presentation on politeness

8/17/2019 Presentation on Politeness

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Politeness

VINA DARISSUISTIQOMAH KHOIRU

CITRA PUTRI NAJIB KHUMAID JUNNILALITA A

MIFTAKHUL


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Alinguisti

inte!"tion

Soi

Inte!"on


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Politeness F"e# $u%li sel&'i("ge o& " $e!son)

Politeness:

The means employed toshow awareness of anothe person’s face


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Politeness "s " !e"l'*o!l+ go

/enuine +esi!e to %e $le"s"nt to ot-e!s o! "s t-e (oti,"tin+i,i+u"l0s linguisti %e-",io!)

1) De&e!ene

2) Registe!


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De&e!ene T-e !es$et *e s-o* to ot-e!

$eo$le %. ,i!tue o& t-ei!-ig-e! st"tus3 g!e"te! "ge3et)

Where you can fnd it?

/!"(("! - C-oie o& "+

4tu3 ,ois5- J"$"nese o$

'+esu 6 +ego

What politeness in pragmatics actua

T-e s$e"8e! "n+ -is*i&e -",e +!i,en " long

*". "n+ "!e %ot- ,e!.-ung!.) Ho*e,e!3 t-e*i&e 8ee$s !e&using tosto$ "t t-e +ine!s t-e.$"ss3 %e"use s-et-in8s t-e loo8 +o*n'("!8et

9-"t *"s t-e (t-e :;lite Dine!


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Registe!

H"lli+". 41=>=# ?25# T-e l"ngu"ge *e s$e"8 o! *!ite ,"!ies "o!+ing to t-e t.$e o& situ

:Fo!("lit.0@@ t-e -oie o& &o!("l leis "n+ &o!( o& "++!ess)

;"($le# t-e use o& –degozaimasu in J"$"nese


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Politeness "s "n utte!"ne le,e$-eno(enon;st"%lis-ing :-ie!"!-. o& $oliteness0 t-!oug- lei"l ontents)

Issu

es

P!"g("tissoiolinguistis

S$ee- "t in ontet# noneess"!. onnetion%et*een t-e linguisti&o!( "n+ $e!ei,e+$oliteness o& " s$ee- "t)

1) You -oose

2) 9ill .ou %e 8in+ enoug- toti(e it is<

?) I *on+e! i& I (ig-t !es$et.ou to sto$ $i8ing .ou! nos


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Politeness "s " $!"g("ti$-eno(enon

A st!"teg. 4st!"tegies5 e($lo.e+ %. " s$e"8e! to "-ie,e ,"!iet. o&P!o(oting o! ("int"ining -"!(onious !el"tions-i$) 4B!o*n "n+ Le,i


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Lee-0s ("i( Lee- 41=E5 sees $oliteness "s !ui"l in e"($lel"ining 9-. $eo&ten so in+i!et in on,e.ing *-"t t-e. (e"n "n+ Resuing t-e CoP!ini$les in t-e sense t-"t $oliteness "n s"tis&"to!il. e"($lel"iee$tion to "n+ "$$"!ent +e,i"tion &!o( oo$e!"ti,e $!ini$les


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Grice's Maxim (CooperativePrinciple)

M"i( o& u"lit. M"i( o& Qu"ntit.

M"i( o& Rel"tion

M"i( o& M"nne!


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Lee-0s T-eo!.

Lee-0sCone$t

A(%i,"lene

P!"g("tiP!ini$les


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A(%i,"lene A(%i,"lene (e"ns t-"t one *-i- -"s (o!e t-en one $otenti"l P!&o!e)

It is $ossi%le to on,e. (ess"ge *-i- t-e -e"!e! is li"%le to G+ +is*it-out "using undue oence

T-e $!"g("ti &o!e in e"- "se is "(%i,"lene3 It is le&t to t-e !e+ei+e#

1) *-"t t-e $!eise &o!e o& t-e (ess"ge is

2) 9-et-e! o! not it "$$lies to t-e(

)A(%i,"lene3 t-en3 ou!s *-en t-e s$e"8e! +oes not ("8e le"! *-i- o& " !"nge o& !el"te+ illoution"!. ,"lues is inten+e+3


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;"($le

B. using "n "(%i,"lent utte!"ne inste"+ o& ("8ing " +i!et !e

s$e"8e! !e+ues t-e !is8 o& " on&!ont"tion o! o& !eei,ing "n e(

!e&us"l3 sine t-e -e"!e! is "t li%e!t. eit-e! to !es$on+ to t-

question %. s".ing# Yes, it is, o!3 "lte!n"ti,el.3 to inte!$!et t-e utterequest "n+ to o($l.)

Is t-"t .ou! $-one<


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;"($le

T-is is "n "(%i,"lent st"te(ent)

It is " sign &o! t-e guest to +ei+e &o! t-e( sel& *-et-e! t%eing asked or ordered

I& .ou *"nt to eno. t-e &ull ",o! o & .ou! &oo+ "n+ +!in8 .o*ill3 n"tu!"ll.3 not s(o8e +u!ing t-is (e"l) Mo!eo,e!3 i& .ou

+i+ s(o8e .ou *oul+ "lso %e i($"i!ing t-e eno.(ent o&ot-e! guests)


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A(%i,"lent T-e "(%i,"lene let t-e -e"!e! to inte!$!et t-e &o!e "n+ "lso -o"lt-oug- "(%i,"lene is !"t-e! +ie!ent &!o( ot-e! &o!(s o& in+i!et-e s$e"8e!s illoution"!. orce is unle"! %ut t-e illoution"$e!&etl. le"!)


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At Restaurant customer to waiter:

(e"ning # reminder or complaint .

We ordered some !uice


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P!"g("tis P!ini$les 4PP5

Lee- int!o+ue t-e st"te(ent

Mini(i7e 4"ll t-ings %eing eu"l5 t-e e"($le!ession o &i($olite %elie&s M"i(i7e 4"ll t-ings %eing eu"l5 t-ee"($le!ession o& $olite %elie&s)


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P!"g("tis P!ini$les

Lee-0sM"i(

T"tM"i( /ene!osit. M"i( A$$!o%"tion M"i( Mo+est.M"i( Ag!ee(ent M"i(


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1) T"t M"i(

9e "n use (ini(i7e! to !e+ue t-e i($lie+ ost to -e"!e!)

Just pop u$st"i!s "n+

H"ng on a second

I0,e got a bit of $!o%le(

Mini(i7e t-e e"($le!ession o& %elie&s *-i- i($l.ost to ot-e! ("i(i7e t-e e"($le!ession o& %elie

*-i- i($l. %eneGt to ot-e!


