presentation on stack monitoring for industries

Satpal

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CONTENTS TO BE COVERED…

Introduction to stack monitoring

Stack

Stack Emission Monitoring

Stack monitoring for Thermal

Power Plant

Stack monitoring for Fertilizer

Industry

Stack monitoring for Oil

Refineries

Discussion & Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

Atmosphere which makes up largest fraction of

the biosphere is the dynamic system that

continuously absorbs a wide range of solids,

liquids and gases from both man-made &

natural sources.

Undesirable change in physical, chemical &

biological characteristics of air which adversely

effect the life is called air POLLUTION. The

pollutants can be dust, odour, mist, smoke, etc.

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There are various

sources of emission of

air pollutants and

Industry is majorly

responsible for

emitting air pollutants

into the atmosphere.

Source: http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lj8vfzptb01qg5mwho1_500.gif

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The industry includes:-

Iron & steel

Thermal power plants

Copper/zinc/aluminum

smelters

Oil refineries/

petrochemical

industries

Pesticides & fertilizer

units, etc.

Smoke emissions come

out of power plants by

stacks. Source: http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-

new/ehow/images/a08/c3/c1/five-different-types-air-

pollution-800x800.jpg

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The main pollutants are:-

CO

NOx

CO2

SOx

SPM, etc.

The gases emitted from the

stack impair the composition of

the atmosphere. Thus causes air

pollution. Therefore, analysis &

monitoring of pollutants is

done.

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STACK

A stack is a structure for

venting hot flue gases or

smoke from a boiler, stove,

furnace or fireplace to the

outside atmosphere.

These are typically vertical

to ensure that the gases flow

smoothly through them.

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The height of stack plays an important role in their

ability to transfer flue gases and it varies for

different industries.

The dispersion of pollutants at a higher altitude

helps reduce the influence of pollutants in the

surroundings.

In the case of chemically aggressive output, the tall

stack allows partial or complete self- neutralization

of chemicals in the air before they reach the ground.

The dispersion of pollutants over a large area

reduces their concentration in compliance with

regulatory limits.

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STACK EMISSION MONITORING

Stack monitoring is performed

by inserting a measuring device

into the stack to obtain a sample

of flume.

The purpose of stack sampling

is to determine the quantity,

quality & the type of pollutants

emitted from a specific source,

efficiency of the pollutant

collector & to determine an

appropriate design for air

pollution control equipment. Source:

http://www.motorship.com/__data/assets/image/0018/6452

10/varieties/carousel.jpg

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Parameters to be considered….

S.No. Parameter Location Frequency

1 Temperature Secondary

combustion chamber,

stack emissions

Continuous

monitoring

2 Carbon monoxide Stack emissions Continuous

3 Excess oxygen Secondary

combustion chamber,

stack emissions

Continuous

4 Pressure Combustion chambers Continuous

5 Total particulate

matter

Stack emissions Continuous

6 HCl Stack emissions Continuous

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s.no. Parameter Location Frequency

7 HF Stack emissions Once in every month,

initially for first year.

If the correlation with

HCL scrubbing

efficiency is

established, the

frequency may be

relaxed by the State

Boards/ Pollution

Control Committees

appropriately

8 SO2 Stack emissions Continuous

9 NOx Stack emissions Continuous

10 Mercury Stack emissions Twice a year, under

critical operating

conditions

11 Heavy metals Stack emissions, Twice a year

Source :- www.cpcb.nic.in

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STACK MONITORING FOR

THERMAL POWER PLANT

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With the current world recession & high price of oil

& gas supplies many countries are building more

coal fired power plants.

Unfortunately out of all the fossil fuels coal

produces the greatest amount of carbon dioxide

emission when combusted.

When the coal is burnt in the boiler furnace, gases,

particulates & the vapors are produced & most of

these are removed in the fume treatment plant

process.

Thermal power plant belong to 17 categories of

highly polluting industries as mentioned by CPCB

in 2000.

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The increased dependence of the power sector on coal

has been associated with emissions from power plants

in the form of particulate matter, toxic elements, fly

ash, oxides of nitrogen, sulphur and carbon besides

ash which requires large stretches of land for disposal.

