presentation to the american rock mechanics · pdf filethe expansion of the panama canal ......
TRANSCRIPT
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The Expansion of the Panama Canal The Impact of Developments in Rock Mechanics
presentation to the
American Rock Mechanics Association
Luis D. Alfaro Vicepresident of Engineering
Panama Canal Authority
June 25, 2012
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Panama
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Creation of the Canal
Chagres
Obispo
Rio Grande
Atlantic
Pacific
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The Panama Canal
Gatun Dam
Gatun Locks
Gatun Lake
Madden Dam
Madden Lake
Miraflores Spillway
Principal components
Gaillard Cut
Miraflores Locks
Pedro Miguel Locks
Miraflores Lake
Atlantic
Pacific
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Longitudinal Profile of the Canal
ATLANTIC PACIFIC
GATUN LAKE
MIRAFLORES LAKE
GAILLARD CUT
GATUN LOCKS PEDRO MIGUEL
LOCKS
MIRAFLORES LOCKS
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The Canal Expansion Program
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History of Panama Canal Traffic FY 1915 – FY 2010
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
1916
1919
1922
1925
1928
1931
1934
1937
1940
1943
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
PCU
MS T
onnage in m
illio
ns
Tra
nsi
ts p
er
year
PCUMS 299.1
Transits 14,342
Fiscal Year
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Long Term Demand Forecast
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600 1
99
5
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
20
07
20
09
20
11
20
13
20
15
20
17
20
19
20
21
20
23
20
25
Year
PC
UM
S in
Mill
ion
s
Historical
Canal Capacity (Tonnage)
Revised Forecast (January 2009)
Historical Forecast
340
508
Additional capacity after expansion
Existing Canal maximum capacity (Tonnage)
Demand for shipping
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Deepening and widening Atlantic
entrance
Atlantic Pospanamax Locks
Pacific Pospanamax Locks
17.65 M m3
Deepening & Widening Pacific Entrance
9.06 M m3
Increase of the maximum operating level of Gatun Lake
26.7 m 27.1 m
Gatun Lake widening and deepening and widening of Gaillard Cut
navigation channels (26.5Mm3)
Pacific Access Channel 50.1 M m3
Program Components
New Locks
Access Channel
Existing Locks
Existing Locks
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Atlantic entrance deepening and
widening
Atlantic Site pospanamax Locks
Pacific Site pospanamax Locks
17.65M m3
Pacific entrance deepening and widening
9.06 M m3
Increase of the maximum operating level of Gatun Lake
26.7 m 27.1 m
Gatun Lake widening and deepening and widening of Gaillard Cut
navigation channels (26.5Mm3)
Pacific Access Channel 49 M m3
Program Components
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The Cost of the Canal Expansion Program Total: $5.25 Billion
New Locks 52%
Water Saving Basins
12%
Pacific Access Channel
16%
Improvements to Existing Channels
5%
Water Regulation 5%
Inflation during Construction
10%
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Post-Panamax Locks Project
Pacific Access Channel – Phase 4
Atlantic Entrance
Pacific Entrance
Sacyr-Vallehermoso - Spain
Impregilo - Italy
Jan De Nul – Belgium
CUSA – Panama
Montgomery Watson Harza - US
Design Construction
ICA - Mexico
FCC - Spain
MECO – Costa Rica
Jan De Nul - Belgium
Dredging International - Belgium
Main Contractors
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The Post-Panamax Locks
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Dimensions of Locks and Ships
33.5 m (110’)
32.3 m (106’)
12.8 m (42’)
55 m (180’)
49 m (160’)
18.3 m (60’)
12.4 m (39.5’)
15.2 m (50’)
Maximum size of vessels in
existing Locks:
4,400 TEU
Maximum size of vessels in new Locks: 13,000 – 14,000 TEU
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Post-Panamax Locks Operation GUPC Proposal
With the WSB, the new locks will save 60% of the water used for a lockage
WSB 1 WSB 2 WSB 3
Operation of the Water Saving Basins
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New Atlantic Locks
2.10M m3 of structural concrete
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New Atlantic Locks
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Canal Expansion Program New Pacific Locks
2.34M m3 of structural concrete
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New Pacific Locks
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New Locks Project
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New Locks Project 0% 50% 100%
24% Completed
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Rolling gates
• 8 pairs of rolling gates in 8 lockheads • Approximately 52,500 tons of steel
Lockhead with 2 Rolling Gates
Single Rolling Gate
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Gate Manufacturing – Cimolai (Pordenone, Italy)
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Gate Manufacturing
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Cimolai Assembly yard
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Pacific Access Channel (the second Gaillard Cut)
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Structural Geology of the PAC area Tb: Basalt Tpa: Pedro Miguel Agglomerate Tca: Cucaracha Soft Rocks TL: La Boca Soft Rocks
New Pacific Access Channel
Miraflores Faults
Pedro Miguel Fault
Aguadulce Faults
Miraflores Faults
Pedro Miguel Fault
Aguadulce Faults
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PAC-3 PAC-4
Borinquen Dam 1E Cellular Cofferdam
PAC-1 PAC-2
Pacific access channel
Layout of Excavation Projects
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Estimated date of completion: 31-Oct-13
Pacific Access Channel
0% 50% 100%
. 81% Actual
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•Scope of Contract:
– 26 M m3 excavation
– Borinquen dam construction
– Clearing of 80 hectares of UXO.
