presentation dha
TRANSCRIPT
The role of DHA in neural health
throughout life: The latest news
René van HoornBioriginal
DHA
The nervous system
Role of DHA in building and
maintaining optimal brain function
Presentation Outline
DHA
DHA: 22:6 n-3
22:6 n-3
In the brain present as phospholipid
Can be synthesized from ALA (also by Glial
cells), but conversion rates are low.
Innis, 2007
DHA: main sources
Fish
Tuna 23-25%
Atl. Salm
on 12-15%
18/12 Fish oil 1
0-13%
Cod liver 1
0-13%
Mackerel 10-12%
Menhaden 9-10%
Sardine 9-10%
Anchovy 8-10%
Krill
9-10%
Alg
al
35-4
0%
DHA: fish sources
Bioriginal premium DHA source: Biopure DHA™
Fish source
Selection ExtractionCrude
oil
Refining+ QC
Tuna catching ground
DHA-rich Tuna
Caught in pristineWaters of Indian ocean
Heads only
Avoid contaminant-rich livers
Patented cold extraction
Avoiding oxidation
Dedicated plant
Crude BiopureTuna
Crude “Normal”Tuna
The human nervoussystem
Complex network of neurons
located throughout our body
Two parts:
Central nervous system and
Peripheral nervous system
Both controlled by the brain
Nervous system
Numerous functions described
to the brain:
Control of body functions
Voluntary
(thought>movement)
Involuntary (Heartbeat)
Reason of consciousness,
emotions, memory,
imagination, etc
Nervous system: The brain
Regions (lobes) in the brain have special roles
10 % neurons, 90% glial cells
Nervous system: Brain anatomy
Picture taken from Stanford University website
Many brain disorders / imbalances exist:
Mood
Depression / Anxiety / Hyperactivity
Psychotic
Bipolar / Schizophrenia /delusional disorder
Memory related
Light Dementia Alzheimer's
Brain Injury
Stroke / Epilepsy
Nervous system: conditions
Brain development
EarlyChildhood
Bir
th
LateChildhood /adolescence
Pre-birth
Tri
mest
er
1
Tri
mest
er
2
Tri
mest
er
3
4 y
rs o
ld
18 y
rs o
ld
Young-Mid age
Adult
55 y
rs
0ld
Olderadults
Death
Bra
in
weig
ht
Lipids main constituent of neuronal cell membrane
Total brain rich in lipids: 50-65 % of dry matter
35 % of lipids are PUFA, mostly DHA
Grey matter, nervous system and retina have highest
concentrations of DHA
A healthy brain is rich in DHA
Nervous system: Brain structure
Sinclair 1975
Brain health: genetic factors
Noguchi et al, 1993Owada et al, 2006
Veerkamp and Zimmerman, 2001
Possible genetic variation in Fatty acid binding
proteins (B-FABP)
Dopamine transporter candidate genes for
ADHD
Occurrence of apolipoprotein epsilon-4 allele
is associated with Alzheimer
Role of DHA in building and maintaining optimal brain
function
Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA)*
Stearidonic Acid
Dihomo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid (DGLA)*
Eicosatetraenoic Acid (20:4n-3)
Arachidonic Acid (AA) Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
Longer Chain Fatty Acid Metabolites
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)
Linoleic Acid (LA)
Western diet: High in n-6’s : LA and AA
D6D Enzyme
Elongase
D5D Enzyme
Elongase
Desaturase
Elongase
Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA)*
Stearidonic Acid
Dihomo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid (DGLA)*
Eicosatetraenoic Acid (20:4n-3)
Arachidonic Acid (AA) Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
Longer Chain Fatty Acid Metabolites
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)Linoleic Acid (LA)
Western diet: n3 mostly ALA from plant sources
D6D Enzyme
Elongase
D5D Enzyme
Elongase
Conversion:slow
Desaturase
Elongase
Possible shortage of DHA in the body
Williams and Burdge, 2006
Split up: Development/Decline vs Problems
LateChildhood /adolescence
Young-Mid age
Adult
EarlyChildhood
Pre-birth Olderadults
Research focusedon development and decline
Research focusedon “problems”
Uptake DHA around 60%, usually higher for ALA
10-20 % used for energy (B-oxidation)
Incorporation into brain cells phospholipids
highly dependent on ARA in the diet.
Higher DHA intake leads to Higher DHA status
in the brain.
