Presentation for Deforestation projectBy: Ming Chun, Shang Wen, Chloe and AmandaThe interesting thing is at the back.

CausesGood without them

MiningCoal mining

Land is cleared for coal miningMetal mining

Land is also cleared for metal mining. To separate gold from ore, mercury is used. The mercury get absorbed by the plants and kills them.

More causes (brief) Poor management of forests Local poverty Timber Forest fires (first caused by company

“Itzi”) Jealousy of locals on big companies

(they cannot log while the big companies can. Thus, this cause the locals to log illegally)

Palm oilCause of deforestation

What is palm oil? It is a red liquid at room temperature but lighter

coloured after boiling Comes from the African Oil Palm First commercially cultivated in

1911 on Sumatra island

Palm oil(Liquid)

Oil palm Solid Palm oil block

Uses Ingredient in food Cheap substitute for bread Make biodiesel Make bread, cereal, sweets and soaps Cooking oil Make chocolate

Fun Fact: In World War 2, Palm oil combined with Naphtha to produce Napalm!

Why do people want to buy palm oil? It is cheap Has a high stability when frying

Countries with large palm oil production Indonesia-More than 20.9 million tons Malaysia-17.7 million tons-Uses 4,500,000 hectares of land-Employ more than 570,000 people Nigeria-More than 2.5 million hectares of land used Columbia-Uses 1,000,000 hectares of land-35% made into biofuel

Why does palm oil cause all this?

Can only be cultivated in rainforests

Orangutans live there

Orangutans run away from the

fire

Orangutans fled from

their habitats

Eat farmers crops

Get shot down by

them

Current measuresHow to stop deforestation?

1.Conservationists groupsHave them to promote conservationWhy not working??Factories:

Less land for

plantations

Less people

with jobs

Population decrease!!

DOOM!

What is Indonesia?

2.Signing of regulation President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono signed a regulation on an implementation of a national inventory of greenhouse gases. There was a program called "Moving Towards a Green Indonesia" which helped conservationists groups and also deal with deforestation. 

Why EPIC FAIL: Deforestation is not fully banned even though the carbon usage is thought to be able to decrease by 26%.

3. Pressure from conservationist groups’ fans Supporters of Greenpeace pressured companies like

Nestle and Unilever to change their palm oil sourcing policies to stop deforestation as the forests are cleared mostly for palm oil. This helped as companies (which were providing palm oil to the buyers) used less land for palm oil plantations as they need less palm oil.

Why EPIC fail Still a lot of other companies using palm oil and thus

the problems are not solved. Fun fact (not really fun after all): Unilever is one of the

biggest buyers of palm oil from Indonesia but it buys only 3% of the palm oil bought all the companies!

Military raids Confiscate chainsaws Illegal loggers put to jail.

Enforcement of laws 1. Anyone who causes a forest fire will be given

a sentence of at least 10 years. 2. If it is severe, the DEATH penalty will come.Question – Why is it not working?3. Nobody enforces the laws4. The enforcers when sent are easily bribedIt is like… the school sets a rule to not allow socks below ankle length. At first, everybody obeys. After a while, nobody comes to check and the students start wearing them.

StakeholdersPeople involved

Who they are and how they uses the rainforest Tribes-They use it for home and shelter Eco-tour Operators-they use the rainforest as a tool for

education and for them to show people the beauty of the rainforest

Factories- They use the rainforest as a source of income Animals-They use the rainforest as a home and for protection Scientists- They use the rainforest as a way of discovering

things (like new plants for medication) that can benefit others Government-They try to protect the rainforest and stop things

that help destroy it Conservationists-They use the rainforest as a tool for

education and they try to protect it Schools- They educate people just like eco-tour operators

Their job and what they doTribes- They help spread around the seeds of eaten fruit They eat the fruit then let the animals carry around

the seeds, planting more of that speciesEco-Tour Operators- They tell people how the rainforest is being

threatened and what they can do to help stop this They take tour groups around and show them the

rainforest and how wonderful it is so they can appreciate it

Their job and what they do (cont.)Factories- Cut down trees for plantationsAnimals- Spread around seeds and “plants” them Make trees and plants grow as well as fruits that

tribes in the rainforest can live offScientists- To go into the rainforests and try to find good uses for

new plant specimens They find new plant species then use them in

experiments to see if they can be used for medicine

Their rights and responsibilitiesWe respect them and they respect usNote: Click this button to go to solutions

