presented by peter d. marle, b.a

Presented by

Peter D. Marle, B.A.

Development and Psychometric Properties of a New Scale:

The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors


Presented By Peter D. Marle, B.A.

Presented by


Special thanks to the co-authors


Alisa J. EsteyLaura J. FinanKarenleigh A. Overmann

Presented by


Special thanks to the co-authors


Alisa J. EsteyLaura J. FinanKarenleigh A. Overmann

And to our Research AdvisorProfessor Frederick L. Coolidge, PhD

What is Schizoid Personality Disorder?


Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) seven diagnostic criteria (four required)

The individual…

1. does not enjoy close relationships or being part of a family

2. predominately chooses solitary activities

3. shows decreased interest in sex

4. enjoys few activities

5. lacks close friends or relationships

6. appears unaffected by criticism or praise

7. shows decreased affect, characterized as emotional coldness or detachment



DSM-5 (APA, 2011) Proposed Changes to the Diagnosis

Schizoid Personality Disorder is proposed to become:

Personality Disorder, Trait Specified with the following detachment traits

1. WithdrawalPreference for being alone to being with others; reticence in social situations; avoidance of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact.

2. Intimacy AvoidanceAvoidance of close or romantic relationships, interpersonal attachments, and intimate sexual relationships.

3. Restricted AffectivityLittle reaction to emotionally arousing situations; constricted emotional experience and expression; indifference or coldness.

4. AnhedoniaLack of enjoyment from, engagement in, or energy for life‘s experiences; deficits in the capacity to feel pleasure or take interest in things.



Table 1Comparison of DSM-IV-TR Schizoid Personality Disorder Diagnostic Criteria and DSM-5 Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Personality Disorder, Trait Specified as Labeled by Detachment Traits

DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000) Criteria DSM-5 (APA, 2011) Detachment Trait





Does not enjoy close relationships or being part of a family Withdrawal

Withdrawal: Preference for being alone to being with others; reticence in social situations; avoidance of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact.






Predominately chooses solitary activities Withdrawal

Withdrawal: Preference for being alone to being with others; reticence in social situations; avoidance of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact.







Shows decreased interest in sex Intimacy Avoidance

Intimacy Avoidance: Avoidance of close or romantic relationships, interpersonal attachments, and intimate sexual relationships.








Enjoys few activities Anhedonia

Anhedonia: Lack of enjoyment from, engagement in, or energy for life‘s experiences; deficits in the capacity to feel pleasure or take interest in things.









Lacks close friends or relationships Withdrawal/Intimacy Avoidance

Withdrawal: Preference for being alone to being with others; reticence in social situations; avoidance of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact.Intimacy Avoidance: Avoidance of close or romantic relationships, interpersonal attachments, and intimate sexual relationships.










Appears unaffected by criticism or praise Restricted Affectivity

Restricted Affectivity: Little reaction to emotionally arousing situations; constricted emotional experience and expression; indifference or coldness.










Appears unaffected by criticism or praise Restricted Affectivity

Shows decreased affect, emotional coldness or detachment Restricted Affectivity

Restricted Affectivity: Little reaction to emotionally arousing situations; constricted emotional experience and expression; indifference or coldness.

Other Characteristics of Schizoid Personality Disorder


Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD) prevalence rate

< 1% in the general population (slightly more frequent in males; Grant et al.,

2004)

Persons with SPD are described as introverts who are detached from others and display

a flattened affect

Why is a new scale necessary?• The differentiation of SPD and Asperger’s Disorder is “unclear” and there is “great

difficulty differentiating” SPD from ASD (APA, 2000; p. 83, 696, respectively)

• New research stating 1:88 children have ASD (Baio, 2012)

• Few scales exist which measure SPD, no known scale solely built to measure SPD

behaviors

- what was their criteria?

