presentation on shell’s alaska activities dec 4th & 5th 2012
DESCRIPTION
On the 4th and 5th of December 2012, Marvin Odum, Director Upstream Americas, and David Lawrence, Executive Vice-President Exploration & Commercial Upstream Americas, held a round table on Alaska with shareholders. The importance of arctic exploration as well as the safety measures put in place to mitigate and respond to unlikely incidents were discussed.TRANSCRIPT
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 1
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
ALASKA UPDATE
LONDON/THE HAGUE DECEMBER 4/5th, 2012
ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 2
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
MARVIN ODUM DIRECTOR UPSTREAM AMERICAS
ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC ALASKA
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 3
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
The companies in which Royal Dutch Shell plc directly and indirectly owns investments are separate entities. In this presentation “Shell”, “Shell group” and “Royal Dutch Shell” are sometimes used for convenience where references are made to Royal Dutch Shell plc and its subsidiaries in general. Likewise, the words “we”, “us” and “our” are also used to refer to subsidiaries in general or to those who work for them. These expressions are also used where no useful purpose is served by identifying the particular company or companies. „„Subsidiaries‟‟, “Shell subsidiaries” and “Shell companies” as used in this presentation refer to companies in which Royal Dutch Shell either directly or indirectly has control, by having either a majority of the voting rights or the right to exercise a controlling influence. The companies in which Shell has significant influence but not control are referred to as “associated companies” or “associates” and companies in which Shell has joint control are referred to as “jointly controlled entities”. In this presentation, associates and jointly controlled entities are also referred to as “equity-accounted investments”. The term “Shell interest” is used for convenience to indicate the direct and/or indirect (for example, through our 23% shareholding in Woodside Petroleum Ltd.) ownership interest held by Shell in a venture, partnership or company, after exclusion of all third-party interest. This presentation contains forward-looking statements concerning the financial condition, results of operations and businesses of Royal Dutch Shell. All statements other than statements of historical fact are, or may be deemed to be, forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are statements of future expectations that are based on management‟s current expectations and assumptions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, performance or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied in these statements. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements concerning the potential exposure of Royal Dutch Shell to market risks and statements expressing management‟s expectations, beliefs, estimates, forecasts, projections and assumptions. These forward-looking statements are identified by their use of terms and phrases such as „„anticipate‟‟, „„believe‟‟, „„could‟‟, „„estimate‟‟, „„expect‟‟, „„intend‟‟, „„may‟‟, „„plan‟‟, „„objectives‟‟, „„outlook‟‟, „„probably‟‟, „„project‟‟, „„will‟‟, „„seek‟‟, „„target‟‟, „„risks‟‟, „„goals‟‟, „„should‟‟ and similar terms and phrases. There are a number of factors that could affect the future operations of Royal Dutch Shell and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements included in this presentation, including (without limitation): (a) price fluctuations in crude oil and natural gas; (b) changes in demand for Shell‟s products; (c) currency fluctuations; (d) drilling and production results; (e) reserves estimates; (f) loss of market share and industry competition; (g) environmental and physical risks; (h) risks associated with the identification of suitable potential acquisition properties and targets, and successful negotiation and completion of such transactions; (i) the risk of doing business in developing countries and countries subject to international sanctions; (j) legislative, fiscal and regulatory developments including potential litigation and regulatory measures as a result of climate changes; (k) economic and financial market conditions in various countries and regions; (l) political risks, including the risks of expropriation and renegotiation of the terms of contracts with governmental entities, delays or advancements in the approval of projects and delays in the reimbursement for shared costs; and (m) changes in trading conditions. All forward-looking statements contained in this presentation are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Additional factors that may affect future results are contained in Royal Dutch Shell‟s 20-F for the year ended 31 December, 2011 (available at www.shell.com/investor and www.sec.gov ). These factors also should be considered by the reader. Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of this presentation, 4 December 2012. Neither Royal Dutch Shell nor any of its subsidiaries undertake any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or other information. In light of these risks, results could differ materially from those stated, implied or inferred from the forward-looking statements contained in this presentation. There can be no assurance that dividend payments will match or exceed those set out in this presentation in the future, or that they will be made at all. We use certain terms in this presentation, such as resources, that the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) guidelines strictly prohibit us from including in filings with the SEC. U.S. Investors are urged to consider closely the disclosure in our Form 20-F, File No 1-32575, available on the SEC website www.sec.gov. You can also obtain these forms from the SEC by calling 1-800-SEC-0330.