Moya et al, 2001Mayes et al, 2006
Brain development: Uptake and incorporation
Interpreted from Hsieh et al, 2007
Diets:Control No added PUFAL 0.42% DHA (+ 39 mg/Kcal ARA)L3 1.13% DHA (+ 39mg/Kcal ARA)
9.8
% DHAIn baboonfrontal lobe after 12 wks
C L L3
12.8 13.9
* *
Effect of dietary intake ARA and DHA uponDHA status in Frontal lobe of the Cerebral cortex
Set-up:
Pregnant women on 2 diets (randomised:
Corn oil
Cod liver oil (+/- 1200 mg DHA)
18 wks in Pregnancy -> 3 months breastfeeding
Intelligence test at 4 yrs of age (n=90)
Helland et al, 2003
Brain development: Effect of maternal DHA intake
Interpreted from Helland et al, 2003
Brain development: Effect of maternal DHA intake
K-A
BC
sco
re
107.8101.7
*
CLOCorn oil
Breastfed infants from mothers taking DHA
supplements showed:
Higher infant PL DHA
higher Index score on Bailey’s Psychomotor (at 30
months)
Infants (6 wks +) fed High PUFA diets (ALA + DHA)
showed improved visual acuity compared to those fed
low PUFA diets.Jensen et al, 2005
Birch et al, 2002
Brain development: Effect of DHA intake between 0-4yrs
Set-up:
Infants being breastfed (n=20)
Breast milk analysed on lipids
Infants assessed on neurobehavioral
functions (NBAS, 9 point scales)
Hart et al, 2006
Brain development: DHA & the effect on child behavior (0-4yrs)
Interpreted from Hart et al, 2006
Brain development: DHA & the effect on child behavior (0-4yrs)
DHA in Breast milk
Lability of State(Higher score is more stable)
r=0.57P<0.01
Set-up:
3 Mo old mice
Group fed DHA and palm oil
Group fed just palm oil
Measurement = Maze-learning ability at
1 wk, 2wks, 1 Mth, 3 Mths
Lim and Suzuki, 2000
Brain development: Effect of DHA intake during “adolescence”
Interpreted from Lim and Suzuki, 2000
Brain development: Time to reach Maze exit shortens with prolonged DHA diet
1wk 2 wk 1 mth 3 mths
Time (% control)
bars Con
trol
Con
trol
Con
trol
Con
trol
DH
A
DH
A
DH
A DH
A
*
DHA in BrainLines
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Diagnosis difficult, many factors
3-5 % of those under 19 affected
Now believed to continue into adulthood
Common medicine, Ritalin, has shown serious
potential side effects
Brain health Problems & DHA: ADHD
Lower plasma PUFA seen in sufferers
Most studies done with Fish oil (DHA + EPA)
Positive effects with fish oil seen in several studies
DHA alone less effective, but symptom (aggression)
decreases with DHA intake (> 2 Mo), P=0.001
Brain health Problems & DHA: ADHD
Richardson and Puri, 2002Stevens et al, 2003Stevens et al, 1995
Hamazaki et al, 2004
Clinical symptoms of depression (glucose metabolism,
Pro-inflammatory cytokine, neurotransmitter concentration):
Increase when deficiency n-3 PUFA exists
Decrease when n-3 PUFA are supplemented
Unclear if effects are due to DHA+EPA or one the
separate components.
Some studies show no effect
Brain health Problems & DHA: Depression
Sinclair et al, 2007Llorente at al, 2003
Memory related problems increase with aging:
Dementia:
65 and older = 6 %
80 and older = 20%
Forgetfulness > Dementia > Alzheimer
Cognitive decline : A major future problem
Wimo et al, 2003Crook et al, 1993
Babyboomers getting older
Cognitive decline : A major future problem
Alzheimer patients have 30 % less DHA in
brain tissue
Epidemiological evidence suggest 180 mg
DHA/day is associated with a 50-60 % reduced
chance of getting dementia
Cognitive decline : DHA might have benefits
Johnson and Schaefer, 2006Soderberg et al, 1991Morris et al, 2003
Brain health & DHA: Lifetime dietary effects
Whalley et al, 2004
Born 1936
IQ-test1947
IQ-test1999-2000
Non -fish oil users
n=60IQ: 100.2
Fish oil users
n=60IQ: 100.7
Non -fish oil users
n=60IQ: 95.2
Fish oil users
n=60IQ: 105.9
No daily recommended intake defined
Most recommendations on Fish oil and heart health
Defined in some countries:
Pregnant and nursing women : 115-300 mg DHA/day
Infants (0-5 Months): 20 mg/kg/day – 500 mg
DHA+EPA
Most Heart health recommendation “fit” with studies on
brain development / cognitive health
Some studies use very high concentrations
How much DHA do we need? For optimum brain function
The optimum amount of DHA for 3 age
groups:
Young children (150 mg)
Teens (200 mg)
Seniors (250 mg)
3 great flavors (oils and capsules)
Additional supportive vitamins fitting for that age group
Bioriginal neural concepts:
Research on the effects of DHA and Brain
health still in its’ infancy
DHA shown to play an important role in brain
health throughout life
Dietary recommendations for heart health
probably sufficient for optimum brain health
Conclusions