TRIBESRights To retain their homes To be able to find food easily To have water To feel protectedin their homes To have clothes

Responsibilities To help distribute

plants and seeds so that species can keep growing

To only take what they need and nothing more

ANIMALSRights To feel protected To always have food To have shelterin their home To retain theirhomes

Responsibilities To keep spreading

around seeds for food purposes

To protect the forest from other threats

ECO-TOUR OPERATORSRights

Educate people Fine people if they

pollute(Example: Litter) the rainforest.

Show tourists the rainforest and let them appreciate it

Responsibilities Educate people Be role models by not

polluting the rainforest Respect laws that try

to protect the rainforest

WORLD GOVERNMENTSRights To be allowed to request countries to

reduce greenhouse gases To be allowed to try and pay countries to

protect their rainforests To put in the Kyoto (international

agreement against greenhouse emissions) into place

WORLD GOVERNMENTS cont.Responsibilities

To reduce greenhouse gases and the burning of fossil fuels in other countries

To protect the rainforests and what’s left of them

FACTORIESRights Make money Able to makeliving

Responsibilities Burn trees in

designated areas (not illegal places)

Burn trees sustainably

ScientistsRights

To be able to explore the rainforest (with conditions)

To be allowed to observe different species but make NO contact

To be granted permission to explore different parts of the rainforest in order to look for new plant species

Scientists Responsibilities

To not move/change around any areas of the rainforest e.g. plant fruit where animals are trying to sleep

Not to disturb the wildlife inside the rainforests

To respect how the rainforest and to not do anything to pollute it

ConservationistsRights To be able to at least try to protect the

rainforests To be able to protest against non-environmental

projects (things that hurt the environment and it’s rainforests) and not get in trouble for it

Responsibilities To be able to protect the rainforest and everything in it To not stand by and watch the environment along with

it’s rainforests be destroyed

SchoolRights and Responsibilities

Educate people Hold conference to stop deforestation

Effects if their rights are not fulfilled Tribes- The tribe will die out People will forget about themEco-tour operators- People will forget how they should treat/behave

in the rainforest People will forget how important rainforests areFactories- They can’t help/support themselves or their

families

Effects if their rights are not fulfilled (cont.) Animals-

Animals could become more aggressive because of the stress from everything happening around them

Scientists- Cures for diseases that could’ve been found would’ve

disappeared because scientists couldn’t explore and look for them

World governments- Rainforests will have even MORE threats working

against the existence of them!Conservationists- No one will be there to help the rainforests exist

What are the effects if their responsibilities are not fulfilled Tribes- The rainforest and the species within it will

diminish faster than before because seeds of plants aren’t being distributed

Eco-tour operators- Rainforests will be in even worse conditions Different species will perish fasterFactories- There would be unemployment

What are the effects if their responsibilities are not fulfilled (cont.)Animals- More animal species will die out More plant/fruit species will die outScientists-

Animals could start acting up because scientists have made with the animals and they’ve reacted badly

Cures that can solve current illness would be extinctWorld governments- Rainforests won’t be protected at ALL anymore!Conservationists- Rainforests simply WON’T exist anymoreSchools You might have to say bye to the rainforest (not literary)

Linking Charts

Linking Charts (cont.)

Other country involvement and consequences on other countries Lending a helping hand

ConsequencesWHAT DOES HAZE LEAD TO?

1st effect – Economic losses

WHY? 1. Tourist income Some countries, especially Singapore, rely a lot on tourists to

survive. With the haze, they will avoid coming, and thus we will lose a lot. 2. Trade income With the haze absorbing and scattering light, there were a lot of

visual problems. This heavily affected land, sea and air transport, causing late arrival

of goods, and thus cause heavy losses. For example, in the 1997 haze, both Singapore and Malaysia lost US$0.4b.

Consequences (cont.)2nd effect – More illnesses WHY?