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T"t M"i( 9e "lso s-oul+ (ini(i7ing t-e e"($le!ession o& ost to ot-e!s

T-is soun+ (o!e $olite

1) T-is is " +!"&t o& -"$te! ) Ple"se !e"+ it "n+o((ent on

2) T-is is " +!"&t o& C-"$te! 3 ?) Ple"se oul+ .ou loo8 "t t-is +!"&t<


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T"t M"i(A seon+ "s$et o& t-e T"t ("i( is t-"t o& (itig"ting t-e eet o%. oe!ing o$tion"lit.)

Allo*ing o$tions 4o! gi,ing t-e "$$e"!"ne o& "llo*ing o$tions5 is

ent!"l to 9este!n notions o& $oliteness)

A t-i!+ o($onent o& t-e T"t ("i( is t-e ost%eneGt s"le# i& so$e!ei,e+ "s %eing to t-e -e"!e!s %eneGt3

9on:t .ou sit +o*n


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2) T-e /ene!osit. M"i(

Mini(i7e t-e e"($le!ession o& ost to ot-e!("i(i7e t-e e"($le!ession o& %eneGt to ot-e!


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T-e /ene!osit. M"i(

t-e $!o$osition t-"t *e * ill o(e "n+ -",e +inne! *it- .ou !eui!e4gene!"ll. s$e"8ing5 to %e e"($le!esse+ in+i!etl.)

/ene!osit. ("i( is ente!e+ to sel&3 *-ile t-e t"t ("i( is to ot-

You (ust o(e "n+ +inne! *it- us)


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T-e /ene!osit. M"i(

so(e ultu!es "tt"- (u- (o!e i($o!t"ne/ene!osit. ("i( t-"n +o ot-e!s %ut !e(e(%*e "!e onl. +e"ling *it- t-e i($o!t"ne "tt"t-e linguistic exampleression o& gene!osit. is no suggestion t-"t (e(%e!s o& one ultu!

are (o!e gene!ous t-"n (e(%e!s o & "not-e!)


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Basil's wife is in hospital:

You ust lie t-e!e *it- .ou! &eet u$ "n+ Ill go "n+ "!!.

.ou u$ "not-e! -un+!e+*eig-t o& li(e !e"(s )))

Soun+s S"!"sti3 t-is is not gene!osit. ("i(


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A$$!o%"tion M"i(

Mini(i7e t-e e"($le!ession o& %elie&s *-i-e"($le!ess +is$!"ise o& ot-e! ("i(i7e t-ee"($le!ession o& %elie&s *-i- e"($le!ess

"$$!o,"l o& ot-e!)


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A$$!o%"tion M"i( T-e o$e!"tion o& t-is ("i( is &"i!l. o%,ious# "ll t-ings %eing eu"

to $!"ise ot-e!s "n+ i& *e "nnot +o so3 to si+este$ t-e issue3 to gi,so!t o& (ini("l !es$onse (Well )))5 o! to !e("in silent)

I enjoyed your leture

*-ile i& .ou +i+ not eno. it3 .ou *oul+ eit-e! 8ee$ uiet "%out it o!t-e &"t (o!e in+i!etl.)


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;"($le A# T-e $e!&o!("ne *"s g!e"t

B# Yes3 *"sn0t it

/i,ing " goo+ o((ent "%out t-e $e!&o!("ne) He t"l8s t-e $le"s"%out ot-e!) T-is e"($le!ession is " ong!"tul"tion utte!"ne t-"t("i(i7es $!"ise o& ot-e!)


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9-"t is MOD;STY MAIM<


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Mini(i7e t-e e"($le!ession o& $!"ise o("i(i7e t-e e"($le!ession o& +is$!"ise o& s

;"($le#

Ple"se "e$t t-is s("ll gi&t "s $!i7e o"-ie,e(ent)

I *ill ele%!"te t-is "*"!+ *it- (. !e*s ""sts %e"use t-e. -",e ("+e "ll o& t-ese $os


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T-e Mo+est. M"i( "n+ A$$!o%"tion M"

Bot- t-e "$$!o%"tion ("i( "n+ t-e (o+est. ("i( one!n to

o& goo+ o! %"+ e,"lu"tion o& ot-e! o! sel& t-"t is utte!e+ %. t-e s$e

T-e "$$!o%"tion ("i( in,ol,es (ini(i7ing +is$!"ise "n+ ("i(

to s$e"8e!-e"!e!) 9-ile t-e (o+est. ("i( in,ol,es (ini(i7ing ("i(i7ing +is$!"ise o& sel&)


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;"($le#

! and B were "isiting a foreign ountry. #n there, a deent o$ee wasommodity. %o, ! tried to &uy a good supply of ground o$ee and t perolating it. ! maes a rst e)ampleeriment of using it. *hen ! ser"es th

A# T-is isn0t %"+ is it<

B# T-e oee< It is ,e!. goo+)

! few hours later, ! maes some more.

A# T-is oee is ,e!. goo+)

B# Not %"+3 is it<


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9-"t is IMMOD;ST UTT;RANC;<

I((o+est utte!"ne is t-e utte!"ne $!o+ue+ *-i- ,iol"tes t-e (o+e


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I((o+est utte!"ne is t-e utte!"ne $!o+ue+ *-i- ,iol"tes t-e (o+e

;"($le#

9-en " &"(ous *!ite!3 n"(e+ 9inte!son3 *-o -"s *!itten $o$ule! no,"s8e+ to no(in"te t-e (ost &",o!ite %oo8 o& t-e .e"!3 s-e no(in"te+ -


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9-"t is A/R;;M;NT MAIM<


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Mini(i7e t-e e"($le!essions o& +is"g!ee(ent %et*een sel("i(i7e t-e e"($le!ession o& "g!ee(ent %et*een sel& "n+ ot-

One o& t-e o((on $"tte!n is %. using :Yes3 %ut))

;"($le#

A# ;nglis- is " +iult l"ngu"ge to le"!n)B# Yes3 %ut t-e g!"(("! is uite e"s.)

