Presented By.Presented By.GROUPGROUP MEMBERS MEMBERS SAYLEE SALVESAYLEE SALVE MAYUR SAFAREMAYUR SAFARE MUKANE PRATIKMUKANE PRATIK

PUBLIC PUBLIC OPINIONOPINION

IS A STATE CAPABLE OF IS A STATE CAPABLE OF COMMITTING COMMITTING

VIOLENCE?.....VIOLENCE?..... In the previous century "more civilians were killed by In the previous century "more civilians were killed by

their own government than in any other form of armed their own government than in any other form of armed violence“(Hewitt 2007)violence“(Hewitt 2007)

More Palestinians have been killed by the IDF than More Palestinians have been killed by the IDF than Israelis killed by Palestinian suicide bombers Israelis killed by Palestinian suicide bombers (Mazower 2002).(Mazower 2002).

In Gujarat, the interrogation centres -- often torture In Gujarat, the interrogation centres -- often torture chambers -- of the state police are functioning in full chambers -- of the state police are functioning in full public view. The suspects are brought in, kept in illegal public view. The suspects are brought in, kept in illegal detention and tortured as part of questioning and later detention and tortured as part of questioning and later killed and declared as killed in encounter.killed and declared as killed in encounter.

STATE VIOLENCESTATE VIOLENCE-Violence by state and its machineries -Violence by state and its machineries against its own citizens and non citizens.Known around the against its own citizens and non citizens.Known around the world as world as state terrorismstate terrorism

Scholar Scholar Gus MartinGus Martin describes "committed by governments describes "committed by governments and quasi-governmental agencies and personnel against and quasi-governmental agencies and personnel against perceived enemies", which can be directed against both perceived enemies", which can be directed against both domestic and external enemiesdomestic and external enemies..

Nations often resort to violence to influence segments of Nations often resort to violence to influence segments of their population, or rely on coercive aspects of state their population, or rely on coercive aspects of state institutions to institutions to elicit fear and terror and adherence elicit fear and terror and adherence to law by to law by authorities normally considered authorities normally considered "legitimate"legitimate".".

Backed by state-funded propaganda, ostensibly for "National Backed by state-funded propaganda, ostensibly for "National Security" reasons; the state may argue that the measures are Security" reasons; the state may argue that the measures are short-term, that the government is in state of war against short-term, that the government is in state of war against guerrilla or terrorist groups , and that they are working to guerrilla or terrorist groups , and that they are working to restore the "Constitution" and "democracy". restore the "Constitution" and "democracy".

In common parlance and in the media, terrorism is as a rule In common parlance and in the media, terrorism is as a rule assumed to be an activity of non-state agencies ,insurgent assumed to be an activity of non-state agencies ,insurgent groups etc. But scholars encompass interpretation of terrorism groups etc. But scholars encompass interpretation of terrorism to include state terrorism.to include state terrorism.

However, ‘State terrorism or violence’ is distinct from ‘state-However, ‘State terrorism or violence’ is distinct from ‘state-sponsored terrorism’.sponsored terrorism’.

State violence -more systematic and well organized, largely as a State violence -more systematic and well organized, largely as a result of the institutional structures available to them and result of the institutional structures available to them and hence hence more dangerousmore dangerous..

AmbigousAmbigous-Suppression of a riot by law enforcement personnel -Suppression of a riot by law enforcement personnel may in fact expose some of the population (the rioters) to may in fact expose some of the population (the rioters) to violence and fear, but with the intent to protect the larger civil violence and fear, but with the intent to protect the larger civil order. On the other hand, abuse of the prerogative of order. On the other hand, abuse of the prerogative of legitimized violence by the authorities is a crime.legitimized violence by the authorities is a crime.

ANTI-STATE VOLENCEANTI-STATE VOLENCE The population of a nation rises against it’s own The population of a nation rises against it’s own

government.government. Anti state violence can occur in the following cases-Anti state violence can occur in the following cases- Populations demanding Populations demanding separationseparation from the state or from the state or

federal statesfederal states Sections of populations feeling Sections of populations feeling suppressed suppressed of basic of basic

liberty and freedomliberty and freedom Populations feel Populations feel neglected neglected in the overall progress of in the overall progress of

the nation or statethe nation or state State State infringement infringement on rights, privileges, beliefs etc. on rights, privileges, beliefs etc.

