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the wall The re-discovery of ordinary public places in an alternative urban architectural model for Chinese cities – The case of Chengdu Jasper Nijveldt P5 3-2-2012 墙城

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Page 1: Presentation graduation project

the wall The re-discovery of ordinary public places in an alternative urban

architectural model for Chinese cities – The case of Chengdu

Jasper Nijveldt

P5 3-2-2012

墙城

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Top 50 cities 2025 |Urban economic clout moves east

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And 400 million farmers then moved in?

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And what if they also want an Ipad?

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And a new car?

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How will the cities look like?

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How will cities grow?

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How will you move around?

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Can you breathe normally?

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Would it be dense?

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Chinese?

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Or will everybody live in sprawled suburbs?

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156 KM2

fingermodel doomsday THE WALL THE WALL on every scale

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the wall zoom inneighborhood

theory and reflection

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49

Compound annual growth rate, 2005–25%

6.9

1.1

3.4

2.2

0.3

2.4

Millions of people

145 154

150233

84

104

32572

2005

Big cities (5–10)Midsized cities (1.5–5) Small cities (0.5–1.5)Big towns (<0.5)

120

316

926

2025

Megacities (10+)

161

Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

context |URBAN POPULATION

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1.000.000.000 2030

context |URBAN POPULATION

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1/8 of the world will live in a Chinese city

context |URBAN POPULATION

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One New York every two years

context |URBAN POPULATION

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8

Urban population Million people

Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000

Urban GDP/capitaRenminbi thousand, 2000

Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest per capita GDP

Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

5732005

917Supercities

Townization 935

Distributedgrowth 944

Hub and spoke 930

21

65

75

76

62

12

68

68

60

54

Exhibit 7

+26% +23%

9

Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption but also higher efficiency

4,9172005

1,926Supercities

Hub and spoke

2,317Distributed growth

2,278Townization

2,088

12

68

68

60

54

59

131

142

139

123

Urban energy intensityBTU per renminbi

Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000

Urban energy demandQBTUs

Exhibit 8

+20%

+15%

10

Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arable land

China total arable land Million hectares

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

SupercitiesHub and spoke

Distributed growth

Townization

Central governmenttarget minimum for 2010

0

100

105

110

115

120

125

95

Loss 2005–2025, %

–7–8

–20

–22

Exhibit 9

8

Urban population Million people

Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000

Urban GDP/capitaRenminbi thousand, 2000

Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest per capita GDP

Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

5732005

917Supercities

Townization 935

Distributedgrowth 944

Hub and spoke 930

21

65

75

76

62

12

68

68

60

54

Exhibit 7

+26% +23%

9

Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption but also higher efficiency

4,9172005

1,926Supercities

Hub and spoke

2,317Distributed growth

2,278Townization

2,088

12

68

68

60

54

59

131

142

139

123

Urban energy intensityBTU per renminbi

Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000

Urban energy demandQBTUs

Exhibit 8

+20%

+15%

10

Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arable land

China total arable land Million hectares

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

SupercitiesHub and spoke

Distributed growth

Townization

Central governmenttarget minimum for 2010

0

100

105

110

115

120

125

95

Loss 2005–2025, %

–7–8

–20

–22

Exhibit 9

8

Urban population Million people

Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000

Urban GDP/capitaRenminbi thousand, 2000

Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest per capita GDP

Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

5732005

917Supercities

Townization 935

Distributedgrowth 944

Hub and spoke 930

21

65

75

76

62

12

68

68

60

54

Exhibit 7

+26% +23%

9

Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption but also higher efficiency

4,9172005

1,926Supercities

Hub and spoke

2,317Distributed growth

2,278Townization

2,088

12

68

68

60

54

59

131

142

139

123

Urban energy intensityBTU per renminbi

Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000

Urban energy demandQBTUs

Exhibit 8

+20%

+15%

10

Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arable land

China total arable land Million hectares

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

SupercitiesHub and spoke

Distributed growth

Townization

Central governmenttarget minimum for 2010

0

100

105

110

115

120

125

95

Loss 2005–2025, %

–7–8

–20

–22

Exhibit 9

8

Urban population Million people

Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000

Urban GDP/capitaRenminbi thousand, 2000

Concentrated growth scenarios would generate the highest per capita GDP

Source: McKinsey Global Institute China All City Model; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