•Award: January 7, 2010
•Amount: B/. 267,798,795.99
•Company: Consortium ICA-FCC-MECO
•Completion of contract: August 2, 2013
. 0% 50% 100%
59 % Completed
. Completed 68 % excavation
contract
Pacific Access Channel – Phase 4 26 M m3 dry excavation
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Pacific Access Channel – Phase 4
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Pacific Access Channel – Phase 4
34
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The Borinquen Dams
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The Borinquen Dams
+26m
+16m
- 3m to +3m
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PostPanamax navigation channel & Miraflores Lake
10 m
Pacific access channel
Rockfill
Miraflores Lake
Clay core
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View of Excavated Slopes, Cofferdam and Rockfill
Cofferdam
Dam foundation
Rockfill
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View of the cofferdam and construction of Dam 1E
Cofferdam Dam foundation
Rockfill
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Widening and Deepening of Existing Navigation Channels
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Widening and Deepening of the Atlantic Entrance
• Total Excavation : 17.65 M m3
• Excavation to date: 17.38 M m3
. 0% 50% 100%
98% Actual
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Widening and Deepening of the Atlantic Entrance
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Deepening and widening of the Pacific Entrance
. 0% 50% 100%
85% Actual
• Total Excavation : 9.06 M m3
• Excavation to date: 7.70 M m3
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Barro Colorado
Gamboa
Gatun Lake
Completed by ACP
Work underway by
ACP
Completed by Dredging
International
Completed by Dredging
International
Gatun Lake and Gaillard Cut Dredging Areas
. 0% 50% 100%
69 % Actual
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Total Excavation and Dredging - May 2012
75% . 150.8 Program Total
112.7 Completed
Locks 47.5 M m3
Pacific Access 50.1 M m3
Dredged 53.2 M m3
Estimated 150.8 M m3
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Excavation Volumes (Mm3)
Canal Expansion
151
545
French effort
23
271
Landslides (post-
construction)
70
Improvement projects
394
123
U.S. construction
201
178
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Expansion Program Progress
Pacific Access Channel Progress
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Progress Pacific Entrance Deepening and Widening
Gatun Lake and Gaillard Cut Deepening and Widening
Progress
End of last Contract: 31-Oct-2013
End of Contract: 31-Aug-2012
Locks Design and Construction
Atlantic Entrance Deepening and Widening
Progress
Progress
End of Contract: 21-Oct-2014
End of Contract: 24-Apr-2013
Progress
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Expansion Program
Raising Gatun Lake’s Maximum Operational Level
Progress
37.62 M m3 excavated / 49 M m3
7.68 M m3 dredged / 8.7 M m3
16.8 M m3 dredged / 28 M m3
23.2 M m3 excavated / 40 M m3
17.3 M m3 dredged / 17.6 M m3
End: 30-Sep-2013
End: 11-Apr-2014
68%
84%
69%
24 %
98%
6%
38%
Design: 75%
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The impact of developments in Rock Mechanics on the Canal
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Canal Construction (1904-1914)
Goethals Gorgas Hodges
Gaillard
Sibert
Rousseau
Bishop
Thatcher
Picture taken: 25 August 1910
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Col. David DuBose Gaillard (1859-1913)
1850 1900 1950 2000
1904 -1913
Completed the task, considering the extremely limited knowledge and tools at his disposal
In charge of excavations through the continental divide (Culebra Cut)
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September 19, 1912 East Culebra Slide
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February 2, 1913 East Cucaracha Slide
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February 7, 1913 East Cucaracha Slide
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Inauguration of the Canal August 15, 1914
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East & West Culebra slides (October 1915)
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Original Design of Excavations Reference: McCullough “The Path Between the Seas” (1977)
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Karl von Terzaghi (1883-1963)
1850 1900 1950 2000
1936
“.… the catastrophic descent of the slopes in the deepest cuts on the Panama Canal issued a warning the we were overstepping the limits of our ability to predict the consequences of our actions.”