of a populationof a population

STATE VIOLENCE-STATE VIOLENCE- -AGAINST INDIVIDUALS or-AGAINST INDIVIDUALS or -DIRECTED AGAINST MASSES/POPULATIONS-DIRECTED AGAINST MASSES/POPULATIONS STATE VIOLENCE AGAINST INDIVIDUALS-STATE VIOLENCE AGAINST INDIVIDUALS- Fake Encounters, Extra judicial killings,custodial torture, Fake Encounters, Extra judicial killings,custodial torture,

custodial killings are comman offences of state custodial killings are comman offences of state machineries against citizensmachineries against citizens

Rapes by police/bureaucratic authorities also are Rapes by police/bureaucratic authorities also are instances of offence against individualsinstances of offence against individuals

The 1997 Annual Report of the Special Rapporteur on The 1997 Annual Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions said:”The extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions said:”The special Rapporteur continued to receive numerous special Rapporteur continued to receive numerous reports of violation of right to life”reports of violation of right to life”

Human rights violations in India have slowly been seeping Human rights violations in India have slowly been seeping into the mainstream mediainto the mainstream media

When a certain news of human rights violation is in the When a certain news of human rights violation is in the limelight, several similar stories are reported as a part of the limelight, several similar stories are reported as a part of the trend and fit the news cycle.trend and fit the news cycle.

A flurry of media stories draws attention not only to A flurry of media stories draws attention not only to particular extrajudicial killings, disappearances but particular extrajudicial killings, disappearances but also to also to the prospect that such incidents may be part of more the prospect that such incidents may be part of more systematic patterns of abusesystematic patterns of abuse

Clearly, the media today has an urban, middle class bias. Clearly, the media today has an urban, middle class bias. More coverage to crime and legal stories based in urban More coverage to crime and legal stories based in urban

spaces than rural spacesspaces than rural spaces Even though Khairlanji is in Maharashtra, we know less Even though Khairlanji is in Maharashtra, we know less

about it than we know about theJessica Lal murderabout it than we know about theJessica Lal murder

Only one story in the Mumbai edition of The Times of India and The Indian Express carried the incident in its outline ' that too, more than a month after it took place.

The entire sequence of events ' the dispute over land, the attack on the Police Patil etc.came to light when the Inspector General's (IG's) investigation into the incident was reported.

Often media absent from the actual site of violence and the time

So accuracy of facts tough to ascertain. Have to rely on info by police.

Khairlanji that was front paged was a police hand out . Even while the protests were on, there was no detailed

interview with Dalit intellectuals, protestors or leaders, except to get their response to the allegations by policemen.No effort to get ‘their side of the story’.

Media reportage, campaigning on terrorism make middle Media reportage, campaigning on terrorism make middle class audiences believe that infact there is a “need for class audiences believe that infact there is a “need for stricter policing norms” and vouch for the same.stricter policing norms” and vouch for the same.

Rape StoriesRape Stories-Potential for sensationalisation as the -Potential for sensationalisation as the involve women. Ex. Ruichika Gohitra involve women. Ex. Ruichika Gohitra

Media sensationalises one case, turning the victim into a Media sensationalises one case, turning the victim into a poster girl with visuals everywhere.poster girl with visuals everywhere.

Hindustan TimesHindustan Times columnist, Vir Sanghvi, makes a columnist, Vir Sanghvi, makes a similar argument:similar argument:””The reason we are so angry about the The reason we are so angry about the Ruchika case is because we can see her father on TV and Ruchika case is because we can see her father on TV and hear his story. But let's not forget that each year there are hear his story. But let's not forget that each year there are thousands of Ruchikas. India's policemen, officials and thousands of Ruchikas. India's policemen, officials and politician mistreat, torture, molest, rob and rape poor politician mistreat, torture, molest, rob and rape poor people all the time. Because the victims are not middle-people all the time. Because the victims are not middle-class, we never get to hear of these cases.”class, we never get to hear of these cases.”

SOHRABUDDIN SHEIKH :FAKE ENCOUNTERSOHRABUDDIN SHEIKH :FAKE ENCOUNTER The FactsThe Facts:- :- The Gujarat state police staged the killing of The Gujarat state police staged the killing of Sohrabuddin Sohrabuddin

ShaikhShaikh, a known criminal and alleged terrorist, on 26-11-, a known criminal and alleged terrorist, on 26-11-20052005

He and his wife abducted by the police while travelling on a He and his wife abducted by the police while travelling on a bus and killed on 26bus and killed on 26thth

Thrown into a running motorcyle.Wife, kauser, burnt and Thrown into a running motorcyle.Wife, kauser, burnt and cremated. cremated.