5732005

917Supercities

Townization 935

Distributedgrowth 944

Hub and spoke 930

21

65

75

76

62

12

68

68

60

54

Exhibit 7

+26% +23%

9

Concentrated growth would entail higher energy consumption but also higher efficiency

4,9172005

1,926Supercities

Hub and spoke

2,317Distributed growth

2,278Townization

2,088

12

68

68

60

54

59

131

142

139

123

Urban energy intensityBTU per renminbi

Urban GDPRenminbi trillion, 2000

Urban energy demandQBTUs

Exhibit 8

+20%

+15%

10

Concentrated urbanization would contain the loss of arable land

China total arable land Million hectares

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

SupercitiesHub and spoke

Distributed growth

Townization

Central governmenttarget minimum for 2010

0

100

105

110

115

120

125

95

Loss 2005–2025, %

–7–8

–20

–22

Exhibit 9

Generate highest per capita GDP

ECONOMY RESOURCES ENVIRONMENT

higher efficienct use of energy, More effective control of pollution

contain loss of arable land

context |SUGGESTED GROWTH PATTERN

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Chongqing

Wuhan

Shanghai

Hong KongShenzhen

Beijing

Tianjin

Guangzhou

Chengdu

Xi’anZhengzhou

Xuzhou

Shenyang

population > 5 mln

population > 7 mln

population > 10 mln

Chinese cities in 20101

* including agglomerations Dongguang and Foshan

context |URBAN CHINA

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context |2-5-2000

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context |1-5-2003

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context |26-7-2006

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context |4-8-2009

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context |2011

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context |2011

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context |2011

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context |2011

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Chengdu: 5 times more than Chinese average

FDI generates far more growth than earlier forms of industrialization

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is highly active in Chengdu last �ve years, �ve times more than Chinese average.

• In 2009, Chengdu utilised USD 2.8 billion in FDI, with an annual growth rate of 24.4 percent.The utilised FDI from 2005 to 2009 has been growing at a CAGR of 50.2 percent each year, compared to the national rate of 10.5 percent

?

context |FDI ACCELERATES GROWTH

URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

19851980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

economic reform industrialization, export, manufacturing

Global,FDI

X 1,5

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Chengdu

problem| POLLUTION

(NASA)

“The haze in Chengdu is pervasive. It is said that if a dog sees the sun, he will bark at the intruder.”

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problem| POLLUTION

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problem| NEXT STEP

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86 m2 per persoon165sqkm

20X20 KM

27X27 KM2050

2030

problem |AREA NEEDED

201012.2

203016.7

205020.3

POTENTIAL THE WALL27.5

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AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu (kmph)

0

5

10

15

20

25

average during rush hour

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

biking

URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

19851980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

economic reform industrialization, export, manufacturing

Global,FDI

problem |DOOMSDAY FINGER MODEL

201012.2

203016.7

205020.3

POTENTIAL THE WALL27.5

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156 KM2

proposal |THE WALL

¥

201012.2

203016.7

205020.3

POTENTIAL THE WALL27.5

AVERAGE SPEED city centre, Chengdu (kmph)

0

5

10

15

20

25

average during rush hour

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

biking

URBAN AREA, Chengdu (sqkm)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

19851980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

economic reform industrialization, export, manufacturing

Global,FDI

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156km2

56km2 56km2 44km2

Maastricht

Den Helder

312km

312km

proposal |THE WALL | unroll the wall

156km2

56km2 56km2 44km2

Maastricht

Den Helder

312km

312km

max potential 100.000 p/sqkm + 15.600.000

201012.2

203016.7

205020.3

POTENTIAL THE WALL27.5

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proposal |THE WALL | air pollution sources

COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL HEATING

AGRICULTUREOTHER

CONSUMER AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

TRANSPORTINDUSTRY

27%

52%

source: EPA 2008

164

their impact on pollution. Because of severe NO x problems in a supercities

scenario, fuel-cell buses could become relevant despite the fact that the

energy savings that these would secure would miss the bar to justify the

investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenarios.

Exhibit 6.10

88

- 40%

- 50%

0.29

2.89

Expandedpublic transit,density, fleet

Baseforecast

Tightenedemissionsindustry

Target (Level III standard)

-90%

Aggressive transport policies and emission standards could mitigate supercities’ air-quality issues

* Assuming a constant concentration factor; includes only transportation-related measures; further potential may exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers.

Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

SHENZHEN EXAMPLE

Exhibit 6.10

Estimated NOx concentrations*mg per m3, 2025

Exhibit 6.11

89

Measures in construction can cut PM10 significantly and help bring megacity pollution under control

Note: Numbers may not sum due to rounding.Source: Midwest Research Institute; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

PM10 emissions from constructionMillion tonne, 2025

Shenzhen’s estimated PM10concentration as a supercitymg/m3, 2025

46

59

116

10

Base

Water soilduring earthmoving

Other controlmeasures

Potential

-49% 0.06

0.02

0.050.16

0.29

Base

Constr-uctioncontrol

Cleanfleets

Densegrowth

Result

0.25 -45%

China Level III air quality standard

Energymeasures

Exhibit 6.11

164

their impact on pollution. Because of severe NO x problems in a supercities

scenario, fuel-cell buses could become relevant despite the fact that the

energy savings that these would secure would miss the bar to justify the

investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenarios.

Exhibit 6.10

88

- 40%

- 50%

0.29

2.89

Expandedpublic transit,density, fleet

Baseforecast

Tightenedemissionsindustry

Target (Level III standard)

-90%

Aggressive transport policies and emission standards could mitigate supercities’ air-quality issues

* Assuming a constant concentration factor; includes only transportation-related measures; further potential may exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers.

Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

SHENZHEN EXAMPLE

Exhibit 6.10

Estimated NOx concentrations*mg per m3, 2025

Exhibit 6.11

89

Measures in construction can cut PM10 significantly and help bring megacity pollution under control

Note: Numbers may not sum due to rounding.Source: Midwest Research Institute; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

PM10 emissions from constructionMillion tonne, 2025

Shenzhen’s estimated PM10concentration as a supercitymg/m3, 2025

46

59

116

10

Base

Water soilduring earthmoving

Other controlmeasures

Potential

-49% 0.06

0.02

0.050.16

0.29

Base

Constr-uctioncontrol

Cleanfleets

Densegrowth

Result

0.25 -45%

China Level III air quality standard

Energymeasures

Exhibit 6.11

164

their impact on pollution. Because of severe NO x problems in a supercities

scenario, fuel-cell buses could become relevant despite the fact that the

energy savings that these would secure would miss the bar to justify the

investments on a purely economic basis under all energy-price scenarios.

Exhibit 6.10

88

- 40%

- 50%

0.29

2.89

Expandedpublic transit,density, fleet

Baseforecast

Tightenedemissionsindustry

Target (Level III standard)

-90%

Aggressive transport policies and emission standards could mitigate supercities’ air-quality issues

* Assuming a constant concentration factor; includes only transportation-related measures; further potential may exist in, e.g., NOx scrubbers on power plants in addition to SO2 scrubbers.

Source: Literature search; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

SHENZHEN EXAMPLE

Exhibit 6.10

Estimated NOx concentrations*mg per m3, 2025

Exhibit 6.11

89

Measures in construction can cut PM10 significantly and help bring megacity pollution under control

Note: Numbers may not sum due to rounding.Source: Midwest Research Institute; McKinsey Global Institute analysis

PM10 emissions from constructionMillion tonne, 2025

Shenzhen’s estimated PM10concentration as a supercitymg/m3, 2025

46

59

116

10

Base

Water soilduring earthmoving

Other controlmeasures

Potential

-49% 0.06

0.02

0.050.16

0.29

Base

Constr-uctioncontrol

Cleanfleets

Densegrowth

Result

0.25 -45%

China Level III air quality standard

Energymeasures

Exhibit 6.11

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EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM

TRANSPORT

EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM

INDUSTRY

LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM

DENSITY

GROWING CITY RELIES ON CAR USE

?

URBAN SPRAWL

INDUSTRY

A

D

E

F

GC

A B

B C D

INDUSTRY DWELLINGS DWELLINGS

GREEN HOUSES

CARBON CAPTURE

UNDERGROUNDPARKING

EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

CO2

CO2

HEAT

COLD

WASTE

GREEN HOUSES

EXISTING INDUSTRY

O2

CO2

O2

EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM

TRANSPORT

EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM

INDUSTRY

LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM

DENSITY

GROWING CITY RELIES ON CAR USE

?