DEFINITIONS AND CAUTIONARY NOTE
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 4
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
GLOBAL ENERGY OUTLOOK
DEMAND GROWTH
Energy demand outlook in million boe/d
0
100
200
300
400
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
ALL FORMS OF ENERGY WILL BE NEEDED
Shell activities
Oil
Nuclear Other renewables Solar
Natural gas
Wind Biomass
Coal
9 billion people in 2050
Energy demand +60% 2010 – 2050
Solar, Wind and Biofuel only 1% of energy mix today; growing to 10-15% by 2050
Hydrocarbons continue to be some 70% of energy mix in 2050
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 5
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
ARCTIC ACTIVITY: INDUSTRY
SIGNIFICANT DRILLING ACTIVITY: 1960s TO PRESENT
Significant drilling offshore
>250 wells offshore/ archipelago Arctic North America
~500 wells onshore Prudhoe Bay area
Drilling in Norwegian and Russian arctic
494
30
5
85
174 Chukchi
US Beaufort
Canada Archipelago
Canada Beaufort
North Slope Alaska
85 = Number of wells
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 6
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
1 USGS Estimates from US Department of the Interior US Geological Survey “Circum-Arctic Resources Appraisal”, 2008 2 MMS Estimate from US Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service “Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources, Alaska Federal Offshore”, 2006
RESOURCE POTENTIAL
SHELL ARCTIC POSITIONS
MAJOR UNDISCOVERED RESOURCES IN MATURE HYDROCARBON AREA
Arctic
22% of the undiscovered, technically recoverable resources in the world 1
Alaska
~30 billion bbls of oil and 221 tcf of natural gas 1
Alaska Outer Continental Shelf (mainly Chukchi and Beaufort) to contain ~27 bln bbl oil and 132 tcf of natural gas 2
CANADA
RUSSIA
KAZAKHSTAN
NORWAY
GREENLAND
UNITED STATES
SALYM
KASHAGAN
SAKHALIN
NORTH POLE
ORMEN LANGE
BAFFIN BAY
NIGLINTGAK
CHUKCHI
BEAUFORT
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 7
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
ALASKA PRODUCTION HISTORY
Colville River & Northstar
North Slope – Other Fields
Kuparuk & Milne Point
Prudhoe Bay
Cook Inlet
1957 –Swanson River oil field, Kenai Peninsula
1963 – Shell drills first offshore oil well in Alaska
1977 - Trans-Alaska Pipeline completed
1967 – ARCO (BP) Prudhoe Bay oil field discovered
1969 –Sinclair/ARCO (BP) Kuparuk oil field discovered
1989-1991 Shell /Chevron explore Chukchi sea and drill 5 wells
1974 - Trans-Alaska Pipeline started
2001 – BP Northstar field, Beaufort Sea, becomes operational
1987– BP/Exxon Endicott Field, Beaufort Sea, becomes operational.
1981 - Kuparuk oil field onstream , Conoco operated
2002 – Encana, Beaufort Sea, McCovey Prospect drilled
2005 – Shell acquires leases in Beaufort Sea
2008 – Shell acquires leases in Chukchi sea
2011– ENI Nikaitchuq starts production, Beaufort Sea
1958 1963 1968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
2011
Bbl/d production
2000 – Conoco Alpine field, becomes operational
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 8
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
BP Endicott, Beaufort Sea, 1987
ALASKA OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENTS
OFFSHORE EXPLORATION + PRODUCTION UNDERWAY ARTIFICIAL ISLAND DEVELOPMENTS
BP Northstar, Beaufort Sea, 2001 BP Endicott, Beaufort Sea, 1987
ENI Nikaitchuq, Beaufort Sea, 2011
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 9
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
ALASKA DRILLING: WELL CONTROL
Response & Recovery
Control & Barriers Incident
Haz
ard
Cons
eque
nces
Mitigate consequences
Minimize likelihood
CONTROL & BARRIERS: Known pressures – previous drilling Drilling mud Blow out preventers Rigorous training for operators Real time operating center Drilling well on paper
RESPONSE & RECOVERY Cap & Contain system Arctic containment dome Arctic containment system Oil spill response equipment 2nd rig in theatre for relief well
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 10
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
MULTIPLE BARRIERS -ALASKA
4 BARRIERS DRILLING FLUID BLOW OUT PREVENTER
CAPPING STACK ARCTIC CONTAINMENT SYSTEM
1
1
2
2
3 4
3 4
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 11
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
OIL SPILL RESPONSE
www.shell.us/Alaska Oil spill response animation
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 12
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
DAVE LAWRENCE EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT EXPLORATION/COMMERCIAL UPSTREAM AMERICAS
ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC ALASKA
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 13
