presentation radioactivity risk doses

7/31/2019 Presentation Radioactivity Risk Doses

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dosesdoses

J.L. Gut ier r ezJ.L. Gu t ier r ez-- Vi l lan u ev aV i l l anueva

Depa r t m en t o f So i l and Env i r onm en tDepa r t m en t o f So i l and Env i r onm en t

Upp sala, SW EDENUpp sala, SW EDEN

Un ive rs i t yUn i v e r si t y o f Ca n t a b r i ao f Can t ab r ia

Sant ander , SPAI NSant ander , SPAI N


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1. Introduction

2. Basic concepts

3. Radon Gas and Natural Radiation: risk assessment

.

5. Summary: Some key messages

. c v y: ne m nu e paper


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1. Introduction

2. Basic concepts


4. Doses


6. Activity: One minute paper


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Date Location

Cost

(in millions

2006 $US)

INES

level

January 3, 1961 Idaho Falls, Idaho, US 22 4

December 7, 1975 Greifswald, East Germany 443 3February 22, 1977 Jaslovsk Bohunice, Czechoslovakia 1,700 4

March 28, 1979 Middletown, Pennsylvania, US 2,400 5

pr , r pya , ra n an ,

September 30, 1999 Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan 54 4

February 16, 2002 Oak Harbor, Ohio, US 143 3

August 9, 2004 Fukui Prefecture, Japan 9 1, , ,


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Radithor radium solution -1928

min. 37 kBq Ra-226 and Ra-

3 glass/ day

stimulating,

relaxingincrease the sexual potencial

M. Byers death due to

Radithor- 1932


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At the end of this lecture:

You will understand basic concepts on radioactivity

ou w earn a oses rom

are more important than those from artificial sources

You will be able to explain the main risk of radon gas


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1. Introduction

2. Basic concepts


4. Doses




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When was the word radiactivity first time used ?

Nobel prize in Physics (1903)

Nobel prize in chemistry (1911)

She is the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two

different sciences

Irne Joliot-Curie (Nobel prize in chemistry - 1935)

Frdric Joliot-Curie (Nobel prize in chemistry - 1935)


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Al ha deca : Emission of an al ha article b a nucleus

HeHe4 +4 +

22

High enery (MeV)

Elements heavy nucleus

2 3 82 3 82 2 22 2 2 2 1 02 1 0

9 29 28 68 6 8 48 4


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Alpha spectrum


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Beta decay: Emission of beta particle (positive or

nega ve y a nuc eus. so e ec ron cap ure y anucleus.

Less energy than alpha emission

Continuous spectrum of energy

9 09 0

HH11

3 83 8


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Gammna decay: Photons emission by a nucleus when

reaching steady state of energy.

Photons with different energies

X Rays Gamma Rays (with different

energies)

Gamma rays = Nucleus

X Rays = Atomic crust

CoCo6 06 0

2 72 7TcTc

9 99 9

4 34 3


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Gamma spectrum

450000

350000

400000

200000

250000

300000

Co

unts

100000

150000

0

50000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Channel


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Lets remember

Half life (T1/2): Neccesary time for an isotope to decrease its nucleus by

Decay constant (): Probability of disintegration by time

Decay chain: chained series of transformations (4 Natural decaychains)


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Units on radioactivity

Becquerel (Bq) : unit of activity in the International System of

Units 1Bq = 1 DPS (disintegration / second)

Curie (Ci) : Old unit of activity 1 Ci = 3.7 1010 Bq

Concentration : Bq/kg, Bq/l, Bq/m3

Sievert (Sv) : Unit for equivalent dose

Working Level Month (WLM): Occupational exposure

(1 WLM is approximately equivalent to an exposure of 150 Bq

m-3 in a year)


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Expontentials decay law

T1/2 = 0.693/ A = A0 e-t


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Natural decay series

Serie Father Half life ears Final roduct

Thrium 232Th 1.41 1010 Pb-208

Neptunium 237Np 2.14 106 Pb-209

ran um . -

Actinium 235U 7.18 108 Pb-208

= 9


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Natural Radioactivity

Every second values are lower and lower : Exponentialdecay

In our bodies : 40K

In the rocks, air, water, food, clothes, EVERYWHERE More than 50 % of dose is NATURAL RADIATION


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Radioactive isotopes can be created

Fission and fusion = Energy AND/OR destruction

X-ray detectors

Medical applications

n us r a app ca ons


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Natural Radioactivity

Cosmic radiation

Radiation, people and the

environment (IAEA, February2004)


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What have we learnt ?


