president woodrow wilson
TRANSCRIPT
President Woodrow Wilson
The Twenty Eighth President of the United States of America 1913–1921
President Woodrow WilsonTwenty Eighth President of the United States of America (1913–1921)
Run Time: 4 Minutes Video🔗
Progressivism & Cautious Neutrality
Wilson was a Progressive Democrat who believed in the power of the federal government to regulate the economy, expose corruption and eliminate unethical business practices while improving the overall condition of society.
During his time in office however the U.S. federal government and military were segregated, mirroring the racial and ethnic divisions that were rife within the country at the time.
President Wilson practiced cautious neutrality toward both sides involved in the war during his first term in office. While he and his opponent went to great lengths not to talk about the war during his re-election campaign, the slogan “He Kept Us Out of War,” was utilized by his supporters. Ultimately, escalating German aggression made it impossible for the United States to stay out of the First World War which came to dominate President Wilson’s second term.
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Wilson’s First Term (1913–1917)Wilson pursued a progressive agenda during his first term in office by maneuvering several major pieces of legislation through Congress aimed at:
Lowering tariffs (the Underwood Act; attached to the measure was a graduated federal income tax)
Creating the Federal Reserve System (the Federal Reserve Act provided the nation with the more elastic money supply it badly needed)
Championing antitrust legislation (the Clayton Antitrust Act)
Establishing the Federal Trade Commission to prohibit monopolistic and unfair business practices
Improving protections for railroad workers by restricting the workday to eight hours, creating a fund for federal employees injured while on the job, and the prohibition of child labor (Keating-Owen Child Labor Act, Adamson Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act )
These policies reflected Wilson’s faith in the Progressive movement, which sought to harness the power of the federal government to regulate the economy, expose corruption, and improve society by ameliorating the negative effects of industrialization.
Progressive Ideals
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Illustration shows President Wilson and William Jennings Bryan standing on a rock formation with a statue of a man
labeled "Practical Politics", with the U.S. Capitol in the background; Wilson, as Moses, strikes the rocks with his staff labeled "Campaign Pledges" causing
waters labeled "Currency Reform" and "Tariff Reform" to flow and nourish hordes of businessmen and laborers.
President Woodrow Wilson and his Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan
Wilson’s First Term (1913–1917)In 1912 Wilson promised fairness and justice for African Americans if elected, after election however the Wilson administration pursued regressive policies, working with Southern Democrats to segregate the federal government as well as supporting legislation to prohibit interracial marriages.
After years of African American advances in the federal civil service, this represented a huge step backward for civil rights.
The Ku Klux Klan experienced a major revival at the time with President Wilson aligning himself symbolically by ordering a private screening of D. W. Griffith’s notoriously racist film Birth of a Nation. The film portrayed African Americans as savage criminals and the KKK as heroic enforcers of a just and humane racial order.
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and numerous religious groups, both black and white, stepped forward to condemn Wilson’s segregationist racial agenda.
The African American community supported U.S. entry into World War I, however as it drew near fears of a segregated Army emerged and internal racial tension mounted, especially in the south.
Regressive Policies
Jim Crow and the Wilson Administration Run Time: 56 Minutes Video🔗
Wilson’s Second Term (1917–1921)
Amid the war in Europe and the Mexican Revolution, Wilson narrowly won re-election in 1916 by virtue of the progressive legislation championed at the time and the slogan "he kept us out of war.”
After the election Wilson concluded that the United States could not remain neutral in the World War due to escalating German hostility. On April 2,1917, he asked Congress for a declaration of war on Germany joining the Allies.
American military effort eventually tipped the balance in favor of the Allies and Wilson went before Congress in January 1918, to enunciate American war aims outlined in his Fourteen Points Plan.
After the Germans signed the Armistice in November 1918, Wilson went to Paris to try to build an enduring peace. He later presented to the Senate the Versailles Treaty, containing the Covenant of the League of Nations, and asked, “Dare we reject it and break the heart of the world?”
Re-Election and Entry into World War I
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WilsonianismThe Groundwork for a More Peaceful World
Run Time: 2 Minutes Video🔗
Wilson’s Second Term (1917–1921)
The term “Wilsonianism” refers to the foreign policy ideology of President Woodrow Wilson and the tenets of his Fourteen Points that he believed would help create world peace after World War I.
The four major points of “Wilsonianism” include:
Spreading Democracy Abroad
Open Markets/Free Trade
International Peacekeeping Organizations
Emerging global role of the United States in foreign policy
Wilson’s Ideological Perspectives on Foreign Policy
Wilson’s AmericaEntry and Outcomes of America’s Involvement in the Great War
Run Time: 1 Minute Video🔗
Extension Activity: The Military Lens Examining the U.S. Army During Wilson’s Presidency
A Segregated Military In 1917, Congress declared war on Germany and while the African American community supported the war many had serious reservations.