1. Lack of protective measures Many Asian countries did not have the financial means to supply protective measures like

respiratory masks. In turn, this caused more people to be ill.

2. Poor environment

Haze causes asthma diseases and respiratory problems. In 2006, there was a 20% increase of patients in areas west of Singapore. Although the west of Singapore usually has the highest PSI levels, it is only by several points. NEA denied speculation that the construction sites in Tuas and Jurong contributed to the haze, although it is hard to tell. Crowded environment While some people opted to stay in their homes, others decided to spend time in shopping

malls. As there are more crowds in public areas, the chances of spreading and getting diseases are higher.

Increase of ozone With haze, the amount of air purifiers to purify the air in the house will soar. However, many

of these purifiers release ozone, which in turn causes people to suffer similar diseases as to the haze.

What are other countries doing? Singapore - Provided efficient satellite

equipment and good photos, to view where the hot spots were. They managed to detect 146 hot spots.

Malaysia - Provided fire-fighting equipment that Indonesia lacked funds to buy and able-bodied fire fighters to help put out the fire.

*Please note these were only solutions to stop the fires but not deforestation.

What are other countries doing? (cont.) Norway – Signed a letter of intent with Indonesia. In

exchange for up to US$1 billion, Indonesia would place a two-year moratorium on new logging concession. This is expected to put curbs on Indonesia's palm oil industry and delay plans for the creation of a huge agricultural estate in Papua province, where the Papua Forest is home to orang utans.

Also, to prevent illegal burning after this letter, Norway will set up a system in Indonesia to reduce corruption so that the deal can be enforced. With the money, Indonesia would have enough resources to combat deforestation. The money goes to making the farm land more productive and thus reduce the need for deforestation.

What are other countries doing? (cont.) Brunei – Import orang utans from the forests of

Indonesia to live in their safer forests Joint effort by Malaysia, Brunei, Borneo and Indonesia –

Create save the forest campaign to protect animals in the forests

America – Import orang utans from Indonesia to live in an artificial environment

Spent US$1.5m to save the orang utans Request other countries to stop importing wood from

Indonesia to stop the tree cutting Wrote off Brazil’s debt of $21 million in exchange for

forest protection

What are organisations doing? United Nations – Encourage rich countries to contribute

funds to help reduce deforestation (REDD Plus, aka Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation)

ASEAN – Set up the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. The purpose is to address haze pollution, namely prevention, mitigation and monitoring.

Designated 27 national protected areas from selected countries as National Heritage Parks

Strongly urged Indonesia to ratify the Agreement Set up the ASEAN Haze Technical Task Force to combat

the fires

ConsequencesSerious threats to the world

A brief summary

Extinction of species With deforestation, trees will be burned down.

Many animals will lose their homes and migrate to other unsuitable environment.

Some animals are unable to adapt, and they might die easily. Predators will of course, be introduced and the population will be unbalanced. Thus, some animals might die of quickly.

In addition, when the poor animals seek refuge from a farmer, they get killed or injured badly.

Natural disasters In forest fires, global warming is caused by the CO2

released during forest fires. Global warming leads to dire consequences. Floods, droughts, earthquakes and acid rain.

Trees increase water infiltration. However, when the forests are burned, they are unable to transport water from heavy rain to streams. Thus, this leads to floods.

Droughts can also be caused during the dry season, because water supply to streams are not provided.

Global warming has even more severe consquences, e.g. greenhouse effects…

Acid rain WHY?Rain clouds get polluted by the haze released by deforestation. EFFECTSWhen acid rain comes into contact with anything, it practically destroys it. The Sphnix has already some parts destroyed by acid rain.

Soil Erosion Trees with the help of deep root systems are able to

draw water from sub-surface water table. Humidity prevents excessive water loss and rapid desiccation. Plants contribute organic matter which upon decomposition adds humus to the soil.

Deforestation leaves the ground surface bare. Further loss of nutrients might occur. Where remaining vegetation is burned to clear the land and agriculture attempted loss of nutrients is even more rapid. Already poor tropical soil is made poorer.

Soil Erosion (cont.) The top soil which is thus lost is irreplaceable.

Nature takes about 1000 years to produce 2.5 cms of top soil.