Hypotheses


1. The Self-Report Scale for Schizoid Behaviors (SRSSB) would have adequate internal reliability (α > .80)

2. The SRSSB would have adequate convergent validity (r > .80) with an established measure of SPD (Schizoid subscale of the Coolidge Axis II Inventory [CATI]; see Coolidge & Merwin, 1992)

3. The SRSSB would have a medium to large positive correlation (.30 < r < .50) with a self-reported measure of introversion

Participants


• Total N = 257 (70 males, 185 females, 2 unspecified)

• Ages ranged from 17 to 56 years (M = 23.7, SD = 6.9)

•

•

4%2%

76%

1%

15%

2%Race African American

Asian American

European American

Native American/Alaskan Native

Multiple (2+) Races

Other Race

15%

81%

4%

Ethnicity

Hispanic

Not Hispanic

Unspecified * All participants wereundergraduate students

Materials and Procedure


• Initial survey development

• 50 DSM-IV-TR-aligned items were developed by the authors

• Seven or eight items per diagnostic criterion

• At least two items per criterion were reverse-coded to reduce response bias

• Item order was randomized for the survey

• Included in the survey packet

• Consent form

• Demographic form

• An introversion scale (1 Introverted to 10 Extraverted)

• 50 SRSSB items along with the nine items from the Schizoid subscale of the CATI (randomly added); items ranged from 1 (Strongly False) to 4 (Strongly True)

• Survey packets were administered to undergraduate classes and collected 1 week later; approximate completion time: 30 min

Results


The 50 items were compared within their respective diagnostic criterion to select the two best items per each of the seven criteria

• Determined by computing Cronbach’s α for each criterion and interpreting the two best items

The following illustrate the resultant 14-item SRSSB

• Hypothesis 1 (inter-item reliability)

• Cronbach’s α = .84; hypothesis supported

• Hypothesis 2 (convergent validity)

• r(257) = .84, p < .01; hypothesis supported

• Hypothesis 3 (correlation with introversion)

• r(257) = .56, p < .001; hypothesis partially supported (large, positive correlation)

DSM-IV-TR Criteria; The individual… (#) SRSSB Item

does not enjoy close relationships or being part of a family

(R50) I enjoy spending time with my family (R57) Being part of a family or having close friends makes me feel complete

predominately chooses solitary activities(R17) I enjoy social activities(42) I prefer to be alone

shows decreased interest in sex(13) I could care less about having sex(23) Sex is not important to me

enjoys few activities(19) I don’t like to do many activities(R51) I enjoy recreational activities

lacks close friends or relationships(31) I do not have many close friends(38) I am not close with others, except for my family

appears unaffected by criticism or praise(R34) It hurts my feelings when people criticize me(49) Criticism does not bother me

shows decreased affect, characterized as emotional coldness or detachment

(26) I do not show my emotions(54) I don’t express my emotions

Discussion


• Hypothesis 1 (inter-item reliability) supported

• Exploratory Factor Analysis was also computed for the data

• Interesting results

• Hypothesis 2 (convergent validity) supported

• Hypothesis 3 (correlation with introversion) partially supported (large, positive correlation)

• Strongly related to self-reported measure of introversion

• Limitation

• Assessment was based on non-clinical sample

Discussion (continued)


• Future Research with the SRSSB

• Test-retest reliability

• Factor analysis issue

• Possibility of disparate representations of SPD; Cluster Analysis with a large sample of persons with SPD

Questions?

References


American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington DC: author.

American Psychiatric Association. (2011). DSM-5 development. Retrieved from http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/DSM-5TypeandTraitCross-Walk.aspx

Baio, J. (2012). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 Sites, United States, 2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 61(SS03),1-19. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6103a1.htm?s_cid=ss6103a1_w

Coolidge, F. L. & Merwin, M. M. (1992). Reliability and validity of the Coolidge Axis Two Inventory: A new inventory for the assessment of personality disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 223-238.

Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Pickering, R. P. (2004). Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 948-958.

presented by peter d. marle, b.a

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