The amount of pollutants released depends upon the

quality of coal being used in the plant.


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The emissions also contain certain trace elements

such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel & vanadium.

Oxides of nitrogen are the main pollutants.

The stack height in a thermal power plant is directly

proportional to the pollution generation capacity of

the plant.


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If the plant is being used for steam

generation and coal is being used as the

input then the stack heights are given as

follows :-


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FERTILIZER INDUSTRY

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Environmental issues concerning the production of

fertilizers include potential pollution of air, water and

land.

A typical fertilizer unit in India produces 300 tons per day

of ammonia, 300tons/day of urea, 1100tons/day of

complex fertilizer & 130tons/day of methanol.

Atmospheric pollutants emitted by the fertilizer industry

can include gaseous ammonia (NH3) and ammonium salt

aerosols, nitric and nitrous oxides (NO and N2O), carbon

dioxide(CO2), fluorine – as silicon fluoride (SiF4 ) and

hydrogen fluoride (HF) – sulphur oxides (SOx), fertilizer

dust and acid mists.

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Fertilizer plants in India can be classified into the

following 5 categories:-

Ammonia & Urea plant

Ammonia, Nitric Acid& Ammonium Nitrate

plants

Ammonia, urea, phosphoric acid & complex

fertilizer plants

Ammonia, urea, ammonium sulphate and

sulphuric acid plants

Ammonia, urea, phosphoric acid, nitric acid,

sulphuric acid plants

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Parameters to be considered…..

PARAMETERS UNITS TOLERANCE LIMIT

N MG/L 20

SO2 MG/L 1000

P MG/L 5

F MG/L 10


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EMISSIONS Parameter VALUES

Phosphatic Fertilizers

(Fluorides and

particulate matter

emission)

Phosphoric acid

manufacturing unit

Granulation mixing

and

grinding or rock

phosphate

25 milligram per

normal cubic

meter as total Fluoride

150

milligram per normal

cubic

meter of particulate

matter.

Urea (Particulate

matter emission)

Pricing Tower

Commissioned

prior to January 1,

1982

150 milligram per

normal cubic

meter or 2 kilogram

per tone of

product.

Commissioned after 1-

1-1982

50 milligram per

normal cubic

meter or 0.5 kilogram

per tone

of product


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The frequency and duration of sampling depends

upon the nature of pollutant.


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PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

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The exploration and exploitation activities often have

a severe impact on the various components of

environment i.e. Air, Water, Land & on health unless

proper preventive measures are taken.

The various sources of air pollution in an oil field

are-

The exhaust generated by engines , generators ,compressors

etc.

Pungent fumes , odours and dust from mud fields.

Evaporation of oil from the oil fields in the form of

vapours.

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Burning of the oil in the

oil pit.

Flaring the natural gas

directly into the

atmosphere.

Presence of smoke ,fog

mist in which the SPM

remains suspended

Increase in the

temperature of the

surrounding by the heat

generated by the flare.

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The main pollutants generated

from such sources are :–

Sulphur Oxides

Carbon Monoxide

Nitrogen Oxides

Additional Pollutants :-

Hydrogen Sulphide

Benzene and Toulene

Volatile Organic

Compounds

Stack height in these

industries are generally

expected to be 30m or above.

Permissible Limits……

Production amount

GASES UNITS LIMITS

SO2 Mg/Nm3 50

NOx Mg/Nm3 350

CO Mg/Nm3 150

Particulate

Matter

Mg/Nm3 10


Source :- http://www.stockwatch.in/ongc-sonangol-jointly-bid-

oil-field-angola-24511

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DISSCUSSION & CONCLUSION

The objectives of monitoring emissions from stacks

of these industries are as follows:-

to ensure that air emissions from the ongoing

operation of the industry are minimized

to ensure that high quality data are available to

model and verify ambient air quality

ensure that an emissions control strategy is in place

to monitor air emissions & ambient air quality

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If You pollute the air,

The air will pollute you

THANK YOU