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
SHELL ARCTIC OVERVIEW
2012 DRILLING IN CHUKCHI AND BEAUFORT 2012 ACTIVITIES COMPLETED SAFELY
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 14
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
ALASKA SPEND 2006 - 2012 ~$5 BILLION
SHELL INVESTMENT IN ALASKA
First of its kind custom built Arctic Containment System
Pre-built capping stack
CAP & CONTAIN
More than 20 support vessels in place
SUPPORT VESSELS
Leases Drilling & Support
Exploration expense
Capping and Containment Overhead
Two Arctic drill ships in place
DRILLING
450 community visits
ENGAGEMENT
Capitalised Expensed
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 15
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
CHUKCHI + BEAUFORT
Shell
Exxon
Anadarko
Chevron
Total
BP
Conoco
ENI
Repsol
Statoil
Others
Pipelines
COMPETITIVE SHELL ACREAGE POSITION
Trans Alaska Pipeline
Kivalina
Point Hope
Point Lay
Wainwright
Barrow
Kaktovik
Deadhorse
Prudhoe Bay Kuparuk
Chukchi
Beaufort
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 16
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
ALASKA DRILLING SEASON
Beaufort
Chukchi
Ability to drill in hydrocarbon zone
Ability to drill top hole only
Typical Ice Year
LIMITED DRILLING WINDOW Short ice free season Beaufort whaling shutdown Chukchi blackout period from HC zones
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Permit
Whaling break
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 17
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
2012 MOBILIZATION
22 VESSELS IN THEATRE ~2,000 PERSONNEL 2012 ACTIVITIES COMPLETED SAFELY
Drilling Rig Support Vessel
Aviation Oil Spill Response
FENNICA Primary Ice management
TOR VIKING Anchor handling & secondary ice management
NANUQ Spill recovery & accomodation
KLAMATH/GUARDSMAN Spill recovery barge & tug
TUKPUK landing craft
HARVEY EXPLORER Supply vessel
HARVEY SPIRIT Supply vessel
AFFINITY Fuel supply & CSR tanker
ARCTIC CHALLENGER/CORBIN FOSS Containment system barge & tug
NORDICA Primary ice management
AIVIQ Anchor handling & secondary ice management
HARVEY SISAUQ Supply vessel/waste
LAUREN FOSS/TUUQ Supply & waste storage
ENDEAVOR/PT OLIKTOK Spill recovery barge & tug
ARCTIC SEAL Landing craft
KULLUK Drilling rig
NOBLE DISCOVERY Drill ship
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 18
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
2012 PERFORMANCE
Drilling in Alaskan waters
Discoverer is re-supplied during 2012 operations
CHALLENGES
Heaviest ice year for a decade
Kulluk could not start drilling before the whaling season began
Permits uncertainty around Arctic Containment System
Containment dome damaged during testing
Whaling hunt prolonged due to bad weather and funeral
RESULTS
2 top holes drilled
>20 vessels and 2,000 employees/contractors with some 12,000 employee rotations
Successful mobilization + demobilization
Positive support from regulators + community
First time all permits in a useable form were received
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 19
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
MARVIN ODUM DIRECTOR UPSTREAM AMERICAS
ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC ALASKA
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 20
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT + PERMITTING
> 450 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTS MULTIPLE PERMITTING BODIES + JURISDICTIONS
Community engagement
LOCAL SUPPORT FOR SHELL
Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation
North Slope Borough
Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission
National Marine Fisheries Service
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management/Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
Environmental Protection Agency
Fish and Wildlife Service
United States Coast Guard
Nuiqsut
Barrow Wainwright
Point Lay
Point Hope
Kivalina
Kiana Kotzebue
Shishmaref
Kaktovik
< 10
11 - 20
>20
# of engagements
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 21
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
ENGAGEMENT + COMMITMENT
Traditional practices
Community engagement
6 YEARS OF ENGAGEMENTS & OUTREACH Strategic stakeholder initiatives to 3-D mapping: North Slope to
Washington, DC North Slope Residents: Listening, adjusting, cooperating: respect for
dialogue CAA, NSB Science agreement, jobs/contracting
Stakeholder engagement (450+ visits) Using Traditional knowledge and modifying the program Put tools in the hands of those that would support us OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE A higher bar: Oil Spill Response, Technology, Science & MOUs Economic “justice” for stakeholders via local business development Operational Commitments: whaling, transit, PSOs, emissions RESOLUTION Making the case for Shell‟s Alaska Program A more aggressive legal and outreach strategy Stronger permits that “learned” from past deficiencies Mitigate the drive to litigation