URBAN SPRAWL

INDUSTRY

A

D

E

F

GC

A B

B C D

INDUSTRY DWELLINGS DWELLINGS

GREEN HOUSES

CARBON CAPTURE

UNDERGROUNDPARKING

EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

CO2

CO2

HEAT

COLD

WASTE

GREEN HOUSES

EXISTING INDUSTRY

O2

CO2

O2

New transport system

EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM

TRANSPORT

EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM

INDUSTRY

LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM

DENSITY

GROWING CITY RELIES ON CAR USE

?

URBAN SPRAWL

INDUSTRY

A

D

E

F

GC

A B

B C D

INDUSTRY DWELLINGS DWELLINGS

GREEN HOUSES

CARBON CAPTURE

UNDERGROUNDPARKING

EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

CO2

CO2

HEAT

COLD

WASTE

GREEN HOUSES

EXISTING INDUSTRY

O2

CO2

O2

EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM

TRANSPORT

EXISTING SEPERATED SYSTEM THE WALL - CLUSTERED SYSTEM

INDUSTRY

LOCALISED FEEDER SYSTEM

DENSITY

GROWING CITY RELIES ON CAR USE

?

URBAN SPRAWL

INDUSTRY

A

D

E

F

GC

A B

B C D

INDUSTRY DWELLINGS DWELLINGS

GREEN HOUSES

CARBON CAPTURE

UNDERGROUNDPARKING

EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

EXISTING METRO SYSTEM

CO2

CO2

HEAT

COLD

WASTE

GREEN HOUSES

EXISTING INDUSTRY

O2

CO2

O2

proposal |THE WALL | air pollution sources

New industry system

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design |THE WALL | generic becomes specific

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design |THE WALL | forest wall

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design |THE WALL | forest sand wall

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design |THE WALL | river wall

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design |THE WALL | water wall

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design |THE WALL

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Reflection|critique linear city

Soria y Mata, Linear City, 1882

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Reflection|critique linear city

Malcolmson, Metro-linear project, 1957

Miljutin, Tractorstoi, 1930

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Reflection|critique linear city

Le Corbusier, The Industrial Linear City 1932

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Argumentation:

- Limited extension of the city;- Efficiency in building;

- A fordist mass production. - Best of both worlds (city and landscape);

- Orientation on transport.

Reflection|critique linear city

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- Remains a scheme- Ignores existing context- Repetition and ratio- Birds eye perspective- Ignores everyday live

Reflection|critique linear city

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Figure

2.Planforstreet

widen

ingoverlaid

onexistingstreet

network

inBeijing’s

WestCityDistrict,

1997

.

HaussmannandLeCorbu

sier

inChina

239

Downloaded by [Bibliotheek TU Delft] at 05:32 12 September 2011

Reflection|superimposing le corbusier

ordinary public space under pressure

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to resist corruption, rather than a threat to the liveliness of the street, and even theseshopfronts remained unoccupied long after their completion due to the poorpedestrian environment. Six years later, one of the observers who praised theseaspects of the project has declared the street to be ‘dead’, according to an article thatcriticizes the lack of small, informal spaces in Beijing, andwhose title echoes that ofJane Jacobs’s seminal book The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Wang Jun,quoted in Xu, 2005). The Beijing government, in avoiding a superblock-centredapproach to redeveloping Ping An Dajie, still failed to reproduce the vitality thatsmall property holdingswould naturally have contributed to the streetscape if theyhad existed.

The mode of urban design regulation that has evolved around superblock-centred redevelopment has also challenged conscious efforts by profit-makingdevelopers and their architects to deviate from the Corbusian norm. To the east ofBeijing’s old city centre, the Canadian architect Joe Carter has compensated for thelack of engagement between new construction and the public street system bydesigning a mixed-use project with an internal street that will be built at Xin FuSan Cun. To illustrate the desired qualities of urban street space for the developerand city, Carter used sketches and sections of European streets with continuousstreet walls activated by ground floor shop windows and building entrancesdirectly on the street. However, on the main external street front, Beijing’smunicipal requirements that the project be set back 15 metres from the sidewalkprevented Carter from achieving the immediate adjacency of the shops andresidential towers that he would have preferred. He was able to compensateeven for this by designing two levels of colonnaded shopfronts approached byalternating wide causeway-like plazas at street level and green spaces that stepdown to a basement level, thus making use of the setback to provide the developerwith additional retail space (Figure 6).

