Presented By:Presented By:

Tonya Lee, Crystal Culpepper, Tonya Lee, Crystal Culpepper, Lauren Raulerson, and Lauren Raulerson, and

Nathan BrantleyNathan Brantley

Tobacco has been variously hailed as Tobacco has been variously hailed as a gift from the gods, a miraculous a gift from the gods, a miraculous cure-all for life’s physical ills.cure-all for life’s physical ills.

It is common knowledge that It is common knowledge that cigarette smoking is the single major cigarette smoking is the single major cause of cancer. cause of cancer.

The local oral effects The local oral effects of various tobacco of various tobacco habits have received habits have received little attention little attention outside of the outside of the potential cancer. potential cancer.

Tobacco stain, a Tobacco stain, a brown/black extrinsic brown/black extrinsic stain, is typically stain, is typically found on the enamel found on the enamel surfaces of smokers surfaces of smokers and tobacco and tobacco chewers. chewers.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma(Oral Cancer) is the most worrisome mucosal change.

At least 80% of oral cancer are smokers.

Oral patients who continue to smoke may develop a new head or neck cancer.

Recurring ulcers, or canker sores, are exquisitely painful and very common.

Smokeless tobacco usage does appear to enhance to presence of several periodontal pathogens.

There are several types of tobacco use.There are several types of tobacco use. We will look at cigarettes, chewing We will look at cigarettes, chewing

tobacco, cigars, and pipes.tobacco, cigars, and pipes. Tobacco use is the most addictive drug Tobacco use is the most addictive drug

in America.in America. In the US, one person dies every 72 In the US, one person dies every 72

seconds from a tobacco-related disease. seconds from a tobacco-related disease.

Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds of organic and inorganic compounds produced by the burning of tobacco produced by the burning of tobacco and additives. The smoke contains tar, and additives. The smoke contains tar, which is made up of more than 4,000 which is made up of more than 4,000 chemicals, including over 60 known to chemicals, including over 60 known to cause cancer. Some of these cause cancer. Some of these substances cause heart and lung substances cause heart and lung diseases, and all of them can be deadly. diseases, and all of them can be deadly.

You might be surprised to know some of the chemicals found in cigarette smoke. They include: Arsenic (used in rat

poison) cyanide Benzene (found in

rubber cement)

methanol (wood alcohol)

acetylene (the fuel used in welding torches)

ammonia Cigarette smoke also

contains the poisonous gases nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide. Its main active ingredient is nicotine, an addictive drug.

• Nicotine is highly addictive.Nicotine is highly addictive.• Nicotine provides an almost Nicotine provides an almost

immediate “kick” because it causes immediate “kick” because it causes discharge of epinephrine from the discharge of epinephrine from the adrenal cortex.adrenal cortex.

• This stimulates the central nervous This stimulates the central nervous system and other glands which system and other glands which causes release of glucose. causes release of glucose.

• Nicotine is absorbed readily from tobacco Nicotine is absorbed readily from tobacco smoke in the lungs, and it does not matter smoke in the lungs, and it does not matter whether tobacco smoke is from cigarettes, whether tobacco smoke is from cigarettes, cigars, or pipes.cigars, or pipes.

• With regular use of tobacco, levels of With regular use of tobacco, levels of nicotine accumulate in the body.nicotine accumulate in the body.

• Daily smokers or chewers are exposed to Daily smokers or chewers are exposed to the effects of nicotine for 24hours each the effects of nicotine for 24hours each day.day.

The tobacco industry is one of the most profitable businesses in the country, making billions of dollars yearly. But the costs of smoking are far higher than the income from cigarette sales.

Smoking causes more than $150 billion each year in health-related costs, including the cost of lost productivity due to smoking.

Smoking-related medical costs totaled Smoking-related medical costs totaled more than $75 billion in 1998 and more than $75 billion in 1998 and accounted for 8% of personal health accounted for 8% of personal health care medical expenditures. care medical expenditures.

Death-related productivity losses due to Death-related productivity losses due to smoking among workers cost the U.S. smoking among workers cost the U.S. economy more than $81 billion (average economy more than $81 billion (average for 1995-1999). for 1995-1999).

For each pack of cigarettes sold in 1999, For each pack of cigarettes sold in 1999, $3.45 was spent on medical care due to $3.45 was spent on medical care due to smoking, plus $3.73 in lost productivity, smoking, plus $3.73 in lost productivity, for a total cost of $7.18 per pack. for a total cost of $7.18 per pack.

Behavioral economic studies find that alternative rewards and reinforcers can reduce cigarette use.

Nicotine chewing gum is one medication approved by the FDA.

The success rates for smoking cessation treatment with nicotine chewing gum vary considerably.

Another approach is the nicotine transdermal patch. A skin patch that delivers a relatively constant amount

of nicotine to the person wearing it. These treatments are used to help people quit

smoking by reducing withdrawal symptoms and preventing relapse while undergoing behavioral treatment.

Another tool in treating nicotine Another tool in treating nicotine addiction is a medication called addiction is a medication called Zybane.Zybane.

This works on other aspects of the This works on other aspects of the brain and helps to make controllable brain and helps to make controllable nicotine craving or thoughts about nicotine craving or thoughts about cigarette use.cigarette use.