presentations sde small-islands
TRANSCRIPT
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN
SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPINGSTATES(SIDS)
Mohamed Ali
Environment Research CentreMinistry of Home Affairs and Environment, Maldives
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Sustainable Development:
safeguarding the reefs for; protection,fisheries, tourism and agriculture in theMaldives
Development that meets the needs of thepresent without compromising the ability offuture generations to meet their own
wisdom to continue exploiting the availableresources (environment) without upsetting thefunctioning and balance of the natural support
systems
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Specialness of the SIDS
Lack of natural resourcesand skilled endogenoushuman resources.
Remoteness
Smallness
Geographical dispersion
Fragility of ecosystems
Heavy dependence on imports
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The setting:
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The consequences:
cost of distribution and services delivery multiplies
loose competitive advantage
forced to import almost all requirements;
no food or energy security,
products for export/ consumption obtaineddirectly from the environment
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Physical environmentalchanges
- global warming,- climate change
-O3 depletion
-sea level rise
Economic environmental
changes- globalisation
- economic restructuring
- WTO
- economicstatus
Global environmental changes
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Fisheries
Aesthetics
TourismPhysical protection
& survival
Tradition &
cultureENVIRONMENT
(REEFS)
Physical environment
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Coral Reefs:
The foundation, the strength, and the future of
the Maldives
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Fisheries
REEFS
Fisheries Reef fish
Bait fish Tuna fisheries
Consumption
Export
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Aesthetics
Aesthetics
REEFS
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
%GDP
Tourism Fishing
Percentage Contribution to GDP by Tourism and Fishing from 1984 to 2000Tourism
REEFS
Tourism
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Physical protection
& survival
REEFS
Physical Protection
Erosion Erosion
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Tradition & Culture
Tradition & Culture
REEFS
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height and shape
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Water Resource
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island dynamics
Long term
Short term
Medium term
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Local stresses
Dredging/Coralmining
Sand mining from
beach Harbour
construction
Reclamation
Seawalls/groynes
Island-basedpollution
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1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
Dec-88 May-90 Sep-91 Jan-93 Jun-94 Oct-95 Mar-97 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01
Sealevel(mm)
Hulhule
global warming
climate change
frequent El Ninos
coral bleaching
O3 depletion
sea level rise
Hulhule
27
27.2
27.4
27.6
27.8
28
28.2
28.4
28.6
28.8
29
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
oC
Global stresses
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Coral Bleaching
afterduring..before
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Reef Damage
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impact the economic andsocial performances
threatening natural resources(reefs, biodiversity, tuna)
affect water resources
vulnerability to disasters
reduce resilience of theislands
Results
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eroding the market preferences and export
benefits.
Economic environment:
trade blocs and regional associations areclosing the doors for their few export products
Sanitary and phytosanitary demands or ecolabellingrequirements are hindering exports by SIDS.
Economic status (LDC/SIDS?)Yardstick issue
Tend to lose preferential borrowing rights andaccess to special funds.
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Compounding vulnerability:
Environmental vulnerabilityhastening economic vulnerability,
combination of both are amplifyingand escalating social vulnerability.
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Sustainable Development in SIDS:
Case sensitive
Narrow threshold
Insecurity
Vulnerable (internal and external shocks) Complex
Pragmatic approach
Unity and cooperation