F!o( t-e e"($le3 B "tu"ll. +oes not "g!ee t-"t "ll $"!t o& ;ng+iult to le"!n) He +oes not e"($le!ess -is +is"g!ee(ent st(o!e $olite) T-e $olite "ns*e! *ill inuene t-e eet o& t-e -"se3 B0s "ns*e! (ini(i7e -is +is"g!ee(ent using $"!ti"l "g!e%ut)


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T-e Poll."nn" P!ini$le T-e $oll."nn" $!ini$le is t-e le"st gene!"li7"%le o& Lee-0s ("i(

1) Re+uing t-e si7e o& i($osition

• A (ini("l +eg!ee o& in+i!etness

2) Re$l"ing "n un$le"s"nt te!(

4!elei"li7"tion5• :%o+.'sn"t-e!0 into :!esu!!etionist0

?) C"n %e &oun+ in inte!$e!son"l $!"g("ti

• T-e e"($le!ession o& :/oo+ lu80 t-"t -"s +ie!en*it- :B"+ lu80

A$$l.ing M"i(s in Soi"l


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A$$l.ing M"i(s in Soi"lContet

A$$l.ing t-e !ules o& $oliteness in " on,e!s"tion t"8es "o

!el"tions-i$ %et*een s$e"8e! "n+ -e"!e! "n+ o& t-e n"tu!e o& t-e. "!e in,ol,e+)

M"i( is not " !ule o& %e-",iou!3 %ut it "n %e seen "s " no!()

P!o%le(s *it- t-e Lee-0s


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P!o%le(s *it- t-e Lee- sA$$!o"-

1) It *oul+ %e $ossi%le to $!o+ue " ne* ("i()

2) T-e t-eo!ies s-oul+ e"($lel"in !ossultu!"l +ie!en$e!e$tion o& $oliteness "n+ t-e use o& $oliteness st!"teg

?) Lee-0s M"i(s *e!e seen "s " se!ies o& soi"l'$s.-oonst!"ints inuening t-e -oies ("+e *it-in t-e $!"g$"!"(ete!s)

) T-e!e "!e +ie!ent &"to!s inuening linguisti %e-",iou!)


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Politeness St!"tegies


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B"l+ on Reo!+

BALDON

R;CORD

"ses o& non'

(ini(i7"tion o&t-e &"e t-!e"t

C"ses o&FTA

o!iente+%"l+'on'!eo!+us"ge

Use+ *-en S *"nts to +o FTA *it- ("i(u(eien. (o!e t-"n -e *"nts to s"tis&. H0s

&"e

C"ses o& non'(ini(i7"tion o& t-


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C"ses o& non'(ini(i7"tion o& t-&"e t-!e"t

1)

/!e"t u!gen. o!+es$e!"tion) e"($le# -el$

(e3 9"t- out

Met"$-o!i"l u!gen. &o!e($-"sis i($o!t"nt("i(u( eien.)

e"($le# Listen3 I0,e got"n i+e"

I($e!"ti,e in &o!(ul"ient!e"ties) e"($le#

4euse3 $"!+on3 &o!gi,e5(e

Met"$-o!i"l ent!e"tiese"($le# +on0t &o!get us

Sen+ (e " $ost"!+

9-e!e ("i(u( eien.is ,e!. i($o!t"nt3 "n+ t-is is(utu"ll. 8no*n to %ot- S"n+H3 no &"e !e+!ess neess"!.


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Cont )2)

"5 S0s *"nt to s"tis&. H0s &"e is s("ll) 9-en S is (o!e $o*e!&ul t-"

e"($le# %!ing (e *ine3 Jee,es)

%5 S *"nts to %e !u+e3 +oesn0t "!e "%out ("int"ining &"e) e"($l

C!.) /et Ang!.)


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Cont)?)

Doing FTA is $!i("!il. H0s inte!est) S +oes "!e "%out H) no !e+!ess

e"($le#

"5 "!e&ul He0s " +"nge!ous ("n

%5 You! sli$ is s-o*ing

)Co(&o!ting "+,ie 4no !e+!ess nee+e+5) e"($le# +on0t %e s"+)

)/!"nting $e!(ission !eueste+ %. H) e"($le# .es3 .ou (". go

C"ses o& FTA o!iente+ %"l+'on'


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C"ses o& FTA o!iente+ %"l+ on!eo!+ us"ge? $!e'e($ti,e in,it"tions !el"te+ to t-e H0s &"e o& "niet.#

"5 9elo(ing 4$ost'g!eeting5

%5 F"!e*ells

5 Oe!s

e"($le# Co(e on3 +on0t -esit"te) I0( not %us.)

O&ten ont"i!eo!+ o(

e"($le# o(


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Cont B"l+'on'!eo!+ i($e!"ti,es see( to %e "++!esse+ to H0s !elu

t!"nsg!ess on S0s $ositi,e &"e)

e"($le#

"5 +on0t *o!!. "%out (e

%5 Don0t let (e 8ee$ .ou


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Positi,e Politeness O!iente+ to*"!+ t-e $ositi,e &"e o& H

S$-e!e o& !e+!ess is *i+ene+ to t-e "$$!ei""lte!0s *"nts in gene!"l o! to t-e e"($le!essi(il"!it. %et*een ego0s "n+ "lte!0s *"nts

Fo! t-e s"(e !e"son3 $ositi,e'$oliteness te

"!e3 us"%le not onl. &o! FTA !e+!ess3 %ut in gene8in+ o& soi"l "ele!"to!3 *-e!e S3 in usingin+i"tes t-"t -e *"nts to o(e lose! to H)

P iti P lit M - i


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Positi,e Politeness Me-"nis(

• Convey X is admirable, interesting•Claim in-group membership with H

• Claim common

Cl"i(

0o((ong!oun+0

• Indicate S knows H’s want sand is taking them • Claim reflexivity• Claim reciprocity

Con,e. t-"t H"n+ S "!e

oo$e!"to!sFulGll H0s

*"nts

St!"teg. 1


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St!"teg. 1Notie3 "tten+ to H 4-is inte!ests3 *"nts3 nee+s3

' ma"e sure #$s %& is not emarrassed y !o"e

or including * as part o the act

e"($le# we "te too ("n. %e"ns tonig-t3 +i+n0t *e<

' * should ta"e a notice o #$s condition aspenotie"%le ("!8 to ("8e H *oul+ *"nt S to notie "$$!o

e"($le# *-"t " %e"uti&ul ,"se t-is is 9-e!e +i+ it o(e

%t t +


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%trategy +;"gge!"te 4inte!est3 "$$!o,"l3 s.($"t-. *it- H5

Done ,i" e"gge!"te+ inton"tion3 st!ess

e)ample:

'9-"t " &"nt"sti g"!+en .ou -",e

'Ho* "%solutel. ("!,ellous

%trategy


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%trategy Intensi&. inte!est to H

:("8ing goo+ sto!.0#

'Vi,i+ $!esent

'Pulls H into t-e (i++le o& e,ents %eing +isusse+

e"($le# I o(e +o*n t-e st"i!s3 "n+ *-"t +o .ou t-in8 I see< 6 "

"ll o,e! t-e $l"e3 t-e $-one0s o t-e -oo8 "n+ lot-es "!e s"tte!e

%trategy -


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%trategy -Use in'g!ou$ i+entit. ("!8e!

