Forest Virtual Forest (Innovative GIS Solutions, 1998)(Innovative GIS Solutions, 1998)

Forest inventory data establishesForest inventory data establishes tree typestree types, stocking , stocking densitydensity and and maturitymaturity——

……replaces “old pastel colors and abstract symbols”replaces “old pastel colors and abstract symbols”

……modern Rendered Scenes modern Rendered Scenes approach photographic realismapproach photographic realism

World Construction Set World Construction Set (3D Nature, 2007)(3D Nature, 2007)

TODAY there is a big difference…

3D Objects3D Objects Virtual Forest Virtual Forest (Innovative GIS Solutions, 1998)(Innovative GIS Solutions, 1998)




Multimedia MappingMultimedia Mapping full full integration of GIS, Internet and integration of GIS, Internet and

visualization technologies visualization technologies ((00s00s))

Map Delivery/DevicesMap Delivery/Devices Map DisplayMap Display Geospatial Multimedia Geospatial Multimedia Virtual RealityVirtual Reality

Blow you awayBlow you away






(Berry)(Berry)

Future Future DirectionsDirectionsWhere are we headed? Where are we headed?

Future DirectionsFuture Directions (2010 and beyond)(2010 and beyond)

Multimedia Mapping(2000s)

Revisit Analytics(2020s)

Revisit Geo-reference (2010s)

GIS Modeling (1990s)

Computer Mapping(1970s)

Spatial dB Mgt (1980s)

The Early YearsThe Early Years

Contemporary GISContemporary GIS

Future DirectionsFuture Directions

Mapping focusMapping focus

Data/Structure focusData/Structure focus

Analysis focusAnalysis focus

(Berry)(Berry)(See Beyond Mapping III, “Topic 27”, (See Beyond Mapping III, “Topic 27”, GIS Evolution and Future TrendsGIS Evolution and Future Trends, www.innovativegis.com/basis), www.innovativegis.com/basis)

Dominant Driving Forces Dominant Driving Forces (three game changers) (three game changers)

Alternative Geographic Referencing Alternative Geographic Referencing (3D GIS) — (3D GIS) — our current “rectangular-based” our current “rectangular-based” coordinate system will be replaced by a 3-dimensional coordinate system of columns (X), rows (Y), coordinate system will be replaced by a 3-dimensional coordinate system of columns (X), rows (Y), and verticals (Z) defining an imaginary matrix of grid elementsand verticals (Z) defining an imaginary matrix of grid elements

(Berry)(Berry)

Universal Spatial Key Universal Spatial Key — — use of the new referencing system to automatically join all use of the new referencing system to automatically join all databases by serving as a “spatially-enabled” databases by serving as a “spatially-enabled” Universal KeyUniversal Key (Implicit Spatial Topology)(Implicit Spatial Topology)

Boutique to Big BoxBoutique to Big Box — — a continued movement of GIS from a “boutique discipline” to a continued movement of GIS from a “boutique discipline” to increased mainstream use and subsequent redefinition of increased mainstream use and subsequent redefinition of What GIS IsWhat GIS Is and and Industry LeadersIndustry Leaders

CAD, dBase and CAD, dBase and Visualization IndustriesVisualization Industries

…etc.

……sort of like a three-sort of like a three-dimensional UTM dimensional UTM

grid cell (1 mgrid cell (1 m22))

……but this is going to take but this is going to take a bit more explanationa bit more explanation, after we consider the other two driving forces , after we consider the other two driving forces laterlater

…etc.

GIS IndustryGIS Industry

Today

Tomorrow

Geographic Referencing Geographic Referencing (Traditional 2D GIS) (Traditional 2D GIS)

(Berry)(Berry)

Cartesian Coordinate SystemCartesian Coordinate System (X, Y, and Z)(X, Y, and Z) — — both the traditional 2-D map and virtual both the traditional 2-D map and virtual reality’s 3-D visualization view the reality’s 3-D visualization view the earth as a surfaceearth as a surface——

……flattened to a pancake or curved and wrinkled a bit to reflect the surficial topography of an areaflattened to a pancake or curved and wrinkled a bit to reflect the surficial topography of an area

… intersection with a mathematically inferred spheroid/ellipsoid/geoid/datum

establishes the Height (Z) from the center of the earth to any point on the earth’s surface`

… intersection with a mathematically inferred spheroid/ellipsoid/geoid/datum

establishes the Height (Z) from the center of the earth to any point on the earth’s surface`

VectorVector

Discrete Spatial Discrete Spatial Objects (vector) — Objects (vector) —

Point Point (X,Y) as (X,Y) as fundamental unitfundamental unit

Points, Lines , AreasPoints, Lines , Areas

RasterRaster Continuous Continuous

Surfaces (grid)Surfaces (grid) ——

Cell Cell (Col,Row) as (Col,Row) as fundamental unitfundamental unit

Points, Lines , Areas Points, Lines , Areas SurfacesSurfaces

…flatten a 3D referencingsystem to a 2D projection

Alternative Grid Elements Alternative Grid Elements (Hexagon and Dodecahedral) (Hexagon and Dodecahedral)

2D Grid Element(Planimetric)

Square

3D Grid Element(Volumetric)

Cube

Consistent

distances and adjacency to surrounding grid elements

Consistent


Inconsistent


(Orthogonal and Diagonal)

Inconsistent


(Orthogonal and Diagonal)

Tightly Clustered GroupingsContinuously Nested Grid Elements

Cubic Grid

(26 facets)

Square Grid

(8 facets)

(Berry)(Berry)

HexagonalGrid

(6 facets) Hexagon

DodecahedralGrid

(12 facets)Dodecahedral

(Berry)(Berry)

1) 1) What GIS Is …and Is NotWhat GIS Is …and Is NotSlides 2-3Slides 2-3

2) 2) Nature of Grid-based Mapped DataNature of Grid-based Mapped DataSlides 4-7Slides 4-7

3) 3) Map Analysis and ModelingMap Analysis and ModelingSlides 9-16Slides 9-16

4) 4) Multimedia MappingMultimedia MappingSlides 18-24Slides 18-24 5) 5) Where Is GIS HeadedWhere Is GIS Headed

Slides 4-7Slides 4-7PowerPoint posted at www.innovativegis.com/basis/Present/Oslo2010/Oslo_Sep2010.ppt

Where Have We BeenWhere Have We Been

www.innovativegis.com/basiswww.innovativegis.com/basis ... online papers, materials, books and software... online papers, materials, books and software

Map Analysis Map Analysis a self-instructional book a self-instructional book

and Software and Software for hands-on exercisesfor hands-on exercises

(US$45.00 plus S/H)(US$45.00 plus S/H)

Beyond Mapping Beyond Mapping an online book an online book (free)(free)

PowerPoint posted at …

www.innovativegis.com/basis/Present/Oslo2010/Oslo_Sep2010.ppt

Email: [email protected]: [email protected]

Opportunities to Go FartherOpportunities to Go Farther

presentation by joseph k. berry

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