RHETORICAL MODESA Rhetorical Mode is a strategy, a way or method of presenting a subject through writing or speech.

Rhetorical modes help develop ideas, order them according to certain patterns, and also achieve a particular effect in the reader.

NARRATIONDESCRIPTIONCLASSIFICATION and DIVISIONDEFINITIONILLUSTRATIONCOMPARISON and CONTRASTPROCESSANALOGYCAUSE and EFFECT

NARRATIONNarration is used to present events in the past, the present, or even the imagined future.

Your narrative may:focus on the facts, as, for example, in presenting historical background recreate an experience for readers, as in a personal essay tell an anecdote to introduce a discussion or illustrate a point envision images of the future, as in a proposal for a new policy or project

DESCRIPTIONDescription is used to create images of a place or object, sketch a persons character, or provide images that evoke and share a feeling. Subjective description: emphasizes the emotional impact of scenes, as in a personal essayObjective description: sticks to the physical details, as in a scientific or technical report

CLASSIFICATION / DIVISIONClassification is a useful way of grouping individual entities into identifiable categories based on their similarities. It offers an opportunity to explore similarities within groups and explain the differences and relationships between groups.

CLASSIFICATION / DIVISIONDivision breaks a whole entity into its parts, and offers a chance to explain that entity or subject in detail and to highlight the relationships of its parts.

DEFINITIONWhen introducing a term or concept to the readers, the writer must, clearly and accurately, define it.Synonym offer a word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning Example - offer and example that has all central or typical characteristics of the term we want to define Stipulation - when no fixed or standard definition is available and when some arbitrary specification is necessary to fix the meaning of a key term in the essay

ILLUSTRATIONThe Rhetorical Mode of Illustration refers to the use of detailed examples to make abstract or general ideas or concepts more concrete and specific.

COMPARISON and CONTRASTA Comparison and Contrast essay or paragraph explores the similarities and differences between two or more items, ideas, trends, works, etc. When we compare, we point out the similarities between two items, and when we contrast, we show their differences.

COMPARISON and CONTRASTIn arranging comparison paragraphs you can employ:subject-by-subject organization - discuss each subject in its entiretypoint-by-point organization examine each comparable feature for first one subject and then the other

PROCESSWe use the Rhetorical Mode of Process when we need to provide readers with directions or explain how a mechanism or procedure works.

To explain such processes effectively, label the steps or stages clearly, and present the explanation in chronological order.

ANALOGYAn Analogy compares topics that at first glance seem quite different.A well-chosen analogy can make unfamiliar or technical information seem more commonplace and understandable. To be effective, an analogy must be familiar to the reader, and its features or functions must be congruent with those of the target.

CAUSE and EFFECT

The Cause and Effect strategy is employed when we need to trace the causes of a particular event or situation, to describe its effects, or both.

Logical fallacy:Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc after this therefore because of this - Claims about causation are based simply on an observed temporal sequence

MAIMON, PERITZ, YANCEY THE NEW McGRAW-HILL HAND BOOK 2007