A++!ess &o!(#

' T-e use o& seon+ $e!son $lu!"l $!onoun o& "++!ess "s "n -ono!singul"! !es$ete+ o! +ist"nt "lte!s)

'Using +i(inuti,es "n+ en+e"!(ents 4"++ing –ie to "++!essee0s n"(

'gene!i n"(es "n+ te!(s o& "++!ess li8e a, mat, &uddy, pal, hoduie, lu", &a&e, om, &londie, &rother, sister, utie, sweetheart

e)ample:

") o(e -e!e3 4("te3 $"ls3 &ell"s5

%) Hel$ (e *it- t-is %"g -e!e3 *ill .ou %lon+ie<


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Cont)/se of in0group language or dialet

' T-e use o+ o+e s*it-ing 4in'g!ou$ te!(inolog.5

;"($le#

1st "ll# o(e -e!e3 Jo-n.

2n+ "ll# Jo-n. Hen!. S(it-3 .ou o(e -e!e !ig-t "*".)


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ContUse o& J"!gon o! Sl"ng

'Re&e!!ing to "n o%et *it- sl"ng te!()

e"($le# using %!"n+ n"(es in !euesting

' /ot "n. *instons<

' I "(e to %o!!o* so(e Allinsons i& .ou0,e got "n.)


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Cont)Cont!"tion "n+ elli$sis

'Contet s-oul+ %e %uilt to get (utu"l un+e!st"n+ing)

e"($le#

A) -o* "%out " +!in8<

B) Min+ i& I s(o8e<

%trategy 1


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gySee8 Ag!ee(ent

S"&e to$is• S to st!ess -is "g!ee(ent *it- H "n+ t-e!e&o!e to s"tis&.

to %e !ig-t)• e"($le# t"l8ing "%out *e"t-e!3 %u!e"u!".3 et

Re$etition

•

!e$e"ting $"!t o! "ll on *-"t t-e $!ee+ing s$e"8e! -"" on,e!s"tion• e"($le#• A# Jo-n -"s ie+ to Lon+on t-is *ee8en+• B# to Lon+on

%trategy 2


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gyA,oi+ Dis"g!ee(ent

To8en Ag!ee(ent

t-e +esi!e to "g!ee o! "$$e"! to "g!ee *it- H le"+s "lso to (e-"n$!eten+ing to "g!ee3 inst"nes o& to8en "g!ee(ent)

e"($le#

15A#You -"te .ou! Mo( "n+ D"+

B# O-3 so(eti(es)

25A# So is t-is $e!("nent<

B# Ye-3 its $e!("nent ' $e!("nent until I get ("!!ie+ "g"in)


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Cont Pseu+o' "g!ee(ent

t-en 4onluso!. ("!8e!5

e"($le# I0ll (eet .ou in &!ont o& t-e t-e"te!e ust %e&o!e =)E) t-

So 4s"(e *it- then5

e"($le# So *-en .ou "!e o(ing to see us<

Coo$e!"ti,e Ag!ee(ent Assoi"tions

e"($le# I0ll %e seeing .ou t-en


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Cont) 9-ite Lies

*-e!e S3 *-en on&!onte+ *it- t-e neessit. to st"te "n o$iniolie 4Yes I +o li8e .ou! ne* -"t5 !"t-e! t-"n +"("ge Hs $ositi,e &"

e"($le# !es$onse to " !euest to %o!!o* !"+io#

O- I "n0t) T-e %"tte!ies "!e +e"+3


62/129

Cont) He+ging o$inions

S (". -oose to %e ,"gue "%out -is o*n o$inions3 so "s not to +is"g!ee) Using sort of, ind of, in a way.

e"($le#

") I !e"ll. so!t o& 4t-in8 -o$e *on+e!5

%) It is !e"ll. %e"uti&ul3 in " *".)

) I 8in+ o& *"nt o!in to *in t-e !"e) Sine I0,e %et on -i(


63/129


64/129

Cont) Point o& ,ie* o$e!"tions 4+eiti ent!ings5#

Pe!son"l' ent!e s*it-# S s$e"8s "s i& H *e!e S 4H0s "n+ S0s 8no*le+ge *e!e eu

e"($le# I ust "( s"+ t-en3 "!en0t I

Ti(e s*it-# t-e use o& ,i,i+ $!esent 4$"st'$!esent tense5)e"($le# Jo-n says -e !e"ll. lo,es .ou! !oses)

Pl"e s*it-# t-e use o& $!oi("l !"t-e! t-"n +ist"l to on,e. in!e"se+ in,ol,e(en

e"($le# 4t-is3 t-"t5 *"s " lo,el. $"!t.

A,oi+"ne o& "+ust(ent o& !e$o!ts to H0s $oint o& ,ie*# (ini("l "+ust(ent in $oin

*-en !e$o!ting !el"te+ to t-e st!ess o((on g!oun+ s-"!e+ *it- H


65/129

Cont) P!esu$$osition ("ni$ul"tions# S $!esu$$oses so(et-ing *-en -e $!esu(

(utu"ll. t"8en &o! g!"nte+

P!esu$$ose 8no*le+ge o& H0s *"nts "n+ "ttitu+es# neg"ti,e uest$!esu(e .es "s "n "ns*e!) e"($le# *oul+n0t .ou li8e to +!in8<

P!esu$$ose H0s ,"lues "!e t-e s"(e "s S0s ,"lue# T-e use o& s"l"! $!e+"s t"ll:

P!esu$$ose &"(ili"!it. in S'H !el"tions-i$# T-e use o& &"(ili"! "++!esshoney o! darling $!esu$$oses 4in so(e "n"l.ses3 "t "n. !"te5 t-"t t-e "

&"(ili"!:)

P!esu$$ose H0s 8no*le+ge# T-e use o& "n. te!( $!esu$$oses 4in so(e st-e !e&e!ents "!e 8no*n to t-e "++!essee) e"($le# 9ell I *"s *"t-in

l"st nig-t "n+ )

%trategy 5


66/129

Jo8e Mutu"l s-"!e+ %"8g!oun+ 8no*le+ge "n+ ,"lues)

To st!ess s-"!e+ %"8g!oun+ o! s-"!e+ ,"lues)

e"($le# OK i& I t"8le t-ose oo8ies no*<

Jo8e e"($leloit"tion (". %e use+ to !e+eGne t-e si7e o& FTA

%trategy 6


67/129

%trategy 6Asse!t to $!esu$$ose S0s 8no*le+ge o& "n+ one!n &o! H

to "sse!t o! i($l. 8no*le+ge o& Hs *"nts "n+ *illingness to Gt

*"nts in *it- t-e(e"($le#

Loo83 I 8no* .ou *"nt t-e "! %"8 %. )E3 so s-ogo to to*n no*< 4!euest5

I 8no* .ou "nt %e"! $"!ties3 %ut t-is one *ill !

goo+ 6 +o o(e 4!euestoe!5

I 8no* .ou lo,e !oses %ut t-e o!ist +i+nt -",e "nso I %!oug-t .ou ge!"niu(s inste"+) 4oe!W "$olog.

