presentation title best practices: antennas, rf ... · • ~3db loss per split – active splitter...
TRANSCRIPT
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Presentation Title Subhead Date
Dave Mendez –Senior Market Development Specialist
Getting The Most Out Of Your Wireless Mics
Best Practices: Antennas, RF Coordination & Hardware
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The Wisdom of Dilbert…
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Antennas: Getting the range you need
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Shure UHF Wireless What Is The Range?
• Let’s define “Range” – Distance between the receiver and where the first drop-out occurs
The range of most PRO UHF systems is approx. 500 ft. under ideal conditions
• Minus: – 95% (outdoor) if the selected frequency overlaps with a TV channel – 65% (indoor) if the selected frequency overlaps with a TV channel – 50% if the frequencies are not compatible (multiple systems) – 50% if the antennas are not properly setup – 50% if used inside of a building – 40% if the receive antennas are very close to other electronic equipment
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UHF Wireless Systems What Is The Range?
794.875 MHz 802.250 MHz
Channel 66 Channel 67
Operating Range:
787.125 MHz
RF Noise Floor
Channel 68 Channel 69
500 ft. 100 ft. 10 ft.
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Squelch Circuits • AMPLITUDE SQUELCH
- based on RF signal strength • NOISE SENSITIVE SQUELCH
- based on audio signal quality, looks for high frequency noise characteristic of RF signal
• TONE KEY SQUELCH
- a super-audible tone is sent with carrier, receiver gate will not open if tone is not present
• INCREASE SQUELCH • May improve system stability and quality of sound • Decreases range
• DECREASE SQUELCH • May improve range & reduce dropouts • Increases noise in system
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Antenna Types
• Omnidirectional – ½ wave or ¼ wave dipole type – Vertical polarization – Uniform sensitivity in plane perpendicular to axis – 2.14dBi gain (relative to theoretical isotropic antenna)
• Directional – Log periodic or helical type – Vertical or circular polarization – Increased sensitivity on-axis – Decreased sensitivity off-axis – Up to 13dBi gain (up to 11dB relative to ½ wave)
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Omnidirectional Antennas
• Omnidirectional – 1/2 Wave (Dipole)
• Whip, telescoping, or cable types • Wideband types available • Independent of ground plane
– 1/4 Wave • Whip type • Narrow band • Must be attached to a ground plane!
¼ L
Ground plane
Current
Current
(Max) ½ L
(Min)
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Antenna Placement ?
Antennas inside steel enclosure
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Wideband Omnidirectional Antenna
Element A
Element B
Horizontal Pattern (viewed from above)
Vertical Pattern (viewed from side)
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Log periodic (with amplifier) Helical
(courtesy of Professional Wireless Systems)
Directional Antennas
• Directional – Log periodic (wide band) – Helical (wide band) – Good for increased range or pattern control
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Log periodic pattern from above (antenna pointing right)
Log Periodic Antenna
• Near cardioid pattern – 470-870 MHz band – 120 deg. beamwidth – 5-7dBi forward gain – Vertical polarization
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
____Vertical Polarization ------- Horizontal Polarization
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
____Vertical Polarization ------- Horizontal Polarization
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
30
210
60
240
90
270
120
300
150
330
180 0
____Vertical Polarization ------- Horizontal Polarization
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Radio Frequency Transmission
• Radio Waves: – Series of electro-magnetic field
variations in space. – Travel a significant distance from
their source. • Radio Signals:
– Radio waves “modulated” to carry information.
– May be modulated in amplitude, frequency, and/or phase
y-axis
x-axis
Direction of propagation
Magnetic field
Electric field
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Receiver Transmitter
Direct path Indirect path (multipath)
Metal reflecting surface (larger than wavelength)
Multipath Interference
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Receiver
Antenna A Antenna B
Antenna switching diversity
Comparator
Diversity Systems 3
Antenna Switch
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Antenna Placement
• Proper orientation
Non-diversity receiver: vertical
Diversity receiver: 90° apart
90°
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Antenna Placement
• Adequate spacing – Minimum: > ¼ wavelength – Best: > 1 wavelength
VHF: 15” UHF: 4”
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Antenna Placement
• Antenna height should be above audience or other obstructions • Altitude is your friend!