Radiactivity: natural and artificial

3 decay modes: alpha, beta and gamma

Units: activit B Ci WLM

4 Natural decay series


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1. Introduction

2. Basic concepts

3. Radon Gas and Natural Radiation: risk

assessment

4. Doses




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238238UU Natural seriesNatural series

238U : Earth crust

Average content in soils in the world: 35 Bq Kg-1 (UNSCEAR 2000)


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222222

Noble gasNoble gas

AlphaAlpha EmitterEmitter (5.49(5.49 MeVMeV))

TT11/2/2 = 3.82 d= 3.82 d

mechanisms

SoilsSoilsBuildingBuilding

MaterialsMaterialsWaterWater


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81 % comes from

Radon and others


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Radon health risksRadon health risks

Radon inhalation (and progeny)Radon inhalation (and progeny)causes alpha irradiation in the cellscauses alpha irradiation in the cellso e resp ra ory raco e resp ra ory rac

Mutations, ma ignant trans ormationMutations, ma ignant trans ormationLung cancer riskLung cancer risk


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RADON PROGENY INHALATIONRADON PROGENY INHALATION

Increase in risk of lung cancer:

16% for 100 Bq/m3 95% CI (5, 31)

After correction for the dilution due to random

year-to-year variability in residential radon

concentrations, as well as stratification for

study, age, sex, broad region of residence withinstudy, and detailed smoking history.

(Darby el al. 2006)

INTERNATIONAL RADON PROJECT (WHO, 2005 - 2009)


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WHO HANDBOOK ONINDOOR RADON, WHO 2009


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WHO HANDBOOK ONINDOOR RADON, WHO 2009


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RADON CONCENTRATION MAY PRESENT VARIATIONSRADON CONCENTRATION MAY PRESENT VARIATIONS

-- 3 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE3 ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE

-- FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHERFROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER

--

SO MEASUREMENT CAMPAINGS ARE ESSENTIAL


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Radon decay productsRadon decay productsii

Radon exhalation

ratin

RADON

Disinte

n

t

Unattached progeny+ 88 %+ 88 %Neutro 12 %Neutro 12 %

0.50.5 -- 11

,Soil

Attachm

Recoil

OnlyOnly 218218PoPo

Deposit

Attached ro en1010 -- 10001000

Aerosol particle


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Radon sources andRadon sources and

SoilsSoils BuildingBuildingmaterialsmaterialsWaterWater

DiffusionDiffusionThroughThrough concentration differencesconcentration differencesRelative gas movement within containing materialRelative gas movement within containing material

ransporransporConvectionConvection

ThroughThrough pressure/temperature differencespressure/temperature differencesGas containing fluid acts as a carrierGas containing fluid acts as a carrier


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Major Radon entry routes

INFORMATION SHEET March 2004 (WHO)

UE Recomendation 90/143 On the protection of population


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UE Recomendation 90/143 On the protection of population

against the risks of indoor radon exposure (1990)

New and existing dwellings

New buildings: 10 mSv/year equivalent to an annual average radonconcentration of 200 Bq/m3

x st ng u ngs: m v year equ va en o an annua average ra on

concentration of 400 Bq/m3

COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 20 December 2001 on the


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COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 20 December 2001 on the

protection of the public against exposure to radon in drinking water


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Passive

Alpha track

Activated charcoal

Electrets

c ve

Electronic Integrating Device


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INDOOR RADON, WHO 2009

Alpha Track Detectors


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Alpha Track Detectors

-

Measuring equipment


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Alpha Tracks

Picture from Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland

Activated charcoal detectors


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Activated charcoal detectors