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 22
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT
LONG TERM DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS IN CASE OF DISCOVERY
YEAR ROUND ACTIVITY ARCTIC PIPELINE ENVIRONMENT
Ice gouge Development concept
Strudel scour
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 23
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
SHELL IN ARCTIC CONDITIONS
WORLDWIDE EXPERIENCE ALASKA DRILLING + DEVELOPMENT HISTORY
Beaufort + Chukchi (1980s-1990s)
Cook Inlet (1960s – 1990s) Kashagan (2000s)
Sakhalin (2000s)
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 24
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
VISION FOR LONG TERM SUCCESS
SUSTAINED LICENSE TO OPERATE
Exploration + development success
Alignment with stakeholders
National energy policy
INCREASED UTILIZATION OF DRILLING DAYS
Equipment readiness
Expand fleet capability
Realize learning curve on drilling efficiency
ENHANCE VENTURE VALUE
Integrated activity planning
Early program definition
Contracting for long term cost reduction
Kulluk in Dutch Harbour, 2012
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 25
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Q&A
ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC ALASKA
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 26
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
APPENDIX
ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC ALASKA
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 27
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
CHUKCHI SEA
EXPLORATION WELLS 1989-1991; BURGER GAS DISCOVERY KNOWN PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES KEY ACTIVITY: BURGER APPRAISAL
Shell Conoco
ENI
Repsol
Statoil
Chevron Diamond, 1991
Shell Burger-1, 1990
Shell Klondike, 1989
Shell Popcorn, 1990
Shell Crackerjack 1991
Shell Burger-A, 2012
Wainwright
Barrow
Well Location
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 28
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
BEAUFORT SEA
NEAR-OFFSHORE EXTENSIVELY DRILLED KNOWN PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES KEY ACTIVITY: SIVULLIQ EXPLORATION PROSPECT
Shell
Exxon
Anadarko
Chevron
Total
BP
Conoco
ENI
Repsol
Statoil
Others
Pipelines
Shell Sivulliq, 2012
Oil and Gas
Oil, Gas and Condensate
Encana McCovey 2002 Antares
Exxon 1985
Trans Alaska Pipeline
Deadhorse
Prudhoe Bay
BP, Endicot Production 1987
BP, Northstar Production 2001
Well Location
Kaktovik
Nuiqsut Point Thomson, Exxon Under development
Amoco (BP) Galahad 1991 Amoco (BP)
Belcher 1989
ENI, Nikaitchuq Production 2011
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 29
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
ALASKA FLEET: RIGS
MUTUALLY SUPPORTING RIGS MAJOR INVESTMENT FOR MULTI YEAR CAMPAIGN
Noble Discoverer: Chukchi sea rig
Kulluk: Beaufort sea rig
ARCTIC RIGS
Turret moored drill ship
Ice strengthened sponsons
State of the art emissions control
Moored semi-submersible rig: Shell owned
Conical hull
Ice class rig: designed for arctic
State of the art emissions control
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 30
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
ICEBREAKER + LOGISTICS OIL SPILL RESPONSE
Multiple oil spill response vessels pre-positioned in theatre
500,000 bbl Arctic tanker pre staged Onshore and nearshore equipment pre staged Fully certified equipment and trained staff Co-ordination with Coast Guard
2 primary + 2 secondary ice management vessels Multiple supply vessels Redundant equipment with two operating areas Fleet capable of operating in ice conditions if
necessary
SUPPORT VESSELS
MV Aiviq: Ice class anchor handler Nanuq: Oil spill response vessel
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 31
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
CAP + CONTAIN SYSTEM
Capping Stack: First response if BOPs fail Shell commissioned equipment Arctic Containment System (ACS): Consists of containment dome and production
vessel Interoperable with capping stack
FIRST PRE-DEPLOYED CAP & CONTAINMENT SYSTEM FOR ANY WELL WORLDWIDE Shell capping stack
Arctic containment system
Copyright of Royal Dutch Shell plc 4 December, 2012 32
Line of axis
Line of axis
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Guide
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
Gui
de
ALASKA: SHALLOW WATER, LOW PRESSURE
LOW PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE REGIME REDUNDANCY DESIGNED INTO WELLS