Although this multi-levelled approach to street-edge design is common inother Asian cities with large-scale land-assembly-dependent development, suchas in Hong Kong’s new towns or in Singapore, it is rather rare in China. DespiteWilliam Whyte’s findings that buildings and open spaces that are adjacent tostreets but level-separated from them inhibit public access, the higher density

Figure 6. Model showing the street facade of the Xin Fu San Cun project by Joe Carter.

244 D. B. Abramson

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Reflection|superimposing le corbusier

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‘the capitalized modernization of China leads to a decline of ordinary public places, and to a feeling that cities are becoming ‘placeless’

“Reflection|placelessness

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Reflection|placelessness

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Reflection| placelessness

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2.5 There‐discoveryoftheordinary

2.5.1 DiscussionThe  place  theory  and  Heidegger’s  notions discussed in this chapter argue that people require a  relatively  stable  system  of  places  in  which  to develop  themselves,  their  social  lives,  and  their culture.  These  needs  give  manmade  space  an emotional content – a presence that  is more than physical. The theory states that urban design must respond  to  that  and,  if  possible,  enhance environmental identity and the sense of place. “For designers to create truly unique contextual places, they must more than superficially explore the local history, the feelings and needs of the populace, the traditions  of  craftsmanship  and  indigenous materials  and  the political  and  economic  realities of  the  community”  (Trancik,  1986,  p.  114).  The study  here  offers  insight  in  the  fundamental perceptual principles of ordinary  (public)  space  in China.  This  might  be  helpful  for  understanding Chinese cities and therefore designing in it.  

UnderstandingChinese  traditional  cities  are  conceived both  as  a whole,  tend  to  look  like  an  organized  chaos,  but are  usually  based  on  a  plan which  is  consistently applied on the existing topography. It is a collective work of art,  in contrast with the  individual way of building  in  western  cities.  A  few  principles  are systematically  applied  following  precedents established  long  before.  This  has  evolved  for centuries.  Only  until  recently,  they  have  been exposed to foreign models. Even the modern word for  city  changed  from  cheng  (wall)  to  chengshi, which  is  a  composite  of  the  words  walls  and market. Almost as an expression of the new found relationship with  the global market. Although  this new found relationship has brought variations and freedom  influencing  what  has  been  an  almost closed  architectural  style,  it  also  produced  a difficult  relationship  between  the  traditional perception  of  space  and  the  contemporary execution (Hee, 2007).  A  few  examples  illustrated  this.  Contemporary urban  projects  in  China  have  since  1980  been characterized by  large‐scale demolition of existing 

buildings  and  pedestrian  streets.  Public  space  is not  linearly organized anymore, mostly neglecting existing  topography  and  designed  with  large dimensioned  squares  to  showcase  the governments accomplishments. A study found that the 12 squares  in the  largest Chinese cities had an average of nearly 13 hectares (Y. Wang, 2002). The relation  towards  the  street  is  also  fundamentally different,  with  parking  lots  and  high‐rise apartments.  Entrances  are  mostly  directly accessible, without  a  series  of  enclosed world  to move  trough.  Or  else  trough  gated  compounds. The  buildings  itself  are  more  conceived  as individual  objects,  instead  of  being  part  of  an urban context: “Today we very often see buildings which, being supported by an excessive  individual style,  tend  to  show  something  very  special  and thus try to rise up above the urban context.” (Zhu, 2003, p. 9). 

 Ignoring existing topography, Shanghai, (Miao, 2011) 

 Oversized space in the front of the Wujin District government building, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. (Miao, 2011) 

 Sidewalk condition, Shanghai, (Miao, 2011) 

 1.4 kilometre‐long Olympic boulevard, Beijing (Miao, 2011) 

Reflection|placelessness

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Theory|ordinary public places

‘The new city, is based on a ‘disappearance of stable relations with a physical and cultural geography of a place’

SorkinAugé Cacciari

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“I argue that human beings originate in an alienated condition, and define themselves, through their social spatial environment. Therefore meaningful places are crucial for everyday life!”

Theory|ordinary public places

Heidegger

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“Placelessness is the inevitable destiny of the urban condition. These generic cities are located in Asia. “

Theory|ordinary public places

Koolhaas

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how to design places meaningful for everyday life in a radically transforming, and generalizing Chinese city?

Theory|ordinary public places

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“The world is what we perceive. The way people use and value places is highly influenced by their perception of space.”

Theory|ordinary public places

Merleau-Ponty

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Therefore the perceptual experience of space is crucial in the success of any urban design.

