presentation graduation project
DESCRIPTION
Presentation of graduation project at TU Delft, faculty of Architecture.TRANSCRIPT
the wall The re-discovery of ordinary public places in an alternative urban
architectural model for Chinese cities – The case of Chengdu
Jasper Nijveldt
P5 3-2-2012
墙城
Top 50 cities 2025 |Urban economic clout moves east
And 400 million farmers then moved in?
And what if they also want an Ipad?
And a new car?
How will the cities look like?
How will cities grow?
How will you move around?
Can you breathe normally?
Would it be dense?
Chinese?
Or will everybody live in sprawled suburbs?
156 KM2
fingermodel doomsday THE WALL THE WALL on every scale
the wall zoom inneighborhood
theory and reflection
49
Compound annual growth rate, 2005–25%
6.9
1.1
3.4
2.2
0.3
2.4
Millions of people
145 154
150233
84
104
32572
2005
Big cities (5–10)Midsized cities (1.5–5) Small cities (0.5–1.5)Big towns (<0.5)
120
316
926
2025
Megacities (10+)
161
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
context |URBAN POPULATION
1.000.000.000 2030
context |URBAN POPULATION
1/8 of the world will live in a Chinese city
context |URBAN POPULATION
One New York every two years
context |URBAN POPULATION
8
Urban population Million people
Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000
Urban GDP/capitaRenminbi thousand, 2000
Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest per capita GDP
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
5732005
917Supercities
Townization 935
Distributedgrowth 944
Hub and spoke 930
21
65
75
76
62
12
68
68
60
54
Exhibit 7
+26% +23%
9
Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption but also higher efficiency
4,9172005
1,926Supercities
Hub and spoke
2,317Distributed growth
2,278Townization
2,088
12
68
68
60
54
59
131
142
139
123
Urban energy intensityBTU per renminbi
Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000
Urban energy demandQBTUs
Exhibit 8
+20%
+15%
10
Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arable land
China total arable land Million hectares
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
SupercitiesHub and spoke
Distributed growth
Townization
Central governmenttarget minimum for 2010
0
100
105
110
115
120
125
95
Loss 2005–2025, %
–7–8
–20
–22
Exhibit 9
8
Urban population Million people
Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000
Urban GDP/capitaRenminbi thousand, 2000
Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest per capita GDP
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
5732005
917Supercities
Townization 935
Distributedgrowth 944
Hub and spoke 930
21
65
75
76
62
12
68
68
60
54
Exhibit 7
+26% +23%
9
Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption but also higher efficiency
4,9172005
1,926Supercities
Hub and spoke
2,317Distributed growth
2,278Townization
2,088
12
68
68
60
54
59
131
142
139
123
Urban energy intensityBTU per renminbi
Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000
Urban energy demandQBTUs
Exhibit 8
+20%
+15%
10
Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arable land
China total arable land Million hectares
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
SupercitiesHub and spoke
Distributed growth
Townization
Central governmenttarget minimum for 2010
0
100
105
110
115
120
125
95
Loss 2005–2025, %
–7–8
–20
–22
Exhibit 9
8
Urban population Million people
Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000
Urban GDP/capitaRenminbi thousand, 2000
Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest per capita GDP
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
5732005
917Supercities
Townization 935
Distributedgrowth 944
Hub and spoke 930
21
65
75
76
62
12
68
68
60
54
Exhibit 7
+26% +23%
9
Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption but also higher efficiency
4,9172005
1,926Supercities
Hub and spoke
2,317Distributed growth
2,278Townization
2,088
12
68
68
60
54
59
131
142
139
123
Urban energy intensityBTU per renminbi
Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000
Urban energy demandQBTUs
Exhibit 8
+20%
+15%
10
Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arable land
China total arable land Million hectares
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
SupercitiesHub and spoke
Distributed growth
Townization
Central governmenttarget minimum for 2010
0
100
105
110
115
120
125
95
Loss 2005–2025, %
–7–8
–20
–22
Exhibit 9
8
Urban population Million people
Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000
Urban GDP/capitaRenminbi thousand, 2000
Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest per capita GDP
Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
5732005
917Supercities
Townization 935
Distributedgrowth 944
Hub and spoke 930
21
65
75
76
62
12
68
68
60
54
Exhibit 7
+26% +23%
9
Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption but also higher efficiency
4,9172005
1,926Supercities
Hub and spoke
2,317Distributed growth
2,278Townization
2,088
12
68
68
60
54
59
131
142
139
123
Urban energy intensityBTU per renminbi
Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000
Urban energy demandQBTUs
Exhibit 8
+20%
+15%
10
Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arable land
China total arable land Million hectares
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
SupercitiesHub and spoke
Distributed growth
Townization
Central governmenttarget minimum for 2010
0
100
105
110
115
120
125
95
Loss 2005–2025, %
–7–8
–20
–22
Exhibit 9
Generate highest per capita GDP
ECONOMY RESOURCES ENVIRONMENT
higher efficienct use of energy, More effective control of pollution
contain loss of arable land
context |SUGGESTED GROWTH PATTERN
Chongqing
Wuhan
Shanghai
Hong KongShenzhen
Beijing
Tianjin
Guangzhou
Chengdu
Xi’anZhengzhou
Xuzhou
Shenyang
population > 5 mln
population > 7 mln
population > 10 mln
Chinese cities in 20101
* including agglomerations Dongguang and Foshan
context |URBAN CHINA
context |2-5-2000
context |1-5-2003
context |26-7-2006
context |4-8-2009
context |2011
context |2011
context |2011
context |2011
Chengdu: 5 times more than Chinese average
FDI generates far more growth than earlier forms of industrialization
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is highly active in Chengdu last �ve years, �ve times more than Chinese average.
• In 2009, Chengdu utilised USD 2.8 billion in FDI, with an annual growth rate of 24.4 percent.The utilised FDI from 2005 to 2009 has been growing at a CAGR of 50.2 percent each year, compared to the national rate of 10.5 percent
?
context |FDI ACCELERATES GROWTH
URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
19851980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
economic reform industrialization, export, manufacturing
Global,FDI
X 1,5
Chengdu
problem| POLLUTION
(NASA)
“The haze in Chengdu is pervasive. It is said that if a dog sees the sun, he will bark at the intruder.”
problem| POLLUTION
problem| NEXT STEP
86 m2 per persoon165sqkm
20X20 KM
27X27 KM2050
2030
problem |AREA NEEDED
201012.2
203016.7
205020.3
POTENTIAL THE WALL27.5
AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu (kmph)
0
5
10
15
20
25
average during rush hour
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
biking
URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
19851980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
economic reform industrialization, export, manufacturing
Global,FDI
problem |DOOMSDAY FINGER MODEL
201012.2
203016.7
205020.3
POTENTIAL THE WALL27.5
156 KM2
proposal |THE WALL
¥
201012.2
203016.7
205020.3
POTENTIAL THE WALL27.5
AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu (kmph)
0
5
10
15
20
25
average during rush hour
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
biking
URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
19851980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
economic reform industrialization, export, manufacturing
Global,FDI
156km2
56km2 56km2 44km2
Maastricht
Den Helder
312km
312km
proposal |THE WALL | unroll the wall
156km2
56km2 56km2 44km2
Maastricht
Den Helder
312km
312km
max potential 100.000 p/sqkm + 15.600.000
201012.2
203016.7
205020.3
POTENTIAL THE WALL27.5
proposal |THE WALL | air pollution sources
COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL HEATING
AGRICULTUREOTHER
CONSUMER AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
TRANSPORTINDUSTRY
27%
52%
source: EPA 2008
164
their impact on pollution. Because of severe NO x problems in a supercities
scenario, fuel-cell buses could become relevant despite the fact that the
energy savings that these would secure would miss the bar to justify the
investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenarios.
Exhibit 6.10
88
- 40%
- 50%
0.29
2.89
Expandedpublic transit,density, fleet
Baseforecast
Tightenedemissionsindustry
Target (Level III standard)
-90%
Aggressive transport policies and emission standards could mitigate supercities’ air-quality issues
* Assuming a constant concentration factor; includes only transportation-related measures; further potential may exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers.
Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
SHENZHEN EXAMPLE
Exhibit 6.10
Estimated NOx concentrations*mg per m3, 2025
Exhibit 6.11
89
Measures in construction can cut PM10 significantly and help bring megacity pollution under control
Note: Numbers may not sum due to rounding.Source: Midwest Research Institute; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
PM10 emissions from constructionMillion tonne, 2025
Shenzhen’s estimated PM10concentration as a supercitymg/m3, 2025
46
59
116
10
Base
Water soilduring earthmoving
Other controlmeasures
Potential
-49% 0.06
0.02
0.050.16
0.29
Base
Constr-uctioncontrol
Cleanfleets
Densegrowth
Result
0.25 -45%
China Level III air quality standard
Energymeasures
Exhibit 6.11
164
their impact on pollution. Because of severe NO x problems in a supercities
scenario, fuel-cell buses could become relevant despite the fact that the
energy savings that these would secure would miss the bar to justify the
investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenarios.
Exhibit 6.10
88
- 40%
- 50%
0.29
2.89
Expandedpublic transit,density, fleet
Baseforecast
Tightenedemissionsindustry
Target (Level III standard)
-90%
Aggressive transport policies and emission standards could mitigate supercities’ air-quality issues
* Assuming a constant concentration factor; includes only transportation-related measures; further potential may exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers.
Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
SHENZHEN EXAMPLE
Exhibit 6.10
Estimated NOx concentrations*mg per m3, 2025
Exhibit 6.11
89
Measures in construction can cut PM10 significantly and help bring megacity pollution under control
Note: Numbers may not sum due to rounding.Source: Midwest Research Institute; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
PM10 emissions from constructionMillion tonne, 2025
Shenzhen’s estimated PM10concentration as a supercitymg/m3, 2025
46
59
116
10
Base
Water soilduring earthmoving
Other controlmeasures
Potential
-49% 0.06
0.02
0.050.16
0.29
Base
Constr-uctioncontrol
Cleanfleets
Densegrowth
Result
0.25 -45%
China Level III air quality standard
Energymeasures
Exhibit 6.11
164
their impact on pollution. Because of severe NO x problems in a supercities
scenario, fuel-cell buses could become relevant despite the fact that the
energy savings that these would secure would miss the bar to justify the
investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenarios.
Exhibit 6.10
88
- 40%
- 50%
0.29
2.89
Expandedpublic transit,density, fleet
Baseforecast
Tightenedemissionsindustry
Target (Level III standard)
-90%
Aggressive transport policies and emission standards could mitigate supercities’ air-quality issues
* Assuming a constant concentration factor; includes only transportation-related measures; further potential may exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers.
Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
SHENZHEN EXAMPLE
Exhibit 6.10
Estimated NOx concentrations*mg per m3, 2025
Exhibit 6.11
89
Measures in construction can cut PM10 significantly and help bring megacity pollution under control
Note: Numbers may not sum due to rounding.Source: Midwest Research Institute; McKinsey Global Institute analysis
PM10 emissions from constructionMillion tonne, 2025
Shenzhen’s estimated PM10concentration as a supercitymg/m3, 2025
46
59
116
10
Base
Water soilduring earthmoving
Other controlmeasures
Potential
-49% 0.06
0.02
0.050.16
0.29
Base
Constr-uctioncontrol
Cleanfleets
Densegrowth
Result
0.25 -45%
China Level III air quality standard
Energymeasures
Exhibit 6.11
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM
TRANSPORT
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM
INDUSTRY
LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM
DENSITY
GROWING CITY RELIES ON CAR USE
?
URBAN SPRAWL
INDUSTRY
A
D
E
F
GC
A B
B C D
INDUSTRY DWELLINGS DWELLINGS
GREEN HOUSES
CARBON CAPTURE
UNDERGROUNDPARKING
EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
CO2
CO2
HEAT
COLD
WASTE
GREEN HOUSES
EXISTING INDUSTRY
O2
CO2
O2
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM
TRANSPORT
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM
INDUSTRY
LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM
DENSITY
GROWING CITY RELIES ON CAR USE
?
