presented by: roxanne bessette, e.i. co-author: dr. robert w. peters, p.e
DESCRIPTION
Diesel Fuel Contaminated Water Treatment by Sonication: a Potential 20-Minute Sump and Stormwater Remedy. Presented by: Roxanne Bessette, E.I. Co-author: Dr. Robert W. Peters, P.E. UAB Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Diesel Fuel Contaminated Water Treatment by Sonication: a
Potential 20-Minute Sump and
Stormwater Remedy Presented by:
Roxanne Bessette, E.I.
Co-author:
Dr. Robert W. Peters, P.E.
UAB Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering
Presented at the 2007 Alabama Water Resources Conference, Orange Beach, AL,
September 5-7, 2007.
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Situation:Diesel Usage = Diesel Spills =
Receiving Waters Impacted
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Current Treatment: Gravity Phase Separation and
Mechanical Recovery
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Limitations of Current Treatment
• Cannot handle large spills rapidly;
• Cannot handle peak storm flows of the Southeastern U.S.;
• Minimal removal at <100mg/L, NPDES O&G discharge limit is usually 15 mg/L; and
• Overflow must be sent to local POTW at a per gallon service charge ($$$$!).
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Sonochemical Treatment:Unique Aspects
•Organic compounds rapidly oxidized (seconds to minutes)
•Rapid emulsification of immiscible liquids (seconds)
•Extreme conditions on the micro-scale with ambient bulk solution conditions
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Acoustically Induced Cavitation
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Cavitation: Quick Overview
•Microbubble is spherical at first and then shrinks rapidly•Microbubble formed near solid surface yielding an asymmetric implosion expelling a ~400 kph liquid jet•The jet develops opposite the solid surface and moves towards it•Implosion heats gases to ~5,500ºC •Pressure ~500-1000 atm at collapsing interface•Microbubble shown is ~150 μm …can be much larger depending on kHz
Source: Suslick, Scientific American Feb 1989
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Acoustical Cavitation = Micro High Energy Rapidly Quenched
•In less than a μs, implosion energy causes: •Ionization
• N2 NOx NO2-
•Radical Creation • O2 and H2O OH
•Luminescence• Visible and UV
• Pressures of ~500 atm•Temperatures of
• ~5,500oC for gases• ~2,100oC for immediately surrounding liquid
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Bench-Scale Treatment Method
•Initial Off Road No. 2 Diesel Fuel Concentration: 195 mg/L
•Volume Treated: 100 mL
•Sonicator Frequency: 20 kHz
•Sonicator Max Power Output:950 W
Experimental Conditions
Sonication Equipment: Branson 910 BC Power Supply and 902 J Converter
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Bench-Scale Treatment Method
Experimental Matrix
Rep Time Sonicated (min)
1 CV 0 2 5 5DUP 5MS 10 20 IB Meth BlK2 CV 0 2 5 5DUP 10 10MS 20 IB
3 CV 0 2 5 5DUP 5MS 10 20 IB
CV= Calibration Verification; DUP= Duplicate Sample; MS=Matrix Spike; IB=Instrument Blank; Meth Blk=Method Blank
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Bench-Scale Analytical Method
Sample Preparation by SW846 3510C
Separatory Funnel Liquid toLiquid Extraction
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Sample Analysis by SW846 8015B
Nonhalogenated Organics Using GC/FID
Bench-Scale Analytical Method
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Bench-Scale Diesel Sump Water Treatment Results
Sonocation of No.2 Diesel
y = -0.1859x + 4.5141R2 = 0.8202
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)
ln(C
)
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Electrical Energy per Mass of Contaminate Removed (kWh/kg)
EE/M= (106) P t (60) V (Ci-Cf)
where: P = Power, (kW) t = treatment time, (min) V = Volume of Treated Solution, (L) Ci = Initial Contaminate Concentration, (mg/L)
Cf = Final Contaminate Concentration, (mg/L)
93% removal of No. 2 Diesel Fuel requires 8,203.8 kWh/kg (0.0082 kWh/mg)
This number is approximately 3-4 fold greater than the TCE and CCl4 sonication energy requirements found by Peters, et al. (2005);
Paper presented at the 15th Annual AEHS Meeting and West Coast Conference on Soils, Sediments, and Water, San Diego, CA.
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Published Sonochemical Degradation Rates of Various Organic Compounds
(Reality Check)
Compound Sonication Condition
k (min –1) (Mass Transfer Rate Constant)
Source
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)
20kHz 0.0010 M.R. Hoffmann et al., Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 3 (1996) S163-S172
Carbon Tetrachloride
20 kHz, 130W
0.1980
2-Chlorophenol 20 kHz, 96W
0.0002 Ku et al., Water Res. 31 (1997) 929-935
Anthracene (PAH)
20kHz, 600W
1.5660 Z. Laughrey et al., Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 8 (2001) 353-357
Phenanthrene (PAH)
0.6600
Pyrene (PAH) 0.6240
Styrene (Hydrocarbon)520kHz, 14.6W
0.0622 De Visscher et al., J. Phys. Chem., 100 No.28 (1996)
Ethylbenzene (Hydrocarbon)
0.0446
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Removal Efficiencies Comparison
Belt Strippers (common current technology)
[O&G]* mg/L 10,000 200 100 15
Oil/water removal efficiency per API**
90% 50% Minimal Common NPDES Discharge Limit
*DRO is a subgroup of O&G**Removal time frame commonly on the order of hours to days
Sonication (proposed technology)
198 mg/L No.2 Off-road Diesel 95% removed
10 mg/L in 20 min
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Bench-Scale Diesel Sump Water Treatment Conclusions
Sonochemical Treatment Potential
• Rapid treatment to handle storm event runoff (minutes vs. days)
• Exceeds gravity separation treatment efficiency by 45%
• 0.002 kWh/mg removal energy requirement for ~200mg/L initial concentration
• Tested conditions achieves NPDES discharge standard of 15 mg/L
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Robert W. Peters, P.E. -for opportunities and encouragement
UAB Department of Civil, Construction,and Environmental Engineering-for research facilities support
Sound Environmental Practice LLC-for funding
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Thanks for this opportunity….Questions?