Theory|ordinary public places

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yamen

church

small scattered places and streets

china

central and static nodes

west

Perception of space|linearity

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hierarchical systemsimilarity in volumes

non-orthogonal systemindividual volumes

Perception of space|hierarchy

china west

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collective inwardfocus on family

public outwardfocus on individual

Perception of space|unity

china west

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small scattered private spaceshorizontal city

large pieces in the centre of blocksvertical city

Perception of space|human scale

china west

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Perception of space|enclosure

yamen

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space is perceived as a series of walled enclosures

presenting space little by little

form meaningful places by enclosing spaces

local context determines outcome

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Perception of space|enclosure

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Perception of space|enclosure

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Zoom in neighborhood|parameters

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Zoom in neighborhood|valleytaking existing as a basis to develop

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Zoom in neighborhood|valleytaking existing as a basis to develop

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Zoom in neighborhood|bamboo hills and pondstaking existing as a basis to develop

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Zoom in neighborhood|main arteriestaking existing as a basis to develop

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3251 732 7

Zoom in neighborhood|main arteriestaking existing as a basis to develop

- symetrical profile- continuity facade- no setback- transparency 1st floor- max 5 stories- land use mix- max 12 m between each entrance- max 25% open space on plot

yamen

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Zoom in neighborhood|secondary arteriestaking existing as a basis to develop

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Zoom in neighborhood|secondary arteriestaking existing as a basis to develop

- transition zone 5 m ( porches, veranda’s,frontyard- 3-4 stories- asymetrical profile- height differences- max 7 m. between each entrance- sitting elements- land use mix- vendors and street stalls- planting as spacemakers

yamen

church

yamen

church

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Zoom in neighborhood|building plots

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Zoom in neighborhood|zoning

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Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

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Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

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Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

who will build thtese walls?

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Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

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Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

1st �oor min. 4 m.

max. height 18.00

At least one side accessible to publicOne side at least a Wall

min. 7 m.x 7m. court

max. 80% build

at least 5 m. distance

5m

6m

max. 6 m.setback from street.

max. 5 plots per developer

on 50% max 23 m.

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Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

yamen

church

yamen

church

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Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

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Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

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Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

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Zoom in neighborhood|plot development

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Zoom in neighborhood|specials

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Zoom in neighborhood|framework

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Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds

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Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds

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Zoom in neighborhood|series of enclosed worlds

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series of enclosed worlds | water

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series of enclosed worlds |water

CRUCIAL DETAILPrefab concreteCoated steel gutter

Concrete

Gravel

Helophytes

Prefab concrete with constructed gutter

WaterGravelbed

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series of enclosed worlds |water

- toned down materials- stones baked by local soil- only plantation, water and concrete elements stand out- gravel in watercascade to increase sound

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Grey water

Water tank

Wall water transport system

Black water

Clari�cation plant

Storage + �rst �lter

Primary sedimentation

Clean gutter

Planted trench �lter

Chinese citronella grass

Chengdu water system

hylophytes and gravel

Clean air

Helophytes

Storage ponds

series of enclosed worlds | water cleaning

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By 2013 loss of arable land will go below governments minumum of 120million ha

result|CHINA 2030URBAN AREA

20101990 2030

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result|CHINA 2030URBAN POPULATION

By 2030 urban population will almost double from 572 m in 2005 to one billion

20101990 2030

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70% will be migrants

result|CHINA 2030MIGRANTS

20101990 2030

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By 2030 7 to 20% of the landscape will be lost

result|CHINA 2030BIODIVERSITY

20101990 2030

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By 2030 3 billion cubic meters of water is short

result|CHINA 2030WATER

20101990 2030

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result|CHINA 2030ENERGY

By 2030 energy demand will triple

20101990 2030

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result|CHINA 2030AIR POLUTION

By 2030 35 million cars will be sold annually

20101990 2030

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result|CHINA 2030TRANSPORT

By 2030 the current subway system need to expand eight times

20101990 2030

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result|CHINA 2030FOOD

By 2030 meat consumption will double

20101990 2030

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result|CHINA 2030WASTE

By 2030 solid waste will increase by 150%

20101990 2030

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ruralthe Wallurban

result|Technical

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result|Psychological

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result|INTEGRAL WALL

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result|NEW CHINESE WALLS

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the wall The re-discovery of ordinary public places in an alternative urban architec-

tural model for Chinese cities – The case of Chengdu

Jasper Nijveldt

墙城