presentation skills enc 3254 speaking & writing for premed students
TRANSCRIPT
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Presentation Skills
ENC 3254
Speaking & Writing for
Premed Students
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Presentations are expensive. Consider whether it is really necessary.
Cost in salaries of audience
Cost in time for presentation
Cost in time to prepare presentation
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Presenter can read audience and react
AB
C
C
D
Presenter receives instant reaction
! ? ! ?
Presentations have advantages over documents
Work can come alive for audience Work
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Speaker has limited chance to catch errors
? ? ?
Audience cannot reread text
has oneaudience
chanceto hear
Audience cannot look up background material
Presentations also have disadvantages
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Informative Speech Assignment
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What are the most common public speaking challenges?
Anxiety Lack of preparation time Not knowing your purpose Not knowing the audience
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Communication Apprehension
The Book of Lists ranks fear of public speaking as the #1 fear, even ahead of death, disease, and nuclear war.
A 2001 Gallup Poll found that public speaking was second only to a fear of snakes.
But….is it Genetic? Or a Learned Behavior? Is it Trait or State CA?
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What are the causes of CA?
Fear of Embarrassment
Fear of Failure
Fear of Rejection
Fear of the Unknown
or Why should we be scared?
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Overcoming or Controlling CA
Choose your topic Know your environment Breathe & Relax Use extras wisely Get the audience’s attention early Know your material & practice Make eye contact with your audience Don’t be afraid to make mistakes Put in the situation into perspective & welcome the
experience
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Presentations can be viewed from three stylistic perspectives
Structure andSpeech
Delivery
Archives, Cal-Tech
Visual Aids
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Structure andSpeech
Visual Aids
Delivery
Archives, Cal-Tech
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audience
purpose occasion
Begin preparing a scientific presentationby analyzing your constraints
Who are they?What do they know?
Why are they here?What biases do they have?
to inform
to persuade
to inspire
to teach
formality
size
time
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There are 2 messages in any speech:
1. The one you send
2. The one the audience receives
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Challenge: Audiences can be Poor Listeners
Reactive to trigger words or topics Listen faster than you can speak Prefer info similar to their beliefs Retain very little
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Goal: Be Compelling
Know Purpose of Speech Know Audience Show Value of Message Build Rapport
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Types of Speeches
Informative
Informative/Persuasive
Persuasive
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Types of Audiences: Demographics
Technical or Non-technical Educational Level Age
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Types of Audiences: Situational & Psychological
Occasion Size of Room & Group
Roles & Motives Culture Feelings about you or your topic
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Speech Overview/Preview Prepares Audience Use Connectives/Transitions Signals Topic Change Review Points Enhances Audience Retention
Goal: Present a clear message
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Beginning
Ending
Middle
As with documents, the structure of presentations should have clear beginnings, middles, and ends
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Beginnings prepare the audiencefor the work to be presented
Defines workDefines work
Work = A + B
Maps presentationMaps presentation
A
B
CD
Shows importanceShows importance
Gives backgroundGives background
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Speech Organization
Introduction Attention grabber thesis/central idea relation statement qualifications (if necessary) preview/forecast
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Speech Organization-Organizational Patterns
Body—or middle of the speech, presents the information in a logical order Topical Triad Chronological Problem/Cause/Solution MMS
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Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Step 1--Attention Step 2-Need Step 3-Satisfaction Step 4-Visualization Step 5-Action
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The ending should summarize main points and place those results in the context of the big picture
point 1point 2point 3point 4
point 5point 6point 7point 8
point 1point 7
Summary
Big Picture
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Speech Organization
Conclusion forewarn audience of ending summarize your main points remind audience of desired response end in an upbeat manner
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Sample Outlines
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Structure andSpeech
Delivery
Archives, Cal-Tech
Visual Aids
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Delivery is the speaker’s interaction with the audience
Cal-Tech
Stage Presence
Voice
AIP Movement
Cal-Tech
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Delivery
How You Give the Speech
Verbal Techniques
Volume, Rate, Emphasis, Vocal Variety, Articulation
Non-verbal Techniques
Personal Appearance, Gestures, Eye Contact
Language
Enhances Understanding
Goal: Be Captivating & Memorable
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Speech Delivery Options
Memorizing the Speech
+ allows eye contact- difficult for long speeches- room for precision errors- no room for improvising
Reading From a Text
+ ensures precision- does not sound natural- no room for improvising- hinders eye contact
Winging It
+ sounds natural- has much room for error
Speaking Extemporaneously
+ insures organization+ allows eye contact+ allows improvising- some room for error
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Delivery Essentials~65% of total message
Eye Contact and Facial Expression 50% of nonverbal message
Body Movement--body language hand gestures, walking, podium use
Vocalics or Paralanguage 30% of nonverbal message
Distracting Mannerisms
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Structure andSpeech
Delivery
Archives, Cal-Tech
Visual Aids