Picorad

radondetectors and Quantulus


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Electrets radon detectors

Active Radon detectors


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Active Radon detectors

RTM 2100 SARAD GMbH

Alphaguard Saphymo GmbH

RAD7 Durridge Radon Instrumentation


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WHO HANDBOOK ON

INDOOR RADON, WHO

2009


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Radon in Dwellings

The Irish National Radon

Survey, RPII-02/1

Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland


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Health Protection Agency

SPAI N: W HAT W E KNOW


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RADON MEASUREMENTS : MAIN RESULTS FROM

THE NATIONAL SURVEY (1989-1991)

Number of dwellings surveyed: 2,000

Around 500 cities and villages

3 3

Percentage of dwellings above 400 Bq/m3 : 2%

Highest value found: 15,400 Bq/m3

IDENTIFIED, IN THE CENTER AND THE WEST OF THE

COUNTRY

SPAI NSPAI N:: W HATW HAT W EW E KNOWKNOW


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SPAI NSPAI N:: W HATW HAT W EW E KNOWKNOW ......

7% 7%0% 3% 0%

18% 0%

19%

0%0%

0%0%

4%

4%

0%

0%

0%0%

16%

8%

2%17%

0%

3%

0%

0%

6%

0%

4%

0%0%

7% 0%

0% 0%

0%

0%

0%

0% 0% 0%



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21%

18% 14%2% 7% 4%

0%6%

28%

32% 0%

36%

0%

4%

0,3%

12%

8%0%

0%

1%

0%4%

> 2 0 0 Bq / > 2 0 0 Bq / mm 3320%

39%

3%

13%

3%

11%

0%

22%

12%0%

10% 1% 0%

1%

4% 7% 4%

0%



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NATURAL RADIATION MAP (MARNA Project) (1991- )

AN ONGOING PROJECT THAT IS BEING CARRIED OUT BY THE CSN , THE

URANIUM NATIONAL COMPANY, SOME UNIVERSITIES AND AUTONOMOUS

COMMUNITIES.

CURRENTLY IT IS IN THE LAST PHASE. THIS PROJECT PROVIDES US

RADIATION LEVELS ARE SHOWED.

1.500.000 nationwide terrestrial gamma radiation values

1320 nationwide activity concentration data of40K, 226Ra, y 232Th in soil.



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N ATURAL GAMMA RADI ATI ON MAP ( MARN A) AN D I N D OOR RADON LEVELS I N SPAI N

En v i r o n m e n t I n t e r n a t io n al , 2 9 ( 8 ) , 1 0 9 1 - 9 6 , 2 0 0 4



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21%

32%

18% 14%2% 7% 4%

0%

0%

36%

6%0%

4%0,3%

12% 0%

0%4%

28%

22%

20%

11%39%

8%

3% 0%

3%

13%

0%1%

3%

11%

0%

12%

0%

0%

10% 1% 0%

4% 7% 4%

Resu l t s of l u ng cance r i n m en


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g

2008

Data from Instituto de

Resu l t s o f l un g cance r i n w om en


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g

Data from Instituto de


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WHO HANDBOOK ON

INDOOR RADON, WHO

2009


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WHO HANDBOOK ON

INDOOR RADON,

WHO 2009


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Radon natural radioactive noble gas

a on causes ung cancer or q m

Recommended levels: 400 Bq/m3 and 200 Bq/m3

Measurement devices: active and passive

Solutions to the radon problem


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1. Introduction

2. Basic concepts


4. Doses



RADON CONC.


