presentation canadian flagged product tankers

8/3/2019 Presentation Canadian Flagged Product Tankers

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Canadian Flagged Product Tankers



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What is a tanker?

A tanker is a type A ship that carries liquid cargo in bulk.

Low permeability

Relatively small openings on deck; limited access tocargo holds

Piping system used to transport cargo from shore to

shipTanker types include product tanker, oil/chemical,

ore/oil carrier, LNG

Some ships such as bulkers or supply vessels may have a cargo hold specially designed for liquids



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Examples of cargoes carried by tankers

Heavy fuels(Bunker C, VGO, Cat Feed)

Refined Fuels (MGO, MDO, RUL, PUL, Jet Fuel)

Water, beer, wine, orange juice, molasses, fish meal

Chemicals (Toluene, Ammonia, Chlorine)

Asphalt

Coal tar

Sulfuric acid

Vegetable or animal oils



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History of tankers

In the early days: Liquid cargoes not carried in bulk, but carried in barrels, caskets or tuns

Interesting fact: Tuns = where the word tonnage

derives from. A wine casket which held a volume of 954 litres, nearly a cubic meter

Wooden hulls weren’t watertight enough for liquidcargoes; steel and iron ships

were

Free surface effect

No efficient way of moving the cargo in bulk by usingpumps, until steam engine came along



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Carrying in bulk; why?

Barrels only held a small volume, were heavy even when light, leaked, and were very expensive

Oil boom o

f the late 19th century spurned the industry

into finding ways to carry more oil; barrels were 50%of the expense of the petroleum industry

The first cargoes carried in bulk were carried by railcars in cylindrical tanks

Eventually, oil was carried in barges, usually in rivers



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The first tanker, and challenges

First successful tanker was built in the 1880’s

One of the main problems was keeping the cargo andfumes away from engine room spaces,

expansion/contraction of cargo, and reducing staticelectricity risk

In 1881, first major tanker incident occurs; duringloading, loading pipe became dislodged and created a

spark which ignited kerosene and blew up the ship. A flexible loading pipe was invented soon after

Several cargo tanks and subdivisions implemented toeliminate free surface effect


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First Tanker continued

Longitudinal framing system first implemented intankers in 1906, reducing stress on structure

Leading innovation: World’s first diesel powered ship

was a tanker built in 1903Later in the decade: Tanker built with valves operable

from main deck, vapor return line, a cargo pipingsystem, cofferdams, and ballast tanks.



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Tankers today

Tankers today are still built on the same principles asthe tankers of the early 20th century. However, afterthe grounding of the Exxon Valdez, and the 2 majoroil spills by Prestige and Erika off the coast of Britain

accelerated the phasing out of single-hulled tankersfor double-hulled tankers. These have problems of their own, such as risk of explosion in between hulls,accumulation of mud, and ineffectiveness in major

allisions/collisions. Also, an Inert Gas system has been implemented to reduce risk of explosion

Canadian phase out of single hull tankers is 2015.Foreign tankers will be banned from entering afterthis date if single hulled. IMO phase out is 2026



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Some key concepts/terms

Flash point: Lowest temp. that liquid gives off vapourthat is ignitable near surface. Must use external sourceof ignition

LEL(Lower Explosive Limit): Smallest % of vapour inair that will form ignitable mixture. Below this, toolean, cannot ignite

UEL(Upper Explosive Limit: Greatest % of vapour

that will form ignitable mixture. Above this, cannotignite, too rich.

Vapour density: Where the vapour will settle. Helps todetermine where to probe with your multigas detector



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How to avoid blowing up?

The answer: The IG(Inert Gas) system. The basic working principle behind this system is to keep thecargo tanks in an inert condition out of the flammablerange. Contains less than 8% oxygen under positive

pressure.

When to use: When cargo is being discharged, IGsystem should be pumping in more inert gas than

cargo being discharged to replace cargo dischargedand to keep positive pressure.

Usually a nitrogen based gas. Gas must be ‘scrubbed’to ensure its safe to be delivered to tanks. No solids,

corrosives, or water



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This is what happens when you don’t vent off excesspressure from the IG…

Pack your bags! VLCC Kong Haakon



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More things to keep in mind so you don’t blow up

Safety first – no smoking

No flashlight, cellphone, radios, lighters

No hot work

Don’t use power tools^Solution to above: Use pneumatic tools

Try to eliminate electrostatic discharges, particularly

during loading. Make sure piping system is free of water or dissimilar liquids. Restrict loadng rate and very slowly fill bottom of tank until liquid coversentire bottom



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Stay alert, stay safe

Read the MSDS sheet of cargo being loaded to beaware of health risks

Remember in high school bio class when you couldn’t

eat or drink in the lab? Same thing here.Crude oil is the best cleaner you can use, but it’s

probably a bad idea to get it and any other liquid cargoon your hands. Practise safe hygiene.

Is there someone on deck who looks like he’s had 10 beers too many? Get that person some help; they may have inhaled noxious vapours. Follow MSDS sheet at alltimes for prevention of incidents.

Test all areas considered confined space before entering.



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Building a tanker

Tankers must be built very strong; cargoes expand,tanks can only be 98% full, FSE

Most tankers are built on the longitudinal system.

Reinforced girdersCofferdams must separate pumprooms.

Tanks: Usually epoxy coated or stainless steel

Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 tankersType 1: Maximum level of protection andcontainment. Strongly built and damage resistantType 3: Less demanding than the Type 1 and 2,

moderate level of protection



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Going more in-depth; how does a tanker work Alex???