>> 6 ft
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Body Attenuation vs. Direction
Bodypack transmitter on performer’s back
Receiver
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Antenna Placement: Wireless Mic Transmit > Wireless Mic receive
• Minimum distance from transmit antenna to receive antenna should be at least 10 ft.
>10 ft.
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Antenna Placement: In-ear Transmit > Wireless Mic Receive
• Minimum distance: In-ear transmit > Wireless mic receive – At least 10 ft. with low-power, omni antennas – Farther with high-power and/or high-gain antennas – May be closer with parallel directional antennas
>10 ft.
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Antenna Placement ?
Antennas in metal cage
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Propagation: Wavelength vs. Obstacle
Metal Obstacle Wavelength
Wavelength much SMALLER than obstacle:
WAVE IS REFLECTED
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Propagation: Wavelength vs. Obstacle
Wavelength
Wavelength much LARGER than obstacle:
WAVE PASSES BY
Metal Obstacle
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Propagation: Wavelength vs. Opening
Wavelength
Wavelength much SMALLER than opening:
WAVE PASSES THROUGH
Metal Obstacle
Opening
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Wavelength much LARGER than opening:
WAVE IS REFLECTED
Metal Obstacle
Opening
Propagation: Wavelength vs. Opening
Wavelength
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Remote Antenna Best Practices
• Use ½ wave omni or wideband directional antennas • Position for best line-of-sight • Maintain adequate diversity separation • Net loss < 5dB
– Use minimum cable length – Use lowest loss cable – Use amplifier(s) when necessary
• Net gain < 5dB – Use minimum gain
• Separate wireless mic receive antennas from in-ear monitor and intercom transmit antennas!
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Coaxial Cable Losses
• 50 Ω coaxial cable should be used (robust, consistent) • Less recommended: RG59, RG6, RG11 (75 Ω)
Typical Cable Loss for 50 Ohm Cable Loss @ 650MHz (100 ft) Loss @ 200MHz (100 ft) Type Of Cable
RG58C/U SHURE PA725 9dB 19 dB
RG8X/U SHURE UA850
RG213/U SHURE UA8100
RG8/U Belden 9913
4.5dB
2.7 dB
1.8 dB
10.3 dB
6.03 dB
3.1 dB
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(Cable loss >5 dB)
“A” antenna “B” antenna
“A” amplifier “B” amplifier
Antenna Amplifiers
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Antenna System Configuration
• Antenna System Gain:
(Ant Gain) + (total booster/amp gain) – (cable loss) – (split loss)
• Total gain for 500 ft range = -3 to +6 dB (fewer compatible systems) • Total gain for 20 to 200 ft range = -12 to -3dB (more compatible systems) • Total acceptable gain varies with system and manufacturer
4dB +3 to +10dB
Approx -7dB Approx -7dB
+3 to +10dB
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Antenna Gain Settings
+12 dB
+6 dB
0 dB
Antenna = Active Log Periodic “Paddle” Antenna
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Antenna System Configuration
• NO requirement for symmetry in antenna configuration: – Antennas do NOT have to be the same type:
• Omni with uni OK! • Different types of omni OK! • Different types of uni OK!
– Antenna cables do NOT have to be the same length: • Short cables with long cables OK! • Cable with direct connection on receiver or distribution amp OK!
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Antenna System Configuration
• More than 3 systems? Antenna distribution • Hidden receivers? Remote antennas • Long range operation? Directional antennas
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Antenna Placement
• Minimum distance from transmit or receive antenna to any parallel metal structure should be at least ¼-wavelength (4-5 in. in the UHF range).
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Antenna Placement ?
Antennas too close together
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Antenna Distribution
• Prevents closely-spaced receiver antennas from interfering with each other – Passive splitter
• feeds one pair of antennas to 2 diversity receivers • ~3dB loss per split
– Active splitter • feeds one pair of antennas to 4-5 diversity receivers • no loss! • Multiple active splitters can be linked to feed a large number of receivers
– RF Cascade • Only available on some receivers • Eliminates need for external splitter • No loss, but limited cascade depth
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Passive splitter “B”
Passive splitter “A”
“A” antenna “B” antenna
Passive Antenna Distribution
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“A” antenna “B” antenna
Active Antenna Distribution (one level)
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“A” antenna “B” antenna
Active Antenna Distribution (two level)
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“B” antenna
“A” antenna
Active Distribution (>2 distros)
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RF Cascade Distribution
“B” antenna
“A” antenna
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RF Cascade Distribution – UR4+
• Maximum 10 units – 20 dual channel RX
• All RX must be in same band!