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7400 Bq/m3

740 Bq/m3

q m

7.4 Bq/m3

0.74 Bq/m3

Lets remember


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Let s remember

Absorbed dose: is a measure of the energy deposited in a medium by

Equivalent dose : Absorbed dose in a tissue. Weighting factors depending onthe type of radiation SIEVERT (Sv)

HT = RwRDT,R

wR (fotones) = 1

wR (alfa) = 20

Effective dose : SUM of all equivalent doses in all tissues and organs of thebody due to internal and external radiations SIEVERT (Sv)

w (gnadas) = 0.20

E = T wT RwRDT,Rw

T(mdula) = 0.12

Effective Dose calculationsEffective Dose calculations


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H ~CxF x O xDCF

H: effective doseC: concentration of radonO: OccupancyF: E uilibrium factor

IntegratedIntegratedoror

DCF: Dose conversion factor

Fixed valuesFixed values

Dose conversion factor, DCF, of UNSCEAR 2000Radon : 5 mSv per WLM

E uilibrium factor F of UNSCEAR 2000 for

SignificantSignificantdifferences in dosedifferences in dose

indoor environment

Radon: FRn = 0.4

Occupancy workers: 2000 h/y, public: 8000 h/y

assessmentassessment

COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of

water intended for human consumption


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Risk assessment


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Dosimetric model

from respiratory tract model

Progeny retention period

Weighting factor for alpha particles

Sensibility of pulmonary tissue

Weighting factors for esch region

Probability density function

Applied to miners conditions (Birchall 1994) 15 mSv WLM-

Applied to dwellings (Marsh 2002) 12 mSv WLM-1

Risk assessment


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Epidemiological studies

Groups of miners

g exposure ra es

Smoking factor

Other agents are included, not only radon

Specific exposure conditions(breathing rates, different concentrations of particles, etc)

Case/control studies in dwellings

risk exposure in dwellingsat the moment

Risk assessment


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EpidemiologicalEpidemiological DosimetricDosimetric

Factor 3Factor 3

Need to modify weighting factor used by ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection)Need to modify weighting factor used by ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection)

-- Lung (0.12 to 0.04)Lung (0.12 to 0.04)

-- Alpha particles (20 to 7)Alpha particles (20 to 7)

-- Pulmonary regionsPulmonary regions

gn can c anges n os me ry o o er ra onuc esgn can c anges n os me ry o o er ra onuc es


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arise from terrestrial radionuclides present at trace levels in all soils

238U and 232Th series and 40K

Factors to be taken into account:

Conversion coefficient from absorbed dose in air to effective

dose (0.7 Sv Gy-1)

indoor occupancy factor (0.8) outdoors occupancy factor (0.2)

EXTERNAL EXPOSURES


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(Natural radiactivity)

,

arising from naturally occurring radionuclides can be determined in

terms of the absorbed dose rate in air at 1 m above the ground surface

Annual effective dose equivalent for adults from outdoor terrestrial

gamma radiation


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oses: ot er aspects

Internal exposures other than radon

Doses by ingestion are mainly due to 40K and to the 238U and 232Th

series

210Po which is present in relatively high concentrations in seafood

Artificial sources: 137Cs



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a ave we earn

Risk assessment: two approaches (dosimetrical

and epidemiological)

How to estimate external ex osures

Other contributors to the dose


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1. Introduction

2. Basic concepts


4. Doses

. ummary: ome ey messages



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Radioactivity: artificial and natural sources


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Concepts on radiactivity

Units:

Activity: Bq, Bq/m

3

, Ci, WLM

Doses: Gy and Sv

Radon recommended levels: 400 Bq/m3 and 200 Bq/m3

Estimation of absorbed dose and effective dose rates

WHO HANDBOOK ON

INDOOR RADON, WHO

2009


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www.elradon.com

. .

Atomic Radiation)

http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/ (Chart of nuclides)

http://www.epa.gov/radon/pubs/citguide.html (A Citizen's Guide to Radon, EPA)

...............................


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1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n

2 . Basic con cept s

3 . Radon Gas and Nat ur a l Rad ia t ion : r i sk

assessment

.

5 . Sum m ary : Som e key m essages

6 .Act i v i t y : On e m i n u t e p ap er


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presentation radioactivity risk doses

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