presented by: madeleine cook & tiffany irizarry transcriptomic evidence that longevity of...
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Presented by: Madeleine Cook & Tiffany Irizarry
Transcriptomic Evidence That Longevity of Acquired Plastids in
The Photosynthetic Slugs
Elysia timida and
Plakobranchus ocellatus
Does Not Entail Lateral Transfer of Algal Nuclear Genes
“Solar-powered Sea slugs”• Mollusca > Gastopoda > Opisthobranch > Sacoglossa
• Distribution: Mediterranean, Canary Islands, Caribbean, Eastern Atlantic
• Kleptoplasty (chloroplast symbiosis)– Elysia chlorotica– Elysia crispate– Elysia timida– Plakobranchus ocellatus
*Only plastids of these species
show a high photosynthetic rate
over long periods of time.
E. chlorotica
E. crispate
Elysia timida
• Possess large red/orange spots
on parapodia, head and rhinophores.• Depth: 1 to 2 meters• Feed on green algae (chlorophytes)
– juveniles preferring Cladophora – adults preferring Acetabularia.
E. timida
Acetabularia
Cladophora
Plakobranchus ocellatus
• Depth: < 1 to 18 meters• Feed on wide variety of at least
5 marine species of ulvophyceaen
chlorophytes
P. ocellatus
Ulvophyceaen chlorophyte
Hypothesis and Purpose
“If algal nuclear genes are transferred to the animal either during feeding or in the germ line, and it they are expressed, then they should be readily detectable with deep-sequencing methods” Wägele H et al. Mol Biol Evol 2011;28:699-
706
© The Author(s) 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.
Photosynthetically active sacoglossans and transmission electron micrographs (TEMs) of their plastids.
Wägele H et al. Mol Biol Evol 2011;28:699-706
© The Author(s) 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.
Photosynthetic activity of species investigated in this study.
Wägele H et al. Mol Biol Evol 2011;28:699-706
© The Author(s) 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.
© The Author(s) 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.
Wägele H et al. Mol Biol Evol 2011;28:699-706
Overview of phylogenetic relationships of photosynthetically active slugs within the Plakobranchidae (Sacoglossa).
Wägele H et al. Mol Biol Evol 2011;28:699-706
© The Author(s) 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.
Expressed genes in Plakobranchus ocellatus and Elysia timida having nuclear-encoded homologues for chloroplast proteins in Arabidopsis.
Wägele H et al. Mol Biol Evol 2011;28:699-706
© The Author(s) 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.
Conclusion:
• Essential plastid proteins are not provided by the slugs.
• The slugs maintain their long-lived plastids without the help of algal nuclear genes.
– This does not exclude the possibility that some genes might have been ‘‘transferred’’ from the algae to the slugs.
– But, it does exclude the possibility that plastid longevity in these two sacoglossans depend upon the expression of…
• Acquired algal photosynthesis genes (germ line or otherwise)
• Sequestered algal photosynthesis genes
• Sequestered algal photosynthesis mRNAs
“Bones to pick” with Rumpho et al…
Rumpho• Nuclear-encoded psbO gene
of V. litorea had been transferred from the algal to E. chlorotica genome and is functionally expressed.
Wagele• But targeting this gene product
into the plastid would entail some considerable difficulties, because of the different number of membranes surrounding the V. litorea plastids in the algal and the slug!
• If the psbO has been transferred in the E. chlorotica, how does the protein get inside the kleptoplast?
Bone
Jeopardy ReviewSea Slugs Background Results Conclusion Rumpho vs.
Wagele
10 10 10 10 10
20 20 20 20 20
30 30 30 30 30
40 40 40 40 40
50 50 50 50 50
The process of sequestering & utilizing living chloroplast from the algae they eat is known as
Kleptoplasty
Sacoglossan sea slugs are unique in the animal kingdom in that they sequester and maintain active plastids that they acquire from the _____________ upon which they feed, making the animals photosynthetic.
siphonaceous algae.
List one of the four Kleptoplasty(Chloroplast) Symbiosis :
Elysia chloroticaElysia crispateElysia timidaPlakobranchus ocellatus
___________ is a division of green algae, which are associated with mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organism.
Chlorophyta
_____________ is the most commonly seen plakobranchid in sandy and mixed habitats from < 1 to 18 m (3-60 ft). It occurs in highly protected to moderately protected back reef areas
Plakobranchus ocellatus
Animal on left with its parapodial flaps pulled open to show the longitudinal ridges which line the inside of the ____________
"parapodial cavity”
P. ocellatus
________ _____ are surrounded by two membranes and require a nuclear-encoded RuBisCO small subunit (RbcS) and intrinsic antenna proteins (light harvesting complex protein [LHCP]) for function. (E.timida)
Chlorophyte plastids
ONLY ______ ________ (NOT THE ALGAL NUCLEI) ARE SEQUESTERED BY THE ANIMALS DURING FEEDING!
ALGAL PLASTIDS
, A sacoglossan with short-term plastid retention (Thuridilla hopei) shows degrading chloroplasts in the _______ _______
cells when collected and mainly plastid remnants after 15 days of starvation
Digestive glands
Used a deep-sequencing approach to focus on expressed genes from photosynthesizing animals, in order to identify expressed genes that might have been acquired from __________ .
Algae
The Acetabularia data were obtained from another database and show that ulvophyceaen nuclear sequences specific to photosynthesis, had they been present in the __________ data, would have readily been detected with the method use
Sacoglossan
Expressed genes in Plakobranchus ocellatus and Elysia timida having nuclear-encoded homologues for chloroplast proteins in ____________ .
Arabidopsis
Major ________ ________ _____ required by typical chlorophyte plastids (RbcS, LHCP, photosystem I and II components, and Calvinvcycle enzymes) are not expressed by the slugs slugs.
Nuclear Encoded Portion
The slugs maintain their long-lived plastids without the help of _____ ______ ______
Algal Nuclear Genes
Genes are often transferred from symbiont to host chromosomes in the wake of organelle origins during ____________ (You-are-what-you-eat Theory)
Endosymbiosis
These results stand in marked contrast to recent reports of gene transfer in a different sacoglossan species with long- term plastid maintenance to who?
Rumpho
This paper exclude the possibility that plastid longevity in these two sacoglossans depend upon the expression of…
* Acquired algal photosynthesis genes (germ line or otherwise)*Sequestered algal photosynthesis genes* Sequestered algal photosynthesis mRNAs
WHY CAN WE ASSUME THAT THIS IS THE CASE?!?!?
.
These results stand in marked contrast to recent reports of gene transfer in a different sacoglossan species with long- term plastid maintenance!
True or False: Both Rumpho and Wagele suggested that there is lateral transfer of algal Nuclear Genes
False
How does the case of sacoglossan puts that theory of “You are what you eat” to the test because …..
The physical interactions between food plastids and their feeding host could hardly be more intimate
According to Rumpho, The _____ and _____ peptide are responsible for the targeting across a series of four translocons.
Signal and Transit
Work Cited:
• http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/ns/cms/dn16124/dn16124-1_300.jpg
• http://www.seaslugforum.net/images/jefftd2a.jpg
• http://www.emop.org/emop%20images/e.timida01.jpg
• http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/elystimi
• http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Cladophora_glomerata-DF.jpg
• http://web.ku.edu/~ifaa/jpg/Inouye/D-Acetabularia_ryukyuensis_1.jpg
• http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/placocel