%trategy 78


68/129

Oe!3 P!o(ise To !e+!ess t-e FTA $otenti"l S (". l"i( t-"t *-"te,e! *"nts3 S

-i( "n+ *ill -el$ to o%t"in &o! +e(onst!"ting goo+ intentions in s"&"e)

%trategy 77% i i i


69/129

%e o$ti(isti t-e oo$e!"ti,e st!"teg.3 is &o! S to "ssu(e t-"t H *"nts Ss *"n&o! S "n+ H5 "n+ *ill -el$ -i( to o%t"in t-e()

e"($le#

9"it " (inute3 .ou -",ent %!us-e+ .ou! -"i! 4"s -us%"n+ goes+oo!5

I,e o(e to %o!!o* " u$ o& ou!

%trategy 7+I l + % - S + H i - i


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Inlu+e %ot- S "n+ H in t-e "ti B. using "n inlusi,e *e &o!(3 *-en S !e"ll. (e"ns .ou o! (e3 u$on t-e oo$e!"ti,e "ssu($tions "n+ t-e!e%. !e+!ess FTAs)

e"($le#

Lets -",e " oo8ie3 t-en) 4i)e) me9

Lets get on *it- +inne!3 e-< (i.e. you9

Lets sto$ &o! " %ite) 4i)e) # *"nt " %ite3 so lets sto$

/i,e us " %!e"8) 4i)e) me9

%trategy 7/i 4 8 & 5


71/129

/i,e 4o! "s8 &o!5 !e"sons gi,e !e"sons "s to *-. -e *"nts *-"t -e *"nts)

In ot-e! *o!+s3 gi,ing !e"sons is " *". o& i($l.ing I "n -el$ ."n -el$ (e3 "n+3 "ssu(ing oo$e!"tion3 "*". o& s-o*ing *-

nee+e+

e"($le#

9-. not len+ (e .ou! ott"ge &o! t-X *ee8en+<

9-. +ont *e go to t-e se"s-o!e

%trategy 7-A A t & R i it


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Assu(e o! Asse!t o& Rei$!oit. gi,ing e,i+ene o& !ei$!o"l !ig-ts o! o%lig"tions o%t"ining %et*ee

Ill +o &o! .ou i& .ou +o Y &o! (e3 o!I +i+ &o! .ou l"st *ee83 so .ou +o Y &o! (e t-is *ee8

4o! ,ie ,e!s"5

%trategy 71


73/129

gy/i,e gi&ts to H 4goo+s3 s.($"t-.3 un+e!st"n+ing3 oo$e

S (". s"tis&. Hs $ositi,e'&"e *"nt 4t-"t S *"nt Hs *"nts3 to so(%. "tu"ll. s"tis&.ing so(e o& Hs *"nts)

C"n %e +one ,i" "ting o& gi&t'gi,ing 4li8e3 "+(i!"tion3 "!un+e!st"n+ing3 listening to3 et)5

Neg"ti,e Politeness


74/129

Neg"ti,e Politeness Neg"ti,e $oliteness is " !e+!essi,e "tion "++!esse+ to t-e "neg"ti,e &"e# -is *"nt to -",e -is &!ee+o( o& "tion un-in+e!"ttention uni($e+e+)

*trategy +, -e indirect


75/129

t-e use o& $-!"ses "n+ sentenes t-"t -"

ontetu"ll. un"(%iguous (e"nings *-i- "+ie!ent &!o( t-ei! lite!"l (e"nings)

;"($les#

' Would you now where )ford %treet is;

0


76/129

+e!i,es &!o( t-e *"nt not to $!esu(e "n+ t-e *"nt

oe!e H)

;"($les#

' I rather t-in8 it0s -o$eless)

' =erhaps, he might ha"e taen it, may&e.' I *"n+e! i& 4.ou 8no* *-et-e!5 Jo-n *ent out)

' Do (e " &",o!3 *ill .ou<

gy g

*trategy 0, -e pessimistic


77/129

T-is st!"teg. gi,es !e+!ess to H0s neg"ti,e &"e %.e"($leliitl. e"($le!essing +ou%t t-"t t-e on+ition"$$!o$!i"teness o& S0s s$ee- "t o%t"in)

;"($les#

' Coul+ .ou +o <

' You ouldn>t nd your way to lending me a thousand dould you;

0 #n *zeltal: tal me ilat hwayu

#>"e ome (if # may9 to see you for what might &e a n

*trategy 1, Minimi2e theimposition (3x)


78/129

One *". o& +e&using t-e FTA is to in+i"te t-"

int!insi se!iousness o& t-e i($osition3 is not in itse;"($les#

' Just a seond) 4)i) " &e* (inutes5

' Co(e "g"in tomorrow "n+ I0ll -",e it Ge+) 4&

' I just "s8 .ou i& .ou oul+ len+ (e " single $"$e!)

*trategy 4, Give dierence


79/129

;"($les#

' in t-e U!+u o& Del-i Musli(s t-e !es$et&ul *". o& in,iting s

.ou! -ouse is to s". so(et-ing t-"t glosses "s:Ple"se %!ing .ou! enno%ling $!esene to t-e -ut o& t-is +ustso(eti(e)0

T*o !e"li7"tion o&+ie!ene

9-e!e S -u(%les"n+ "%"ses -i(sel&

9-e!e S !"ises H-i( $ositi,e &"e


80/129

Cont

Die!ene $-eno(en" !e$!esent $e!-"$s t-e (ost ons$iuous int!u&"to!s into l"ngu"ge st!utu!e3 in t-e &o!( o& :-ono!iGs)0

Hono!iG "es


81/129

Hono!iG "es

• T-e !el"tion o& s$e"8e! to -e"!e! 4"+-ono!iG5

T-e s$e"8e!'"++!essee "is

• T-e !el"tion o& s$e"8e! to t-ings o$e!sons !e&e!!e+ to 4!e&e!ent -ono

T-e s$e"8e!'!e&e!ent"is

• T-e !el"tion o& s$e"8e! 4o! -e"!e!:%.st"n+e!s0 o! o,e!-e"!e!s 4%.st

-ono!iG5

T-e s$e"8e!'%.st"n+e! "is

• T-e !el"tion o& s$e"8e! "n+ situ"t T-e s$e"8e!'setting "is

*trategy 5, pologi2e


82/129

%. "$ologi7ing &o! +oing FTA3 t-e s$e"8e! "n in!elut"ne to i($inge on H0s neg"ti,e &"e "n+$"!ti"ll. !e+!ess t-"t i($inge(ent)