URBAN SPRAWL
INDUSTRY
A
D
E
F
GC
A B
B C D
INDUSTRY DWELLINGS DWELLINGS
GREEN HOUSES
CARBON CAPTURE
UNDERGROUNDPARKING
EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
CO2
CO2
HEAT
COLD
WASTE
GREEN HOUSES
EXISTING INDUSTRY
O2
CO2
O2
New transport system
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM
TRANSPORT
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM
INDUSTRY
LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM
DENSITY
GROWING CITY RELIES ON CAR USE
?
URBAN SPRAWL
INDUSTRY
A
D
E
F
GC
A B
B C D
INDUSTRY DWELLINGS DWELLINGS
GREEN HOUSES
CARBON CAPTURE
UNDERGROUNDPARKING
EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
CO2
CO2
HEAT
COLD
WASTE
GREEN HOUSES
EXISTING INDUSTRY
O2
CO2
O2
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM
TRANSPORT
EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM
INDUSTRY
LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM
DENSITY
GROWING CITY RELIES ON CAR USE
?
URBAN SPRAWL
INDUSTRY
A
D
E
F
GC
A B
B C D
INDUSTRY DWELLINGS DWELLINGS
GREEN HOUSES
CARBON CAPTURE
UNDERGROUNDPARKING
EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
EXISTING METRO SYSTEM
CO2
CO2
HEAT
COLD
WASTE
GREEN HOUSES
EXISTING INDUSTRY
O2
CO2
O2
proposal |THE WALL | air pollution sources
New industry system
design |THE WALL | generic becomes specific
design |THE WALL | forest wall
design |THE WALL | forest sand wall
design |THE WALL | river wall
design |THE WALL | water wall
design |THE WALL
Reflection|critique linear city
Soria y Mata, Linear City, 1882
Reflection|critique linear city
Malcolmson, Metro-linear project, 1957
Miljutin, Tractorstoi, 1930
Reflection|critique linear city
Le Corbusier, The Industrial Linear City 1932
Argumentation:
- Limited extension of the city;- Efficiency in building;
- A fordist mass production. - Best of both worlds (city and landscape);
- Orientation on transport.
Reflection|critique linear city
- Remains a scheme- Ignores existing context- Repetition and ratio- Birds eye perspective- Ignores everyday live
Reflection|critique linear city
Figure
2.Planforstreet
widen
ingoverlaid
onexistingstreet
network
inBeijing’s
WestCityDistrict,
1997
.
HaussmannandLeCorbu
sier
inChina
239
Downloaded by [Bibliotheek TU Delft] at 05:32 12 September 2011
Reflection|superimposing le corbusier
ordinary public space under pressure
to resist corruption, rather than a threat to the liveliness of the street, and even theseshopfronts remained unoccupied long after their completion due to the poorpedestrian environment. Six years later, one of the observers who praised theseaspects of the project has declared the street to be ‘dead’, according to an article thatcriticizes the lack of small, informal spaces in Beijing, andwhose title echoes that ofJane Jacobs’s seminal book The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Wang Jun,quoted in Xu, 2005). The Beijing government, in avoiding a superblock-centredapproach to redeveloping Ping An Dajie, still failed to reproduce the vitality thatsmall property holdingswould naturally have contributed to the streetscape if theyhad existed.
The mode of urban design regulation that has evolved around superblock-centred redevelopment has also challenged conscious efforts by profit-makingdevelopers and their architects to deviate from the Corbusian norm. To the east ofBeijing’s old city centre, the Canadian architect Joe Carter has compensated for thelack of engagement between new construction and the public street system bydesigning a mixed-use project with an internal street that will be built at Xin FuSan Cun. To illustrate the desired qualities of urban street space for the developerand city, Carter used sketches and sections of European streets with continuousstreet walls activated by ground floor shop windows and building entrancesdirectly on the street. However, on the main external street front, Beijing’smunicipal requirements that the project be set back 15 metres from the sidewalkprevented Carter from achieving the immediate adjacency of the shops andresidential towers that he would have preferred. He was able to compensateeven for this by designing two levels of colonnaded shopfronts approached byalternating wide causeway-like plazas at street level and green spaces that stepdown to a basement level, thus making use of the setback to provide the developerwith additional retail space (Figure 6).