Presidential Address given at the first
International Conference on Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Engineering, Cambridge
Massachusetts, June 1936
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Arthur Casagrande (1902-1981)
in the Panama Canal
Birth of the Modern Landslide Control Program October 1968
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Modern Landslide Control Program
Monument with prism
EDM on Master Station
Incipient slide
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Marcuson Schuster Duncan Morgenstern Wesson Sowers
1850 1900 1950 2000
1987-present
ACP’s Geotechnical Advisory Board
Canal Personnel
Technology Transfer & Credibility
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• Impact of geologic structure on failure mechanism • Groundwater conditions • Operative strength parameters
Requirements for the design of effective remedial measures
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USGS Map I-1232 (1980) R.H. Stewart J.L. Stewart W.P. Woodring
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Increased Site Investigation efforts
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Continuous Geological Mapping of the Excavations
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Dr. Frank Patton Westbay Instruments
Multi-point Piezometers
Packer
Packer
Measurement Port
Pumping Port (Hydraulic
Conductivity)
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Multi-point Piezometers
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Dr. Evert Hoek in the Panama Canal
Shear strength characterization for weak rocks Hoek-Brown envelope
= (cot i’ – cos i’) m c / 8
i’= arctan[4hcos2{30+(1/3)arcsin h-3/2} -1]-1/2
h = 1 + 16(m ’+s c)/(3m2 c)
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-
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
shea
r st
ren
gth
(kP
a)
effective normal stress (kPa)
Hoek-Brown m = 0.2 s = 0.001
UCC = 3,500 kPa (500 psi)
R = 7.5o
JRC = 10
JRC = 5 Barton
Strength Envelopes for weak tuffs Cucaracha, Culebra, La Boca and Gatuncillo Formations
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1850 1900 1950 2000
1991 ACP’s Geotechnical Laboratory
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10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
1 10 100
You
ng'
s M
od
ulu
s, E
M
Pa
Uniaxial Compressive Strength, σa (ult) MPa
Modulus Ratio for the Cucaracha Formation in Gaillard Cut
Cucaracha
Mpa
100:1
50:1
27.6 55.2 110.3 220.6 MPa
E VERY LOW STRENGTH
D LOW
STRENGTH
C MEDIUM
STRENGTH
B HIGH
STRENGTH
A VERY HIGH STRENGTH
500:1
200:1 300:1
1,000:1
6.9
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10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
1 10 100
You
ng'
s M
od
ulu
s, E
M
Pa
Uniaxial Compressive Strength, σa (ult) MPa
Modulus Ratio for Soft Rocks in Gaillard Cut
La Boca
Culebra
Cucaracha
Mpa
100:1
50:1
27.6 55.2 110.3 220.6 MPa
E VERY LOW STRENGTH
D LOW
STRENGTH
C MEDIUM
STRENGTH
B HIGH
STRENGTH
A VERY HIGH STRENGTH
500:1
200:1 300:1
1,000:1
6.9
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Strength Characterization
Pedro Miguel
Sound Basalt
Sheared Basalt
La Boca
Cucaracha
Geological Strength Index (GSI)
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
NORMAL STRESS, MPa
SHEA
R S
TRES
S, M
Pa
CUCARACHA-FULLY-SOFTENED
CUCARACHA-RESIDUAL STRENGTH
FULLY-SOFTENED-LA BOCA
GSI-21, mi=7, Sc=6.4MPa, LA BOCA
PEDRO MIGUEL, GSI=26, mi=19, Sc=31
PEDRO MIGUEL, GSI=9, mi=19, Sc=31
BASALT, GSI=26, mi=25, Sc=59
SHEARED BASALT
BASALT, GSI=5, mi=25, Sc=59
PACIFIC MUCK
60
45
30
15
7.5
Shear Strength Envelopes
Hard
Rock
s Soft
Rock
s a
nd S
oils
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June 25, 2012
Thank you!!