& ere are at east our 6ays to commuregret or reluctance to do an %&


83/129

*trategy 7, 8mpersonali2ed *and #


84/129

one *". o& in+i"ting t-"t S +oesn0t *"nt to i($is to $-!"se t-e FTA "s i& t-e "gent *e!e ot-e! t-"le"st $ossi%l. not S o! not S "lone3 "n+ t-e "++!eot-e! t-"n H3 o! onl. inlusi,e o& H)

t-is !esults in " ,"!iet. o& *".s in " ,oi+ing t:.ou0

Cont


85/129

Pe!&o!("ti,es# it (". %e su- " %"si +esi!e t-"t it -el$s to e"($l

gene!"l loss o& o,e!t !e&e!ene to t-e su%et "n+ in+i!et o%et o$e!&o!("ti,e ,e!%s)

;"($les#

' I tell .ou t-"t it is so) It is so)

' I "s8 .ou to +o t-is &o! (e Do t-is &o! (e)

Cont))


86/129

I($e!"ti,es# In t-e +i!et e"($le!ession o& one o

int!insi"ll. &"e' t-!e"tening s$ee- "ts'o((ost l"ngu"ges o(it t-e :.ou0 o& t-e su%eo($le(ent o& t-e $e!&o!("ti,e)

;"($le#

' :T"8e t-"t out0 is &etter than :You t"8e t-"t out)0

Cont

I($e!son"l ,e!%s# in ("n. l"ngu"ges3 "gent +


87/129

$ . g g 3 g"llo*e+ not onl. in i($e!"ti,es %ut "lso in ot-e! ,t-"t eno+e "ts *-i- "!e int!insi"ll. FTAs)

;"($les#

' in T"(il# 4on8"lu88u5 ,eeNTi i!u88u

4to .ou5 it is o%lig"to!. to

' it loo8s 4to (e5 li8e

Cont

P"ssi,e "n+ i!u(st"nti"l ,oies# t-e $"ssi,e ou$le+ *it- !ule o& "ge$e!-"$s t-e (e"ns $"! eellene in ;nglis- o& ",oi+ing !e&e!ene to $


88/129

$e!-"$s t-e (e"ns $"! eellene in ;nglis- o& ",oi+ing !e&e!ene to $in,ol,e+ in FTAs)

;"($les#

' I *oul+ %e "$$!ei"te i&

it *oul+ %e "$$!ei"te+ i&' I e"($leet))

it is e"($leete+

Cont

Re$l"e(ent o& t-e $!onouns :I0 "n+ :.ou0 %. in+eGnites# ("n. l"ngu"gso(e st"n+"!+i7e+ i($e!son"l ,e!sions o& $!onouns *-i- (". se!,e F


89/129

so(e st"n+"!+i7e+ i($e!son"l ,e!sions o& $!onouns *-i- (". se!,e Fto goo+ eet)

;"($les#

' One s-oul+n0t +o t-ings li8e t-"t)

R"t-e! t-"n# .ou s-oul+n0t +o t-ings li8e t-"t)

' I "n guess *-o Gnis-e+ t-e oo8ies)

R"t-e! t-"n# .ou Gnis-e+ t-e oo8ies)

Cont

Plu!"li7"tion o& t-e :.ou0 "n+ :I0 $!onouns# t-e :.ou0 4$lu!"l5 $!onoun *-!e&e! to single "++!essee is un+e!stoo+ "s in+i"ting +e&e!ene 4P5 o! +


90/129

!e&e! to single "++!essee3 is un+e!stoo+ "s in+i"ting +e&e!ene 4P5 o! +

T-e!e "!e t*o (oti,es &o! t-e $-eno(enon# :.ou0 4$lu!"l5 $!o,i+es " on,ention"l :out0 &o! t-e -e"!e!)

In 8in+s-i$'%"se+ soiet. in $"!tiul"!3 %ut in "ll soieties *-e!e " $e!son0s s&un+"(ent"ll. lin8e+ to (e(%e!s-i$ in " g!ou$3 to t!e"t $e!son "s !e$!eseng!ou$ !"t-e! t-"n "s !el"ti,el. $o*e!less in+i,i+u"ls *oul+ %e to !e&e! to t-est"n+ing "n+ t-e %"8ing t-"t t-e. +e!i,e &!o( t-ei! g!ou$s)

Cont

A++!ess te!(s "s :.ou0 ",oi+"ne# :.ou0 is onsi+e!e+ "s "n "++!ess &ott ti tti -


91/129

"ttention'getting $-!"se# ;use (e3 si!)

(iss)

.ou)' He. 4.ouM"M"teMiste!5

Cont

Re&e!ene te!(s "s :I0 ",oi+"ne# in ;nglis- o& 8ings3 -is ("est. (ig-t:His ("est. is not "(use+ 0


92/129

His ("est. is not "(use+)

An+ in t-e ;nglis- o& $!esi+ents3 Nion +oes s". 4Ne* Yo!8 Ti(es 1>?# =>5

:But t-e $!esi+ent s-oul+ not %eo(e in,ol,e+ in "n. $"!t o& t-is "se)

Cont

Point'o&',ie* +ist"ning# t-e use o& $oint'o&',ie* o$e!"tions to +ist"ne&!o( t-e $"!tiul"! FTA


93/129

&!o( t-e $"!tiul"! FTA) one *". o& (e-"nis( is %. -"nge t-e tense to $!o,i+e +ist"ning in ti(e)

;"($le#

I -",e %een *on+e!ing *-et-e! .ou oul+ +o (e " &",o!)

I *"s *on+e!ing *-et-e! .ou oul+ +o (e " &",o!)

*trategy 9, *tate the %& asa general rule


94/129

A *". o& o((uni"ting t-"t S +oesn0t *"nt to i($inge %ut is (e!el.

i!u(st"nes3 is to st"te t-e FTA "s "n inst"ne o& so(e gene!"l soi"

!egul"tion3 o! o%lig"tion)

;"($les#

'4"5 P"ss"nge!s *ill $le"se !e&!"in &!o( us-ing toilets on t-e t!"in)

4%5 You *ill $le"se !e&!"in &!o( us-ing toilets on t-e t!"in)

'4"5 Inte!n"tion"l !egul"tions !eui!e t-"t t-e &usel"ge %e s$!".e+ *it-

4%5 I "( going to s$!". .ou *it- DDT to &ollo* inte!n"tion"l !egul"t

*trategy :, nominali2e


95/129

B. no(in"li7ing t-e su%et3 t-e sentene gets (o!e :&o

;"($les#

4"5 You $e!&o!(e+ *ell on t-e e"(in"tions "n+ *e *e!e i($!esse+)

4%5 You! $e!&o!(ing *ell on t-e e"(in"tions i($!esse+ u&",ou!"%l.)