Although this multi-levelled approach to street-edge design is common inother Asian cities with large-scale land-assembly-dependent development, suchas in Hong Kong’s new towns or in Singapore, it is rather rare in China. DespiteWilliam Whyte’s findings that buildings and open spaces that are adjacent tostreets but level-separated from them inhibit public access, the higher density
Figure 6. Model showing the street facade of the Xin Fu San Cun project by Joe Carter.
244 D. B. Abramson
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Reflection|superimposing le corbusier
‘the capitalized modernization of China leads to a decline of ordinary public places, and to a feeling that cities are becoming ‘placeless’
“Reflection|placelessness
Reflection|placelessness
Reflection| placelessness
2.5 There‐discoveryoftheordinary
2.5.1 DiscussionThe place theory and Heidegger’s notions discussed in this chapter argue that people require a relatively stable system of places in which to develop themselves, their social lives, and their culture. These needs give manmade space an emotional content – a presence that is more than physical. The theory states that urban design must respond to that and, if possible, enhance environmental identity and the sense of place. “For designers to create truly unique contextual places, they must more than superficially explore the local history, the feelings and needs of the populace, the traditions of craftsmanship and indigenous materials and the political and economic realities of the community” (Trancik, 1986, p. 114). The study here offers insight in the fundamental perceptual principles of ordinary (public) space in China. This might be helpful for understanding Chinese cities and therefore designing in it.
UnderstandingChinese traditional cities are conceived both as a whole, tend to look like an organized chaos, but are usually based on a plan which is consistently applied on the existing topography. It is a collective work of art, in contrast with the individual way of building in western cities. A few principles are systematically applied following precedents established long before. This has evolved for centuries. Only until recently, they have been exposed to foreign models. Even the modern word for city changed from cheng (wall) to chengshi, which is a composite of the words walls and market. Almost as an expression of the new found relationship with the global market. Although this new found relationship has brought variations and freedom influencing what has been an almost closed architectural style, it also produced a difficult relationship between the traditional perception of space and the contemporary execution (Hee, 2007). A few examples illustrated this. Contemporary urban projects in China have since 1980 been characterized by large‐scale demolition of existing
buildings and pedestrian streets. Public space is not linearly organized anymore, mostly neglecting existing topography and designed with large dimensioned squares to showcase the governments accomplishments. A study found that the 12 squares in the largest Chinese cities had an average of nearly 13 hectares (Y. Wang, 2002). The relation towards the street is also fundamentally different, with parking lots and high‐rise apartments. Entrances are mostly directly accessible, without a series of enclosed world to move trough. Or else trough gated compounds. The buildings itself are more conceived as individual objects, instead of being part of an urban context: “Today we very often see buildings which, being supported by an excessive individual style, tend to show something very special and thus try to rise up above the urban context.” (Zhu, 2003, p. 9).
Ignoring existing topography, Shanghai, (Miao, 2011)
Oversized space in the front of the Wujin District government building, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. (Miao, 2011)
Sidewalk condition, Shanghai, (Miao, 2011)
1.4 kilometre‐long Olympic boulevard, Beijing (Miao, 2011)
Reflection|placelessness
Theory|ordinary public places
‘The new city, is based on a ‘disappearance of stable relations with a physical and cultural geography of a place’
SorkinAugé Cacciari
“I argue that human beings originate in an alienated condition, and define themselves, through their social spatial environment. Therefore meaningful places are crucial for everyday life!”
Theory|ordinary public places
Heidegger
“Placelessness is the inevitable destiny of the urban condition. These generic cities are located in Asia. “
Theory|ordinary public places
Koolhaas
how to design places meaningful for everyday life in a radically transforming, and generalizing Chinese city?
Theory|ordinary public places
“The world is what we perceive. The way people use and value places is highly influenced by their perception of space.”
Theory|ordinary public places
Merleau-Ponty
Therefore the perceptual experience of space is crucial in the success of any urban design.