The incident came to light when the Police talked to Prashant The incident came to light when the Police talked to Prashant Dayal, from Dainik Bhaskar over casual drinks.Dayal, from Dainik Bhaskar over casual drinks.

The The In March 2007, the Supreme court ordered the state CID In March 2007, the Supreme court ordered the state CID to conduct a time-bound investigation. Police officer Geeta to conduct a time-bound investigation. Police officer Geeta Johri was charged with conducting the investigation, and was Johri was charged with conducting the investigation, and was to report directly to the court. Names of suprintendents , DIG to report directly to the court. Names of suprintendents , DIG emerged along with hints of Ministersemerged along with hints of Ministers

Case revealed by accident. No access by the journalist to Case revealed by accident. No access by the journalist to facts.Initially all papers call it only “allege encounter”facts.Initially all papers call it only “allege encounter”

Incase of involvement of police , the media always tries to hint Incase of involvement of police , the media always tries to hint involvemet of prominent names-the ministers. The media involvemet of prominent names-the ministers. The media hinted Amit Shah and Narendra Modi,even when no direct hinted Amit Shah and Narendra Modi,even when no direct evidence.evidence.

Tries to hint a bigger political nexus- ,” the Rajasthan Tries to hint a bigger political nexus- ,” the Rajasthan government has lodged a strong protest with Gujarat over ''one government has lodged a strong protest with Gujarat over ''one of its best police officers'' being arrested on Tuesday for the of its best police officers'' being arrested on Tuesday for the alleged fake encounter “-alleged fake encounter “-TOITOI

Inordinate focus to dramatic events and individuals rather Inordinate focus to dramatic events and individuals rather than to processes. And more of reactive spot-coverage. than to processes. And more of reactive spot-coverage. Context and analysis is rarely provided and follow-ups are Context and analysis is rarely provided and follow-ups are lesser. In the coverage the follow-ups took place only when a lesser. In the coverage the follow-ups took place only when a new name or event was added to the list new name or event was added to the list

In the initial months, coverage focused on the police In the initial months, coverage focused on the police officials directly involved in crime.officials directly involved in crime.

But political angle brought in from the month of But political angle brought in from the month of December, the elections phase.December, the elections phase.Focus shifted to Focus shifted to Narendra Modi, Amit Shah.Narendra Modi, Amit Shah.

““It seems, Modi has fallen back on the Hindutva It seems, Modi has fallen back on the Hindutva card when he picked on the issue of fake encounter card when he picked on the issue of fake encounter killing of Sohrabuddin Sheikh while speaking in a killing of Sohrabuddin Sheikh while speaking in a rally yesterday.” rally yesterday.” Indian Express . Indian Express .

Also, once investigation unearths more prominent Also, once investigation unearths more prominent names, coverage shifts to the reactions of the names, coverage shifts to the reactions of the politicians. “politicians. “Sohrabuddin case touches Gujarat Sohrabuddin case touches Gujarat govt, CBI calls in Minister Amit Shah”-IEgovt, CBI calls in Minister Amit Shah”-IE

  CBI closes in on Modi's closest aide-TOICBI closes in on Modi's closest aide-TOI

OPERATION BLUE STAR (1984OPERATION BLUE STAR (1984)) The factsThe facts- - From the start of 1980’s, demand for separate identity by Akali From the start of 1980’s, demand for separate identity by Akali

Dal in Punjab due to political rivalryDal in Punjab due to political rivalry The demand grew for a separate ‘Khalistan’.The situation grew The demand grew for a separate ‘Khalistan’.The situation grew

tense by extremists leaderstense by extremists leaders One Jarnail Singh Bhindranwala made the holy shrine of golden One Jarnail Singh Bhindranwala made the holy shrine of golden

temple as his refugetemple as his refuge On 6 June’84 Indira Gandhi launched a military operation with On 6 June’84 Indira Gandhi launched a military operation with

troops and tanks. The attack on the sikh holy shrine angered all troops and tanks. The attack on the sikh holy shrine angered all the sikhs and created an uproar in Punjabthe sikhs and created an uproar in Punjab

Operation Blue Star was included in the Top 10 Political Operation Blue Star was included in the Top 10 Political Disgraces by ‘Disgraces by ‘India Today’India Today’ magazine. magazine.