45 You! goo+ $e!&o!("ne on t-e e"(in"tions i($!esse&",ou!"%l.)

*trategy +;, Go on record asincurring a det or as not

indeting #


96/129

S "n !e+!ess "n FTA %. e"($leliitl. l"i(ing -

in+e%te+ness to H3 o! %. +isl"i(ing "n. in+e%te+n%. (e"ns o& e"($le!essions li8e#

&o! !euest#

4"5 I0+ %e ete!n"ll. g!"te&ul i& .ou *oul+

&o! oe!#4%5 I oul+ e"sil. +o it &o! .ou)

O !eo!+


97/129

A o((uni"ti,e "t is +one o !eo!+ i& it is +one in su- " *". t-$ossi%le to "tt!i%ute onl. one le"! o((uni"ti,e intention to t-e

To onst!ut "n o !eo!+ utte!"ne one s".s so(et-ing t-"t is eit-gene!"l 4ont"ins less in&o!("tion5o! "tu"ll. +ie!ent &!o( *-"t o4inten+s to %e un+e!stoo+5)

St!"teg. 1# /i,e -ints


98/129

I& S s".s so(et-ing t-"t is not e"($leliitl. !e

in,ites t-e H to se"!- &o! "n inte!$!et"tion o& t-!ele,"ne)

T*o *".s o& gi,ing -ints#' B. ,iol"ting t-e ("i( o& !ele,"ne

e"($le# it0s ol+ -e!e) 4s-ut t-e *in+o*s5

' B. "sse!tinguestioning t-e on+itions &o! A 4"s in+i!et e"($le# t-"t *in+o* isn0t o$en)

St!"teg. 2# /i,e "ssoi"tion lues


99/129

S ,iol"ting ("i( o& !ele,"ne %. (entioning so("ssosi"te+ *it- t-e "t !eui!e+ o& H)

;"($le# M. -ouse isn0t ,e!. &"! "*".4inte!,enin("te!i"l5t-e!e is " $"t- t-"t le"+s to (. -ouse 4$

o(e ,isit (e5)

St!"teg. ?# P!esu$$ose


100/129

An utte!"ne "n %e "l(ost *-oll. !ele,"nt in on.et ,iol"te t-e !ele,"ne ("i( ust "t t-e le,el o&$!esu$$ositions)

;"($le#

I *"s-e+ t-e "! again to+".)

St!"teg. # Un+e!st"te


101/129

He!e3 t-e "++!essee "n %e in,ite+ to ("8e in&e!et-e S0s ,iol"tion o& t-e u"ntit. ("i()

;"($le#

A# Ho* +o .ou li8e Jose$-ine0s ne* -"i!ut<

B# It0s 4$!ett. nieo8"ll !ig-t5

I +on0t $"!tiul"!l.

St!"teg. # O,e!st"te


102/129

I& S s".s (o!e t-"n is neess"!. t-us ,iol"ting t-M"i( in "not-e! *".3 -e (". "lso on,e. i($li

"n +o t-is %. e"gge!"ting)

;"($le#

' T-e!e *e!e (illion $eo$le in t-e Co'o$ tonig-t)

'I t!ie+ to "ll " -un+!e+ ti(es3 %ut t-e!e *"s "ns*e!)

i l S l 8 &

St!"teg. Z# Use t"utologies


103/129

B. utte!ing t"utolog.3 S enou!"ges H to loo8 &o! in&o!("ti,e inte!$!et"tion o& t-e non'in&o!("ti,e u

;"($le#

'9"! is *"!

'Bo.s *ill %e %o.s

O! in T"(il

8uTu88"(""TTeenn""3 8uTu88"(""TTeen

:i& I *on0t gi,e it3 I *on0t 4I (e"nt it5

St!"teg. ># Use ont!"+itions


104/129

B. st"ting t*o t-ings t-"t ont!"+its e"- ot-e!it "$$e"! t-"t -e "nnot %e telling t-e t!ut-)

;"($le#

A# A!e .ou u$set "%out t-"t<

B# 9ell3 4.es "n+ noI "( "n+ I "( not5

To on,e. " !itis(

;"($le# one (ig-t s". o& " +!un8en &!ien+ to " "lle!#

:*ell3 Jo-n is -e!e "n+ -e isn0t -e!e)


105/129

O Reo!+

St!"teg. =# Be i!oni


106/129

S".ing t-e o$$osite o& *-"t -e (e"ns)


107/129

Met"$-o!s "!e " &u!t-e! "tego!. o& Qu"lit. ,iol"tions) T-e use o& ($e!-"$s usu"ll. on !eo!+3 %ut t-e!e is " $ossi%ilit. t-"t e"tl. *-

onnot"tions o& t-e (et"$-o! S inten+s (". %e o !eo!+);"($le#

#arry is a real %ish

It (e"ns 4 He +!in8s3 s*i(s3 is sli(.3 is ol+'%loo+e+ li8e " Gs-5

Li8e i!on.3 (et"$-o!s (". %e ("!8e+ *it- -e+ging $"!tiles (real, r

sort of, as it were9 t-"t ("8e t-ei! (et"$-o!i"l st"tus e"($leliit

%trategy 78: /se rhetorialquestions


108/129

To "s8 " uestion *it- no intention o& o%t"ining "n "ns*e! is to %!esine!it. on+ition on uestions ' n"(el.3 t-"t S$e"8e! *"nts He"!

$!o,i+e -i( *it- t-e in+i"te+ in&o!("tion)

#o6 many times do 8 have to tell you === ? (c=i= &oo many)

What can 8 say? ( c=i= @othing it's so ad)

%trategy # #: Be am&iguous


109/129

Pu!$ose&ul "(%iguit. (". %e "-ie,e+ t-!oug- (et"$-o!3 sine it "l*".s le"! e"tl. *-i- o& t-e onnot"tions o& " (et"$-o! "!e in

%e in,o8e+)


110/129

S$e"8e! go o !eo!+ *it- "n FTA %. %eing ,"gue "%out *-o t-e ot-e FTA is3 o! *-"t t-e oene

>oo"s li"e someone may have had too much to drin" (vagueunderstatement)

Perhaps someone did something naughty

%trategy 7: "er0generalize


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Rule inst"nti"tion (". le",e t-e o%et o& t-e FT A ,"guel. o !eo-"s t-e -oie o& +ei+ing *-et-e! t-e gene!"l !ule "$$lies to -i()

&o! t-e use o& $!o,e!%s3 "lt-oug- t-ei! i($li"tu!es (". %e on,ento t-e etent o& %eing on !eo!+#

