presented to: west chester pilots by: william j. doyle, jr., cfi a&i date: 09/21/2011 federal...

Presented to: West Chester Pilots

By: William J. Doyle, Jr., CFI A&I

Date: 09/21/2011

Federal AviationAdministrationApproach & Landing

Accident Avoidance for 2011

Eastern Region FAASTEAM

Federal AviationAdministration

2Approach and Landing Accident Avoidance

Special Thanksto the

Management and Staffof the

American Helicopter Museum



The Seasonal ‘Danger’ Zone



Accidents by Aircraft Type



Fatalities by Aircraft Type



Why Focus on Approaches & Landings?



Why Focus on Approaches & Landings? 2010 Nall Report – 2009 Data



Say That Again!

Maneuvering, Approach & Landing…– 15% of your flight time (average).– 47% of all accidents for 2008.– 55.9% of all accidents for 2009



0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

Student

Private

Commercial

ATP


2008:

413 non-commercial fixed-

wing landing

accidents.

2009 Nall Report




2009:


wing landing

accidents.

2010 Nall Report



Leading APL Causal Factors



Landing Practice Starts in the Air

Photo © Danny Fritsche



Slow Flight



Definition

FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook



Slow Flight - Common Errors

What are some common errors encountered during slow flight?

How could these errors lead to an approach/landing accident?




• Failure to adequately clear the area.• Inadequate back-elevator pressure as power is

reduced, resulting in altitude loss.• Excessive back-elevator pressure as power is

reduced, resulting in a climb, followed by a rapid reduction in airspeed and “mushing.”

• Inadequate compensation for adverse yaw during turns.




• Fixation on the airspeed indicator.• Failure to anticipate changes in lift as flaps are

extended or retracted.• Inadequate power management.• Inability to adequately divide attention between

airplane control and orientation.



Flight at MinimumControllable Airspeed

(Slow Flight)



Power Off Stall Recovery1. Reduce Angle of Attack

2. Add Power

3. Keep Wings Level

4. Use adequate Rudder



Power On Stall Recovery1. Reduce Angle of Attack

2. Keep Wings Level

3. Use adequate Rudder



Stall Recognition• Vision - note the attitude of the airplane• Hearing - change in sound due to loss of RPM• Kinesthesia, sense changes in direction or speed

of motion, warning of decrease in speed or beginning of settling or mushing.

• Feel - resistance to control pressures decreases, controls less effective

• Airplane vibration and buffeting• Stall warning indicators

– Stall warning horn and/or stall warning light



Stall Recovery – Power Off Stalls



Stall Recovery – Power On Stalls



Stabilized Approach



Faulty ApproachesEnergy Management

(1 of 2)



Faulty ApproachesEnergy Management

(2 of 2)



Faulty ApproachesTiming(1 of 2)



Faulty ApproachesTiming(2 of 2)



Faulty ApproachesNose Wheel Hazards



Faulty ApproachesPorpoise Gone Bad

Cherokee L410



Landing - Common Errors

What are some common errors encountered during landing?





• Inadequate wind drift correction on the base leg.• Overshooting or undershooting the turn onto final

approach resulting in too steep or too shallow a turn onto final approach.

• Flat or skidding turns from base leg to final approach as a result of overshooting/inadequate wind drift correction.

• Poor coordination during turn from base to final approach.



Landing - Common Errors • Failure to complete the landing checklist in a

timely manner.• Unstabilized approach.• Failure to adequately compensate for flap

extension.• Poor trim technique on final approach.• Attempting to maintain altitude or reach the

runway using elevator alone.




• Focusing too close to the airplane resulting in a too high round out.

• Focusing too far from the airplane resulting in a too low round out.

• Touching down prior to attaining proper landing attitude.

• Failure to hold sufficient back-elevator pressure after touchdown.

• Excessive braking after touchdown.



Crosswind Landings



Crosswind Landing Techniques

• Crab down final• Transition to sideslip at or just

before the thresh hold• Any risks?

– Side load on tires

• Sideslip not recommended all the way down a long final approach leg

• Any risks?– Cross control stall if improper

pitch, power, airspeed



Centerline Control

•Always keep the Aircraft on the Centerline of the Taxiway and Runway.