Official number of deaths of civilians-492; army deaths-83Official number of deaths of civilians-492; army deaths-83

Media Black out during the entire operation throughout PunjabMedia Black out during the entire operation throughout Punjab Media allowed back only after a week. Given details on a ‘guided Media allowed back only after a week. Given details on a ‘guided

tour’ by the government.Foreign journalists denied visas.tour’ by the government.Foreign journalists denied visas. The government acted as obvious gate-keepers The government acted as obvious gate-keepers Historical Sikh events have thus suffered from not only biased Historical Sikh events have thus suffered from not only biased

media coverage, but selective coverage which projects a one media coverage, but selective coverage which projects a one sided perspectivesided perspective

Associated Press reporter Brahma Chellaney, who managed to Associated Press reporter Brahma Chellaney, who managed to report on the operation, later faced police intimidationreport on the operation, later faced police intimidation

His dispatches of the event by Telex are the only non-govt. His dispatches of the event by Telex are the only non-govt. sources of the event.sources of the event. His first dispatch, front-paged by the His first dispatch, front-paged by the New New York TimesYork Times, , The Times of London The Times of London and and The GuardianThe Guardian, reported a , reported a death toll about twice the official figures.death toll about twice the official figures.

The The TimesTimes aptly summarized the Sikh sentiment in a sentence: aptly summarized the Sikh sentiment in a sentence: ‘they contribute more to India than they receive.' ‘they contribute more to India than they receive.'

Reports gave the gravity of the event in history.Reports gave the gravity of the event in history. , “Mrs. Gandhi , “Mrs. Gandhi has sown the seeds for a bitter future by ordering the has sown the seeds for a bitter future by ordering the desecration"the desecration"the Daily ExpressDaily Express

““Future historians will almost certainly look back upon June 6, Future historians will almost certainly look back upon June 6, 1984 as a turning point in the long and turbulent political life of 1984 as a turning point in the long and turbulent political life of Mrs. Indira Gandhi”.-Mrs. Indira Gandhi”.-Times,LondonTimes,London

The vernacular press in the Punjab was active from both sides The vernacular press in the Punjab was active from both sides in fomenting the religious divide between Hindus & Sikhsin fomenting the religious divide between Hindus & Sikhs

Selective info-presented an ambiguous picture of the sikhsSelective info-presented an ambiguous picture of the sikhs The Sikhs’ portrayal by the media not only produced The Sikhs’ portrayal by the media not only produced

ambiguous stereotypes, but in turn it also sparked an emerging ambiguous stereotypes, but in turn it also sparked an emerging uniting religious movements from sikhs uniting religious movements from sikhs

KASHMIR CRISIS 2010KASHMIR CRISIS 2010 The facts- The facts- A Kashmiri youth-Tufail Ahmad Mattoo, 18 along with A Kashmiri youth-Tufail Ahmad Mattoo, 18 along with

a group engage in anti-government protests in Srinagara group engage in anti-government protests in Srinagar The CRPF fire at this ‘stone pelting’ mob, killing Tufail, The CRPF fire at this ‘stone pelting’ mob, killing Tufail,

on June 11on June 11 Curfew installed. Protests erupt soon after the funeral. Curfew installed. Protests erupt soon after the funeral. Similar clashes emerge between the citizens and CRPF Similar clashes emerge between the citizens and CRPF

in other cities. Soon, the situation grips the state into a in other cities. Soon, the situation grips the state into a burning unrest for the next 3 months.burning unrest for the next 3 months.

Strong protests by Kashmiri citizens, demanding a Strong protests by Kashmiri citizens, demanding a separate stateseparate state

The entire media has treated the issue through an The entire media has treated the issue through an episodic episodic frameframe. Putting it under a label-Kashmir crisis.Fails to put it . Putting it under a label-Kashmir crisis.Fails to put it in a lager contextin a lager context

‘‘Kashmir burning’, ‘Valley on boilKashmir burning’, ‘Valley on boil’..some comman words to ’..some comman words to describe the situation.describe the situation.