&he la6n has got to e mo6n=

8 that door is shut completely it stic"s=

Mature people sometimes help do the dishes=

%trategy 7-: ?isplae 4


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S$e"8e! (". go o !eo!+ "s to *-o t-e t"!get &o! -is FTA is3 o! -e $!eten+ to "++!ess t-e FTA to so(eone *-o( it *oul+nt t-!e"ten3

t-"t t-e real t"!get *ill see t-"t t-e FT A is "i(e+ "t -i()

%trategy 71: Be inomplete, ellipsis


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T-is is "s (u- " ,iol"tion o& t-e Qu"ntit. M"i( "s o& t-e M"nne!;lli$ti"l utte!"nes "!e legiti("te+ %. ,"!ious on,e!s"tion"l ont

"ns*e!s to uestion) B. le",ing "n FTA -"l& un+one3 S "n le",e t-i($li"tu!e -"nging in t-e "i!3 ust "s *it- !-eto!i"l uestions#

Well i one leaves one's tea on the 6oly tale ===

Well 8 didn't see you ===

T-is is in &"t one o& t-e (ost &",o!e+ st!"tegies &o! !euests "n+ ot

es$ei"ll. to ones su$e!io!s)s3

St!"tegies &o! +oing FTAs


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T-!ee *"nts t-"t *ill %e onsi+e!e+

"5 T-e *"nt to o((uni"te t-e ontent

%5 T-e *"nt to %e eientu!gent

5 T-e *"nt to ("int"in H0s &"e


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1 O + 4i +i tl 5


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1) O !eo!+ 4in+i!etl.5

Linguistis !e"li7"tion o& o !eo!+ st!"tegies#

) All 8in+s o& -ints

)I!on. "n+ (et"$-o!

) R-eto!i"l uestion

Uses in+i!et l"ngu"ge "n+ !e(o,es t-e s$e"8e! &!o( t-$otenti"l to %e i($osing)

2 9it- t + i ti % l+l


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2) 9it-out !e+!essi,e "tion3 %"l+l.

Ci!u(st"nes#

U!gen. o! eien.

D"nge! to H0s &"e is ,e!. s("ll 4it is in H0s inte!est "n+ +on0t !eg!e"t s"!iGe5

S is su$e!io! in $o*e! to H

Aoing it in the most direct clear unamiguous andconcise 6ay possile=

? 9it- !e+!essi,e "tion $ositi,e $oliteness


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?) 9it- !e+!essi,e "tion3 $ositi,e $oliteness

3edressive # "tion t-"t :gi,es &"e0 to t-e "+!essee3 t-"t is3 t-

to ounte!"t t-e $otenti"l &"e +"("ge o& t-e FTA)

Positi,e $oliteness # see8 to (ini(i7e t-e t-!e"t to t-e -e"!e!

&"e) :In,ol,e(ent0 "n+ s-o*ing S *"nts *-"t H *"nts3 t!e"ting H "o& g!ou$ &!ien+3 so(eone .ou 8no* "n+ li8e)

Su- "s #

You loo8 s"+3 an # do anything;He-3 mate3 "n .ou len+ (e " +oll"!<

) 9it- !e+!essi,e "tion3 neg"ti,e $oliteness


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Neg"ti,e $oliteness # o!iente+ to*"!+s t-e

neg"ti,e &"e "n+ e($-"si7e ",oi+"ne o& i(on t-e -e"!e!)

C-"!"te!istis#

Sel& e"e(ent3 &o!("lit.3 "n+ !est!"int

Su- "s#

4A$ologies5 #>m sorry 3 it0s " lot o& t"s83 %ut "n .ou len+ (e R$) 1E)EEE<

4In+i!et uestion5 an you $"ss t-"t s"lt<

Don0t +o t-e FTA


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) Don t +o t-e FTA

*pea"er avoids oending #earer at all spea"er alsto achieve his desired communication

F"to!s inuening t-e -oie ost!"tegies


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P"!tiul"! st!"tegies int!insi"ll. "o!+ e!t"in $".os o! "+,"n

t-e !ele,"nt i!u(st"nes "!e t-ose in *-i- one o& t-ese $".o(o!e "+,"nt"geous t-"n "n. ot-e!)

"n. !"tion"l "gent *ill ten+ to -oose t-e s"(e genus o& st!"t-e s"(e on+ition)

T-e P".o# P!io!i Consi+e!"t&he advantages y going on record


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&he advantages y going on record

/et !e+it &o! -onest.

/et !e+it &o! outs$o8enness

A,oi+ t-e +"nge! o& %eing (isun+e!stoo+

&he advantages y going o record

/et !e+it &o! %eing t"t&ul3 non oe!i,e

Run less !is8 o& "tHe "n gi,e t-e "++!essee "n o$$o!tunit. to %e seen to "!e &o! S

Bn record positives politeness


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Bn record positives politeness

C"n (ini(i7e t-e FTA o& "n "t

Bn record negative politeness

P". !es$et to t-e "++!essee

C"n ",oi+ inu!!ing " &utu!e +e%t

M"int"in soi"l +ist"ne

/i,e " !e"l :out0 to t-e "++!essee

Aon$t do %&

A,oi+s oen+ing H "t "ll

T-e i!u(st"nes# Soiologi"l ,"!i"%T-e "ssess(ent o& t-e se!iousness o& "n FTA in,ol,es D3 P3 "n+ R)


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T-e "ssess(ent o& t-e se!iousness o& "n FTA in,ol,es D3 P3 "n+ R)

D [ Dist"ne

P [ Po*e!

R [ R"n8

Dist"ne Dist"ne is t-e ,"lue t-"t (e"su!es t-e soi"l +ist"ne %et*een S


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Dist"ne is t-e ,"lue t-"t (e"su!es t-e soi"l +ist"ne %et*een S

T-e "ssess(ent o& D *ill usu"ll. %e (e"su!es o& soi"l +ist"ne %"

st"%le soi"l "tt!i%utes) 'D

$ositi,e $oliteness

WD neg"ti,e $oliteness

Po*e!Po*e! is " (e"su!e o& $o*e! t-"t H -"s o,e! S


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Po*e! is " (e"su!e o& $o*e! t-"t H -"s o,e! S

T-e!e "!e t*o sou!es o& P M"te!i"l "n+ Met"$-ont!ol)

'P$ositi,e $oliteness

WPneg"ti,e $oliteness

R"n8 R"n8 is " ,"lue t-"t (e"su!es t-e +eg!ee to *-i- t-e FTA is !"te


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gi($osition in t-"t ultu!e)

It is "lso inlu+es *-et-e! "to!s -",e s$eiG !ig-t o! o%lig"tion tot-e "t3 *-et-e! t-e. -",e s$eiG !e"sons &o! not $e!&o!(ing t-e(

'9 $ositi,e $oliteness

W9 neg"ti,e $oliteness

Disussion


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T-"n8 .ou


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presentation on politeness

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