Application of Aileron



Faulty ApproachesCrosswind Landings Gone Bad

London City Luthansa



Crosswind LandingsCommon Errors

What are some common errors encountered during crosswind landings?




Common Errors in Crosswind Landings

• Attempting to land in crosswinds exceeding the maximum demonstrated crosswind component.

• Inadequate compensation for wind drift when turning from base to final resulting in undershooting or overshooting.

• Inadequate compensation for wind drift on final.• Un-stabilized approach.• Failure to compensate for increased drag

during sideslip resulting in excessive sink rate and/or too low an airspeed.



Common Errors in Crosswind Landings

• Touchdown while drifting.

• Excessive airspeed on touchdown.

• Failure to apply appropriate flight control inputs during rollout.

• Failure to maintain direction control on rollout.

• Excessive braking.



Go Around From Rejected Landing



Go Around Common Errors

What are some common errors encountered during go-arounds?

How could these errors lead to an accident?



Go Around - Common Errors

• Failure to recognize a condition that warrants a rejected landing.

• Indecision.• Delay in initiating a go-round.• Failure to apply maximum allowable power in a

timely manner.• Abrupt power application.• Improper pitch attitude.



Go Around - Common Errors

• Failure to configure the airplane appropriately.• Attempting to climb out of ground effect

prematurely.• Failure to adequately compensate for torque/

P-factor.• Failure to re-extend gear in a retractable gear

airplane.



Special Considerations

Experimental Aircraft-- Do you know the handling characteristics?

Laminar Flow Wings-- Do you know the flight characteristics?

Emergency Landings-- Have you practiced lately?

-- What types are there?



Parting Thoughts



The Three Most Useless Thingsto a Pilot

• The runway behind you– Moral: know your aircraft’s take-off minimums and cross-wind cross-wind

componentcomponent, your airport’s runway length, density altitude, any obstacles to be cleared

• The altitude above you– Moral: know your aircraft’s power settings for climb, cruise, and

descent

• The fuel on the ground below you– Moral: know your aircraft’s fuel capacity, fuel system, GPH burn

rate, and winds aloft for the route of flight.

• Utilize superior judgment to avoid needing to use superior skill



Just a Real Nice Picture



Credits and Information



References and Information• NTSB Accident Database

• http://www.ntsb.gov/aviationquery/index.aspx

• Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Title 14 Aeronautics and Space

• http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=fd0d4ed9821626f95caf8cad8372ce03&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title14/14tab_02.tpl

• Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Title 14 Chapter I--Federal Aviation Administration, Department of

Transportation, Subchapter D – Airmen • http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?

sid=fd0d4ed9821626f95caf8cad8372ce03&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title14/14cfrv2_02.tpl



References and Information

• FAA Airplane Flying Handbook – FAA-H-8083-3Ahttp://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/airplane_handbook/

• FAA Risk Management Handbook – FAA-H-8083-2–http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/media/FAA-H-8083-2.pdf–See Appendix A for Personal Minimums



References and Information• Presenter

– William J. Doyle, Jr., CFI A&I, AGI, IGI, Cessna CFAI• FAA FAAST Team Representative, PHL FSDO

• Downloading This Presentation – http://williamjdoylejr.net/FAAST/Approach_and_Landings_for_2011/

• Download each file in this directory

• Make sure that all files are downloaded into the same folder

• Crosswinds Presentation – http://williamjdoylejr.net/FAAST/Crosswind_Operations_at_the_Edge.ppt

• Uses PowerPoint 2003 and later

• Password-protected, so click on the “Read Only” button

– http://williamjdoylejr.net/FAAST/Crosswind_Operations_at_the_Edge.pdf• Uses Adobe Acrobat Reader version

• Recommended for use with iPads



Just a Real Nice Picture



FAASTeamon

Approach and Landing for

Accident Avoidance

Questions?

Comments?

Ideas?



This CompletesApproach and Landing

For Accident Avoidance

Be sure to have your attendance record validated!



Let’s Go FlyingLet’s Go Flying

““Remember Safety is No Remember Safety is No Accident”Accident”

presented to: west chester pilots by: william j. doyle, jr., cfi a&i date: 09/21/2011 federal...

Documents

approachlanding accident

data slide

handbook slide

aircraft type slide

approaches landings

eastern region faasteam

nall report

air photo danny fritsche