Almost all the media focus on the blame game by Omar Almost all the media focus on the blame game by Omar Abdullah. Criticise him for the situationAbdullah. Criticise him for the situation

With respect to Kashmir there are three actors in the media-With respect to Kashmir there are three actors in the media-The national media, the internatrional media and the local The national media, the internatrional media and the local mediamedia

Local mediaLocal media- Coverage focus on the local issues and - Coverage focus on the local issues and leaders. News has a local angle. Details of the funeral leaders. News has a local angle. Details of the funeral process of the youth-Taufilprocess of the youth-Taufil

Headline carries the name of the deceased “Headline carries the name of the deceased “TEENAGER TEENAGER TUFAIL LAID TO REST”(kashmirlive.com).TUFAIL LAID TO REST”(kashmirlive.com).Connects Connects with the local people.with the local people.

Carry the story/facts by the police as “Police Version”Carry the story/facts by the police as “Police Version” News contains more names and quotes of local leaders and News contains more names and quotes of local leaders and

their perspectives. Ex.News of the bandh.their perspectives. Ex.News of the bandh. National media-National media- Most times the details are given out by the police. Most times the details are given out by the police. TOI found to present the police side of the story. Police said TOI found to present the police side of the story. Police said

the 80-year-old separatist leader was detained as a the 80-year-old separatist leader was detained as a "preventive measure" after Geelani addressed a religious "preventive measure" after Geelani addressed a religious gathering .gathering .

Others found to present both sides of the story. Others found to present both sides of the story.

The television media had more opportunity for visuals. The television media had more opportunity for visuals. Coverage of protests made sensational .Coverage of protests made sensational .

International mediaInternational media-The media from Pakistan covered with -The media from Pakistan covered with anti-India bias.” In occupied Kashmir, one boy was killed anti-India bias.” In occupied Kashmir, one boy was killed and dozens other persons were injured when Indian troops and dozens other persons were injured when Indian troops and police officers resorted to and police officers resorted to brute force brute force to disperse to disperse demonstrators.” Protesteres branded as ‘anti India demonstrators.” Protesteres branded as ‘anti India protesters’Kashmir referred as “India administered “ -protesters’Kashmir referred as “India administered “ -DawnDawn

News in international media most objective News in international media most objective treatment.Similar treatment to other conflicted lands. treatment.Similar treatment to other conflicted lands. “clashes spread across the “clashes spread across the disputed region disputed region of Kashmir”-of Kashmir”-Washington post Washington post

Give historical background of the issue. Root of crisis –Give historical background of the issue. Root of crisis –separation history of India and Pakistan-separation history of India and Pakistan-BBCBBC

Some even focus on the local conditions-food shortage etc.Some even focus on the local conditions-food shortage etc.

Godhra Train Burning Godhra Train Burning Resulting Communal RiotsResulting Communal Riots

Godhra Train BurningGodhra Train Burning

On 27On 27thth of February 2002, Sabarmati Express of February 2002, Sabarmati Express

train was attacked.train was attacked. 59 Hindu passengers were burned alive 59 Hindu passengers were burned alive Attack prompted retaliatory massacres against Attack prompted retaliatory massacres against

MuslimsMuslims Post Godhra violence affected 151 towns and Post Godhra violence affected 151 towns and

993 village993 village

Godhra Train BurningGodhra Train Burning ““Poison in the milk”. Poison in the milk”.

1044 1044 People were killed in the People were killed in the

violence violence

Government set-up a commission Government set-up a commission

Nanavati commission Nanavati commission

Media coverageMedia coverage India, television news channels set a precedent by India, television news channels set a precedent by

identifying the community of those involved in the identifying the community of those involved in the violence.violence.

It helped to bring about the Indian government's It helped to bring about the Indian government's (Center) intervention in controlling the violence.(Center) intervention in controlling the violence.

The Gujarat government banned television news The Gujarat government banned television news channels critical of the government's response. channels critical of the government's response.

The Editorial Guild of India rejected the charge The Editorial Guild of India rejected the charge that graphic news coverage aggravated the that graphic news coverage aggravated the situation, saying that the coverage exposed the situation, saying that the coverage exposed the "horrors" of the riots. "horrors" of the riots.

Media coverageMedia coverage Received extensive news coverage until it was Received extensive news coverage until it was

overtaken by the subsequent violence and the overtaken by the subsequent violence and the presentation of the Union budget.presentation of the Union budget.

Columnist argue that news reports emphasized Columnist argue that news reports emphasized the provocative behaviour of the kar sevaksthe provocative behaviour of the kar sevaks

Some newspapers said the revelations simply Some newspapers said the revelations simply reinforced what was common knowledge.reinforced what was common knowledge.