Massive soil erosion aggravates flood situation in two ways. Firstly, the deposition of silt and sediments in river beds makes them shallow. Secondly, land devoid of forest cover loses its water holding capacity.

About 10 million hectares of forested land can hold enough water to fill completely a reservoir as large as that of Bhakra-Nangal dam. In absence of plant cover this water flows down in rapid torrents.

Orang utans Orang Utans About 1000 orangutans have died during the dry

season earlier. Forest fires have produced thick smoke across Borneo. They have suffered from dehydration, respiratory problems, lack of food and even sustained injuries due to the forest fires. The fires have destroyed their habitats.

Orangutans flee the burning forest in search of food and safety, often to nearby palm oil plantations, where they are abused. Shouldn’t orangutans be saved? Why are they being abused? In my opinion, the world should do something to save these orangutans.

Solutions? Maybe not…1. Ban the use of kerosene and other materials that

catch fire easily. Daily necessities e.g. charcoal and oil rationed to a limited quantity able to be bought

2. Seal off the forests and only allow access to plantations

3. Have air patrols occasionally using only one or two people when deforestation is mostly carried out, and make sure nobody damages or harms the forest. Just arrest anyone that come to the forests without question

4. Have several robot guards that cannot be toppled to guard the forests

The end? This is the interesting bitPlease note that prizes ARE not given

Nope

Question 1What can palm oil be made into? a)Biofuelb)Toilet paper!c)Cheese

Question 2What causes acid rain directly?

a)Hazeb)Smokec)Forest fires

Question 3What did Brunei do to help Indonesia?

a)Give them effective fire fighting equipmentb)Sneer at themc)Nothingd)Import orang utans from there and let them live at their forests

Question 4Which are the two kinds of mining that causes deforestation?

a)Coal and metalb)Coal and granitec)Gold and metald)Coal and gold

Question 5Why do animals need the forest?a)They need it to discuss how to bring about Earth’s doomsday…b) I mean, it's their birth place, right? HOME SWEET HOME! c) Who cares about the animals, anyway. It's because they like to eat insects, there got a lot of insectsd) They need shelter, home and food

Question 6Why did Norway sign a letter of agreement with Indonesia?a)They had too much money to spendb)They wanted to prevent corruptionc)They want to spy on the Indonesian government.d)They want to prevent Indonesia from creating a huge industrial area in Papua where many orang utans live

Question 7Why do orang utans flee to farmers?a)Humans are getting closer to their territoryb)The orang utans were forced to escape there as there was a stampedec) The orang utans were affected by the forest fires, and they were in danger. Fleeing to the palm oil plantations will put their lives in less danger, in their opinion, anywayd) They want to kill themselves

Question 8What does haze cause?a)People murdering each otherb)Orang utans become able to flyc)Economic losses and respiratory illnes-sesd)People eating soya beancurde)Others

Question 9What did America do to help stop deforestation?a)Import orang utans from Indonesia to live in an artificial environment, spent US$1.5million to save the orang utans, request other countries to stop importing wood from Indonesia to stop the tree cutting and wrote off Brazil’s debt of $21 million in exchange for forest protectionb)Cut down treesc)Tell Indonesia to stop deforestation or it would attack Indonesiad)Import orang utans to their own forest

 

Question 10 Which stakeholder go around the forest

to find new plant specimens and find good uses for it?

a) Scientists b) Loggers c) Government d) Schools e) Eco-tour operators

Question 11Where is oil palm first commercially cultivated and at when(year)?a)On Hai Nan Island at 1919b)On Singapore at 2012c)On Sumatra at 1918d) On Jakarta at 1911e) On Sumatra at 1914f) On Jakarta at 1912

Question 12 Why are there more illnesses due to the

haze? a) The government does not care b) While others opt to stay at home, others

decide to spend time outdoors (shopping, etc.). More crowded in public areas--> Spread more diseases

c) People don't take care of themselves, and refuse to take medicine.

d) All of the above

Question 13 What causes greenhouse effects

 directly? a)Haze b)KFC c)ME d)Ozone depletion e)Nothing. It happens by its self

Lastly to say,

THE END!Thank you for your kind attention