• All RX must be powered on!
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Large area antenna coverage
B
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Frequency Coordination
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Main UHF Interference Sources • OTA Television Signals
– Digital TV • Occupy all 6MHz allocation
– Watch for Lower Power stations!
– Public Safety Channels • 13 Major Markets in US
– Analog TV still around! • Other wireless mic users
– ENG/Studio Broadcast – Theatres – HOW – Concert Venues – The list goes on….
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Other Interference Sources
• Unknown radio transmitters – Wireless in-ear monitor systems – Wireless intercom systems – Portable Studio Transmitter Links (STL) – Out-of-band transmitters (CB, Business, Public Safety) – GSM devices: mobile phones, pda’s
• Nearby digital equipment – Audio DSP (CD players, DAT, FX) – Computers, computer-controlled devices (Lighting, etc)
• Hi-capacity power equipment – Motors, HVAC, Lighting
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Scanning and RF Meters
• Especially important for remote work – Scanning can capture TV or public safety
unknown to software/hardware – Receiver RF Meters can help
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System-to-System Interference
• Primary Compatibility issues: – Minimum frequency separation (selectivity) – Transmitter IMD products (intermodulation)
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Frequency Compatibility: Minimum frequency separation
• Each system must operate on a unique frequency • Frequencies must be at least 0.4 - 1.5 MHz apart • Minimum spacing a function of receiver selectivity • BE CAREFUL WITH COMBO SYSTEMS!
Frequency
Amplitude
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Freq 1 Freq 2
MHz
Linear Circuit (Audio)
Non-Linear Circuit (Radio)
Linear vs. Non-linear Circuits
Freq 1 Freq 2 Freq 1 Freq 2
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Frequency Compatibility: Intermodulation (IMD)
• Inherent non-linearities of wireless circuitry • Occurs with 2 or more transmitters • Generated in transmitters and/or receivers • IMD product strength
– Proportional to square of transmitter power – Inversely proportional to square of transmitter
separation
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190
200 195 190 208
190
2 Transmitter IMD
185
195
195 200 185
182
195 200 185
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3 Transmitter IMD 190
200 195 190 208
190 195 203 208 182 198
203 195
185 182
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2 Transmitter IMD 190
200 195 190 208
190 195 203 200 185
203
211 216 177 187
195
185 182
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2 & 3 Transmitter IMD 190
200 195 190 208
190 195 203 208 182 198 200 185
203
211 216 177 187
195
185 182
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Multiple Transmitters On
• Peaks are Transmitters • Lower carriers are IMD Products • This a fully COMPATIBLE frequency set!
Scan with Transmitters Off
Scan with UHF-R Receiver and 8 Transmitters ON
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Insuring System-to-System Compatibility • Choose pre-selected compatible frequency set:
– A “Group” is a programmed set of freqs – A “Channel” is one frequency in a group – All “Channels” in a “Group” are compatible
-or-
• Calculate a “custom” compatible frequency set: – Observe minimum ch-to-ch spacing – Observe minimum ch-to-IMD spacing – Must be done with a software(i.e. WWB)
Worst possible set is equally spaced frequencies!
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Compatibility Tools • Shure Wireless Work Bench 5.0.5
– UHF-R receivers – Compatible with certain WinRadio models
• WR-G305e or WR-G33WSM
• Shure Wireless Workbench 6.4 • UHF-R • ULX-D • PSM1000 • Axient Receivers or Spectrum Manager
• PWS Intermod Analysis Software
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• Presenter – Dave Mendez: [email protected]
• Shure Technical Support – Ph: 847-600-8440 – email: [email protected] – Knowledge base: www.shure.com/faq
• Shure Service Department (Repair and Parts) – Ph: 800-516-2525 – email: [email protected]
QUESTIONS?