Media coverageMedia coverage The riots were also the subject of a 2004 The riots were also the subject of a 2004

documentary film.documentary film.

The film was denied entry to Mumbai The film was denied entry to Mumbai

International Film Festival International Film Festival

Won two awards at the 54th Berlin International Won two awards at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival Film Festival

Naxal MovementNaxal Movement

Naxal MovementNaxal Movement Name comes from the village of Naxalbari Name comes from the village of Naxalbari

The term Naxalism was first coined in 1967 The term Naxalism was first coined in 1967

Marx and Lenin were the sources for the Marx and Lenin were the sources for the ideological back up for the movement during the ideological back up for the movement during the initial years.initial years.

Present Context of Naxal MovementPresent Context of Naxal Movement Several areas are badly affected by the armed Several areas are badly affected by the armed

conflict.conflict.

Number of violent attacks against state agencies Number of violent attacks against state agencies has increased.has increased.

widened their geographical areas of operation. widened their geographical areas of operation.

““the gravest internal security threat that our the gravest internal security threat that our country faces.” country faces.”

More than 6,000 people have been killed as a More than 6,000 people have been killed as a direct result of the conflict direct result of the conflict

Coverage of Naxal ActivitiesCoverage of Naxal Activities

Attracted much media attention. Attracted much media attention.

Has been given front-page coverage in the Has been given front-page coverage in the

print media and broadcast on prime time print media and broadcast on prime time

Number of private media groups –Increase Number of private media groups –Increase competition competition

Coverage of Naxal ActivitiesCoverage of Naxal Activities

Private/satellite television has politicised Private/satellite television has politicised and sensitised the issueand sensitised the issue

Growth in proportion of news. Growth in proportion of news.

{In 2004 = 43} while in {2007=2287} {In 2004 = 43} while in {2007=2287} and sensitised the issueand sensitised the issue

News agencies devoted more space to News agencies devoted more space to Maoist events. Maoist events.

THE MEDIA TREATMENT THE MEDIA TREATMENT OF GODHRA RIOTSOF GODHRA RIOTS

MEDIA TREATMENT -GODHRA MEDIA TREATMENT -GODHRA RIOTSRIOTS

Nations image tarnished due to the biased Nations image tarnished due to the biased coverage, the “coverage, the “anti-HINDUanti-HINDU “ angle of the “ angle of the English media. English media.

Since the international community's medium of Since the international community's medium of getting Indian information is English, they read getting Indian information is English, they read only what the English media writes. only what the English media writes.

In the June 16, issue of internationally known In the June 16, issue of internationally known "The Economist" starts its write-up, which dealt "The Economist" starts its write-up, which dealt with the Gujarat riots in Ayodhya background.with the Gujarat riots in Ayodhya background.

EMPLOYMENT OF DOUBLE STANDARDS BY EMPLOYMENT OF DOUBLE STANDARDS BY THE MEDIA FOR HINDUS AND MUSLIMS.THE MEDIA FOR HINDUS AND MUSLIMS.

Targeting the traditional “Targeting the traditional “scape-goatsscape-goats”. ”. Religious discrimination: Religious discrimination: soft wordssoft words used for used for

Hindu victims and Hindu victims and strong adjectivesstrong adjectives for Muslim for Muslim killings. killings.

OverstatementsOverstatements and and repetitions repetitions used by media used by media for the Ahmadabad riots, intentionally against for the Ahmadabad riots, intentionally against the Hindus. the Hindus.

Damning set of parlanceDamning set of parlance used for Hindu rioters. used for Hindu rioters.

Role of electronic media Role of electronic media Selective use of visuals. Selective use of visuals. Media failed to observe the unwritten code. Media failed to observe the unwritten code. Separate standards used to cover the Godhra Separate standards used to cover the Godhra

carnage and thereafter. carnage and thereafter. Repetition of promos of sting.Repetition of promos of sting. AN UNBIASED APPROACH AND AN UNBIASED APPROACH AND

OBJECTIVITY FROM THE PART OF OBJECTIVITY FROM THE PART OF MEDIA HAS CERTAINLY GONE A FOR A MEDIA HAS CERTAINLY GONE A FOR A TOSS! TOSS!