Theory|ordinary public places
yamen
church
small scattered places and streets
china
central and static nodes
west
Perception of space|linearity
yamen
church
hierarchical systemsimilarity in volumes
non-orthogonal systemindividual volumes
Perception of space|hierarchy
china west
yamen
church
collective inwardfocus on family
public outwardfocus on individual
Perception of space|unity
china west
yamen
church
small scattered private spaceshorizontal city
large pieces in the centre of blocksvertical city
Perception of space|human scale
china west
Perception of space|enclosure
yamen
church
space is perceived as a series of walled enclosures
presenting space little by little
form meaningful places by enclosing spaces
local context determines outcome
Perception of space|enclosure
Perception of space|enclosure
Zoom in neighborhood|parameters
Zoom in neighborhood|valleytaking existing as a basis to develop
Zoom in neighborhood|valleytaking existing as a basis to develop
Zoom in neighborhood|bamboo hills and pondstaking existing as a basis to develop
Zoom in neighborhood|main arteriestaking existing as a basis to develop
yamen
church
3251 732 7
Zoom in neighborhood|main arteriestaking existing as a basis to develop
- symetrical profile- continuity facade- no setback- transparency 1st floor- max 5 stories- land use mix- max 12 m between each entrance- max 25% open space on plot
yamen
church
Zoom in neighborhood|secondary arteriestaking existing as a basis to develop
yamen
church
Zoom in neighborhood|secondary arteriestaking existing as a basis to develop
- transition zone 5 m ( porches, veranda’s,frontyard- 3-4 stories- asymetrical profile- height differences- max 7 m. between each entrance- sitting elements- land use mix- vendors and street stalls- planting as spacemakers
yamen
church
yamen
church
Zoom in neighborhood|building plots
Zoom in neighborhood|zoning
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
who will build thtese walls?
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
yamen
church
yamen
church
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
1st �oor min. 4 m.
max. height 18.00
At least one side accessible to publicOne side at least a Wall
min. 7 m.x 7m. court
max. 80% build
at least 5 m. distance
5m
6m
max. 6 m.setback from street.
max. 5 plots per developer
on 50% max 23 m.
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
yamen
church
yamen
church
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|plot development
Zoom in neighborhood|specials
Zoom in neighborhood|framework
Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds
Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds
Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds
series of enclosed worlds | water
series of enclosed worlds |water
CRUCIAL DETAILPrefab concreteCoated steel gutter
Concrete
Gravel
Helophytes
Prefab concrete with constructed gutter
WaterGravelbed
series of enclosed worlds |water
- toned down materials- stones baked by local soil- only plantation, water and concrete elements stand out- gravel in watercascade to increase sound
Grey water
Water tank
Wall water transport system
Black water
Clari�cation plant
Storage + �rst �lter
Primary sedimentation
Clean gutter
Planted trench �lter
Chinese citronella grass
Chengdu water system
hylophytes and gravel
Clean air
Helophytes
Storage ponds
series of enclosed worlds | water cleaning
By 2013 loss of arable land will go below governments minumum of 120million ha
result|CHINA 2030URBAN AREA
20101990 2030
result|CHINA 2030URBAN POPULATION
By 2030 urban population will almost double from 572 m in 2005 to one billion
20101990 2030
70% will be migrants
result|CHINA 2030MIGRANTS
20101990 2030
By 2030 7 to 20% of the landscape will be lost
result|CHINA 2030BIODIVERSITY
20101990 2030
By 2030 3 billion cubic meters of water is short
result|CHINA 2030WATER
20101990 2030
result|CHINA 2030ENERGY
By 2030 energy demand will triple
20101990 2030
result|CHINA 2030AIR POLUTION
By 2030 35 million cars will be sold annually
20101990 2030
result|CHINA 2030TRANSPORT
By 2030 the current subway system need to expand eight times
20101990 2030
result|CHINA 2030FOOD
By 2030 meat consumption will double
20101990 2030
result|CHINA 2030WASTE
By 2030 solid waste will increase by 150%
20101990 2030
ruralthe Wallurban
result|Technical
result|Psychological
result|INTEGRAL WALL
result|NEW CHINESE WALLS
the wall The re-discovery of ordinary public places in an alternative urban architec-
tural model for Chinese cities – The case of Chengdu
Jasper Nijveldt
墙城