presentation col vinod

8/7/2019 Presentation Col Vinod

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Army dogs are mostly deployed in C 1 ops environment as

FORCE MULTIPLIER and have been suffering casualties due to

1. Accidents - Bullet injuries/fracture/fall

2. Cardiac failure - Exertion, shock3. Respiratory diseases. - Pneumonia/Bronchopneumonia

4. Gastro intestinal diseases - Enteritis/gastroenteritis,

hemorrhages

5. Nervous system diseases - paralysis/paresis

6. Renal diseases - Nephritis/ Pyelonephritis7. Protozoan disease - Babesiosis

8. Miscellaneous - Intoxication, Poisoning, allergy.


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Renal failure is defined as rapid loss of renal functions in

terms of decrease in glomerular function rate and clinically

characterized by increase in blood urea nitrogen and serumcreatinine concentration alongwith fluids, electrolytes and

acid base disturbances.

It may be

(a) Acute - When develops rapid & profound.

(b) Chronic - When develops slowly & progressively & mild


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(a) Malformation eg. cyst formation in the kidney which may be congenitalor acquired.

(b) Displacement Not common, but tumors in the surrounding area may

cause some displacement (generally at sharp curvature ofureter) due to stretching of renal fascia thus causing stasisof urine and hydronephrosis.

(c) Traumas - accidents causing hemorrhage of perirenal tissue.

(d) Infections:

(i) Bacteria corynebacterium renale, streptococci, staphylococci,pseudomonas, E. coliand other Coli form bacteria.

(ii) Leptospira

L. canicola, L. icteohacmorhagiae, L. pomona.(iii) Virus - Canine distemper

(iv) Helminth Diactophylus renale

(e) Miscellaneous

(i) Infarcts in kidney in vegetatine endocarditis

(ii) Certain nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs predisposes

calculi formation(iii) Hemorrhages due to intoxication-

(ac) Petechial hemorrhages occur under capsules,in the cortex and some times in medulla.

(bb) Diffuse hemorrhages generally occurs inpelvis.


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IN ALL RENAL DISEASE THE CLINICAL SIGNS MENIFESTATED ARE

- Restlessness, kicking the abdomen, switching of the tail,

frequent urination & straining are common signs.

- Passing of bloody urine, containing clots of blood (pathognomic of

pyelonephritis)

- The animal attitude or stance may resemble that of traumatic

pericarditis, gastritis or indigestion.


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- Begins with a sudden onset characterized by slight weakness, refusalto eat, vomition, temp 103F-105F and often mild congestion of conjunctiva

- On the following day - Sharp drop in temp, depression, labored breathing

& marked thirst, unwilling to rise from sitting position

(due to muscular stiffness of hind legs)

- Subsequent days- irregular haemorrhagic patches (abrasion/burns) on

oral mucosa.

- Advance cases Shows intense depression, subnormal temp (97F)

Bloody vomitus, bleeding gums, dehydration, faeces

liquid & blood tinged (indication of gastroenteritis)

Frequent urination, urine concentrated & orangecolored containing albumin, pus cells & casts.

- In severe cases - Uremia develops

Death usually 5-10 days after onset.


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Most important causes are :-

(i) Nephritis

(ii) Pyelo nephritis

(iii) Hydro nephrosis

(iv) Cystitis


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It is the most common cause of death due to renal diseass in dogs.

It may be acute or chronic and either diffuse or focal.

It can also be

(i) Non suppurative

(ii) Suppurative

Non supportive

(i) Glomerulonephritis

- is combination of nephrosis & nephritis

(ii) Interstitial nephritis

- is most common form in dogs

- occurs practically in all dogs over 08 yrs of age.

- it has been reported that acute, sub acute and chronicinterstitial nephritis is frequently observed in dogs inassociation with various acute & chronic infections suchas distemper,, Leptospira, metrtis, otitis,peritonitis,pneumonia, prostatis, pyrometra and valvularendocarditis.


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- It also includes renal abscess & perinephritis- It is more common in females possibly due to short wide often

traumatized urethra.

- Infectious agent generally associated is Corynebacterium renale.


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Infection of lower urinary tract and calculi are important etiological agents.

Calculi (urolithiasis) may be found in

(i) Pelvis of kidney

(ii) Ureter

(iii) Urinary bladder

(iv) urethra

In Canines - Calculi are generally composed of

-Calcium carbonate/phosphate

-Calcium/sodium/ammonium urate

-Ammonio magnesium phosphate

-Ammonio magnesium cystine.

- In dogs castration does not affect the incidence of urolithiasis,although it is more common in males than females.


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An acute or chronic infection of urinary bladder mostly due to

cystic calculi or infection more often ascending from an infected

prostate, urethra, pelvic sheath or vagina by E coli, Pseudomonas,

aeruginosa, proteus, streptococci and staphylococci.


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- Kidneys that have suffered chronic inflammatory changes are

permanently disabled, but since normal organ functions at only part of

their capacity, considerable reserve is available.

- Affected animal can survive for some time untill enough renaldamage occurs,

- When kidneys can not function effectively enough to keep blood non

protein nitrogen at normal level, the resultant uremia and vomiting that

ensues, interfere with the compensating polydipsia and polyuria leadto death unless compensation is restored.


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1. Rest/Limited exercise.2. High quality protein diet.

3. Adequate water supply with frequent opportunity to urinate.

4. Administration of i/v fluids (combination of isotonic saline &

dextrose solution) to canted uremia.5. Aluminum hydroxide preparations orally to help subdue

gastritis.

6. Sodium bicarbonate to correct acidosis.

7. Tranquilizers (chlorpromazine parentally or meprobromateorally) to suppress vomition.

8. Supportive therapy includes oral hygiene & cardiac

therapy.

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