NORTH-EASTERN NORTH-EASTERN STATESSTATES

POOR COVERAGE OF THE POOR COVERAGE OF THE

NORTH-EASTERN STATESNORTH-EASTERN STATES North-eastern issues off the media map.North-eastern issues off the media map. It is often Manipur that has the killings, but it is It is often Manipur that has the killings, but it is

Kashmir that gets the coverage.Kashmir that gets the coverage. DNA in Mumbai found space for 25 stories from DNA in Mumbai found space for 25 stories from

Kashmir, three from Assam, none from Manipur. Kashmir, three from Assam, none from Manipur. All the rape and murders in Kashmir got more All the rape and murders in Kashmir got more coverage and time compared to the violence in coverage and time compared to the violence in Manipur and its neighbouring states like Assam.Manipur and its neighbouring states like Assam.

Kashmir is always under the spotlight and the Kashmir is always under the spotlight and the

violence in the north-eastern states often was violence in the north-eastern states often was

under the shadow under the shadow of Kashmirunder the shadow under the shadow of Kashmir Broadcast snubbing.Broadcast snubbing. North-eastern issues off the media map.North-eastern issues off the media map. It is often Manipur that has the killings, but it is It is often Manipur that has the killings, but it is

Kashmir that gets the coverage.Kashmir that gets the coverage. DNA in Mumbai found space for 25 stories from DNA in Mumbai found space for 25 stories from

Kashmir, three from Assam, none from Manipur. All the Kashmir, three from Assam, none from Manipur. All the rape and murders in Kashmir got more coverage and time rape and murders in Kashmir got more coverage and time compared to the violence in Manipur and its neighbouring compared to the violence in Manipur and its neighbouring states like Assam.states like Assam.

REASONS FORREASONS FOR

LOW COVERAGE :LOW COVERAGE : Newspapers get little advertising due to the weak Newspapers get little advertising due to the weak

economies of the state.economies of the state. The distance and the taxes imposed by militant The distance and the taxes imposed by militant

groups on trucks carrying newsprint, which groups on trucks carrying newsprint, which increases the cost.increases the cost.

Members of media caught between.Members of media caught between.

ANOTHER MAJOR FACTOR HAS BEEN ANOTHER MAJOR FACTOR HAS BEEN

THE RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED BY THE THE RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED BY THE

GOVERNMENT ON THE MEDIAGOVERNMENT ON THE MEDIA

AGGRRESIVE AND FEARLESS AGGRRESIVE AND FEARLESS

JOURNALISM IS THE NEED OF THE HOUR JOURNALISM IS THE NEED OF THE HOUR

WITHOUT AN EYE FOR PROFIT!WITHOUT AN EYE FOR PROFIT!

THE MEDIA TREATEMENT OF THE MEDIA TREATEMENT OF

ANTI-SIKH RIOTS (1984ANTI-SIKH RIOTS (1984))

““India is ablaze with hate and anger .In city after India is ablaze with hate and anger .In city after city , from one corner of the city to other enraged city , from one corner of the city to other enraged mobs have gone and going about systematically mobs have gone and going about systematically burning and looting Sikh properties and burning and looting Sikh properties and assaulting Sikh without discrimination” – T.O.Iassaulting Sikh without discrimination” – T.O.I

““Around 300 Sikh officers and men in uniform Around 300 Sikh officers and men in uniform were done to death in the presence of non-Sikh were done to death in the presence of non-Sikh soldiers, who stood as silent spectators.” - soldiers, who stood as silent spectators.” - Economic and Political WeeklyEconomic and Political Weekly

THE MEDIA TREATEMENT OF THE MEDIA TREATEMENT OF ANTI-SIKH RIOTS (1984ANTI-SIKH RIOTS (1984))

In the Akal Takhat built by Guru Hargobind and the In the Akal Takhat built by Guru Hargobind and the supreme seat of the Sikhs, the Stench of death still supreme seat of the Sikhs, the Stench of death still lingered. It seemed inconceivable that this was the lingered. It seemed inconceivable that this was the holiest shrine of a major religion – the equivalent to holiest shrine of a major religion – the equivalent to the Sikhs of the Vatican and Canterbury Cathedral.” the Sikhs of the Vatican and Canterbury Cathedral.” - The Telegraph- The Telegraph

““Eye-witness accounts to the Amritsar massacre talk Eye-witness accounts to the Amritsar massacre talk of women and children being shot in cold blood, and of women and children being shot in cold blood, and the Sikh prisoners being tied with their own turbans the Sikh prisoners being tied with their own turbans and then shot in the head.” - The Guardianand then shot in the head.” - The Guardian

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

PUBLIC PUBLIC OPINIONOPINION