Let’s get this cargo flowing and take a look at the threemain types of cargo piping systems found on tankers.

The first type we’ll look at is the ring main system

Basically, a big circle of pipes connecting alltanks/pumps

Advantage: Any tank can be discharged by any pump.Good for crude oil carriers.Disadvantage: Lots and lots and lots of pipe. Moreexpensive. Lots of bends which means longerloading/discharging times, risk of leaks at bends



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Ring MainSystem



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Next up… free flow system

Cargo flows through bottom of vessel through remoteactivated sluice gates

Advantages: Less pipeline. Less expensive. You can

trim by stern to quickly get rid of cargoLess bends, less friction, means quicker loading and

discharging. You’re in and out of port faster.

On the flip side:-You can only have one grade of cargo. Not such a hotidea for a product tanker. Contamination risks are toogreat.-Watch your tank levels, it’s extremely easy tooverflow and cause a spill with this system.

Free Flow



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Free Flow System



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Last but not least…

Direct Line System

The main lines are connected to pump room. Eachmain designed to service a select number of tanks

Advantages: Quick loading/discharging

Less pipe, less bends, cheaper

Cargo can easily be seperated so you can carry

different types or gradesDisadvantage: Good luck finding/locating the source

of a leak.

Di Li



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Direct LineSystem



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Cargo goes in, cargo goes out



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The Manifold

Where the ship to shore connection is made inloading/discharge operations

Hose is connected from shore facility to tanker

Hose is usually of a flexible, polyprop or polyesterrubber coating, outside is reinforced with steel helixmesh covering the hose.

Sometimes made of stainless steel for tougher cargoes

Watch your hose during transfer operations!

Below the manifold, a ‘pit’ must be fitted where smallleakage of cargo can be contained



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Drop lines; what are they?

Used only when loading. These bypass the pumproomcompletely.. They are pumped in from shore, throughthe manifold on deck, and ‘dropped’ directly to a tank or group of tanks. Cargo can be segregated. This is

virtually the same as the direct line system.

li i h f ki



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Relieving the pressures of working on atanker

Above: A Pressure Vacuum Relief Valve



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P/V Valve

Reduces under/over pressurization of inerted tank

Automatic activation once the tank reaches a certainpressure

Tank vents and allows outside air in; exit velocity of 30 m/s

Watch pressures. If valve doesn’t activateautomatically, manually activate

Maintenance: Make sure valves are regularly cleaned,especially with vegetable/animal oils and crude oil.Failure to do so can result in serious vessel damages



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Vapour Control

Some newer tankers fitted with special pipe atmanifold allowing for shoreside elimination of

vapours instead of venting into atmosphere

Simplest way of venting; just open up the hatch. Slow.Use fans to boost speed.

Vapours must be eliminated when switching betweencertain cargoes

When loading, tanks should never be opened.



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Alaaaaaarm!!!

High Level/overfill alarms

High level activates around 95-98%. Audio/visual warning

Overfill Alarm: You might just get the pink slip if youhear this one…

Alarms to be active and tested before loading

Watch your loading rates and tank levels to avoidproblems



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What’s in the tanks?

Best method of measuring cargo: Tank radar(usually in the +/- 5mm range)

Old fashioned way: Port holes and

ullage tapes, water/fuel finding pasteIn between: Digital ullage gauger with auditory

beeping once liquid is touched. These have a valve which prevents outside air from entering once

connected to sounding pipeCheck soundings during transfer operations, keep in

mind if ship is on even keel or not



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Let’s get things moving; FRAMO pumps

Submerged pumps: Hydraulic powered. Impeller on bottom. Can be used to strip cargo to very low levels.Separate stripping line. Expensive; need a pump foreach tank. Can throttle up/down for optimum

operation

Misc topics: Cavitation and shore booster pumps



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Giving the tanker a bath

Wh it hi b t t k t



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When switching between some cargoes, tanks must be washed out to prevent cross contamination

Basic principle:

1. Wash tank with cold water(hot for heavier fuels)2. Thoroughly was pumps, piping, heating coils3. Strip the tank of washings4. Dry with ventilation

5. Remove dirt/debris/sludge



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Watch for adequate pressure on the line; insufficientand the water may not reach the bulkheads

Fixed tank: Very popular. On most tankers now.

Apply settings(wash duration, angles, ad temperature)and let run.Portable: Older, and smaller tankers. Lower manually through small booby hatch at prescribed height, forprescribed time.



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Regulations: Brief overview of InternationalSafety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals



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Special considerations when going up North

Keep your seachests and inlets clear; use heatedcooling water to keep warm, air to ‘flush’ it out

Keep copy of TP 5064 – Ice Navigation in Cdn Waters

Keep heaters on in engine, bowthruster, steering gear,and all pumprooms, as well as piping in trunk spaces.

Fire lines drained, valves to be cracked open

Eyewash/shower stations to be operational. Leavecracked open, or use heated water



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Watch out when firing up the hose crane; it can besluggish, fail to operate, brakes can be slippery.

Grease all moving parts of deck machinery; don’t beshy, put lots

Test your machinery in advance before you have touse it. Cranes, winches, windlass

All lifesaving appliances to be clear and good to go

Ice accretion: Knock it off, shovel off snow on deck

Steel is weaker when its cold; don’t hit things toohard, navigate slowly in ice

Keep yourself warm!

Use heated ballast water



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Check your p/v valves; make sure they’re operable

Check that cargo heating system is free of water



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Is my 30 minutes up?



I mean… any questions?

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