African American soldiers suffered discrimination in a Jim Crow army. They were segregated into separate units and often subjected to disproportionate punishment for minor offenses.
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Separate and UnequalAfrican American soldiers were rarely given training comparable to white soldiers, with only a few African American officers granted commissions.
On their return from war, many African American soldiers hoped that their patriotic service would earn them recognition, acceptance and equality in American society, however, such hopes were not immediately realized.
The 369th (formerly known as the 15th Regiment New York Guard) was an all-black regiment among the first sent to fight with the French on behalf of the United States.
French soldiers were warned not to fraternize with African Americans, but many ignored the request and formed interracial friendships.
The men of the 369th earned an unprecedented number of French military honors including 171 of France’s highest military medal the “Croix de Guerre.”
Valor Despite AdversityParticipation in the war was problematic for African Americans.
While President Wilson put America on a crusade to make the world safe for democracy abroad, the country neglected the fight for equality at home.
While the U.S. Army drafted both black and white men, they served in segregated units and although the Army eventually trained a small number of African American officers, it never put them in command of white troops.
380,000 African Americans served in the Army during WWI. Approximately 200,000 of these men were sent to Europe where more than half were assigned to labor battalions where they built roads, bridges and trenches or as stevedores who labored as dockworkers loading and unloading cargo from ships and supplies for the war effort.
Roughly 42,000 African American soldiers saw combat.
Engineer Corps, Road BuildingSilent footage of WWI soldiers from 1918–1919
Run time: 18 Minutes Video🔗
The “Harlem Hellfighters”
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Men of Bronze1977 Documentary: WWI “Harlem Hellfighters”
Part 1 Run Time: 29 Minutes Video🔗
Men of Bronze1977 Documentary: WWI “Harlem Hellfighters”
Part 2 Run Time: 31 Minutes Video🔗
Text ResourcesEducation Staff. "Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I." Educator Resources. Accessed 11 July 2017. https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/369th-infantry. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. "Woodrow Wilson." Federal Reserve People. Accessed 11 July 2017. https://www.federalreservehistory.org/people/woodrow_wilson?WT.si_n=Search&WT.si_x=3. Freidel, Frank , and Hugh Sidey. "Woodrow Wilson." The White House. Accessed 11 July 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/woodrowwilson. "Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916." Our Documents - Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916. Accessed 11 July 2017. https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=59. Lentz-Smith, Adriane. "The Great War: The World's Experience." American Experience. Accessed 11 July 2017. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/the-great-war-worlds-experience/. Nordlund, Willis. "The Federal Employee's Compensation Act." The Federal Employee's Compensation Act. Accessed 11 July 2017. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1991/09/art1full.pdf. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs. "1914–1920: World War One and Wilsonian Democracy." U.S. Department of State. Accessed 11 July 2017. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914–1920/foreword. "Our History." Federal Trade Commission. Accessed 11 July 2017. https://www.ftc.gov/about-ftc/our-history. Staff of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. "Federal Reserve Act Signed by President Wilson." Federal Reserve History. Accessed 11 July 2017. https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/federal_reserve_act_signed. Tafari, Tsahai. "A National Struggle: The President." The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. Accessed 11 July 2017. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/struggle_president.html. "Topics in Chronicling America - Eight Hour Day (1916)." Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room Serial and Government Publications Division, Library of Congress. Accessed 11 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/eighthour.html. "Woodrow Wilson: Twenty-Eighth President 1913–1921." National Archives and Records Administration. Accessed 11 July 2017. https://clintonwhitehouse2.archives.gov/WH/glimpse/presidents/html/ww28.html. Wormser, Richard. "Segregation in the U.S. Government (1913)." The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. Accessed 11 July 2017. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_segregation.html. Wormser, Richard. "Jim Crow Stories: D.W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915)." The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. Accessed 11 July 2017. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_birth.html. Wormser, Richard. "Jim Crow Stories: NAACP." The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. Accessed 11 July 2017. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_org_naacp.html. Wormser, Richard. "Jim Crow Stories: U.S. in World War I (1917–1918)." The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. Accessed 11 July 2017. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_ww1.html.
Image ResourcesBerryman, Clifford Kennedy, Artist. At Last!. 1919. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. Accessed 12 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/2016678760/. Detroit Publishing Co., Publisher, Harris & Ewing, photographer. Woodrow Wilson. [Between 1900 and 1920] Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. Accessed 12 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/det1994006544/PP/. For President Woodrow Wilson, for Vice-President Thomas R. Marshall. United States, 1912. [New York City: Manhattan Slide Company, Inc] Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. Accessed 12 July 2017 https://www.loc.gov/item/2007680381/. For the Freedom of the World. Washington D.C, ca. 1918. [1917, December 21] Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. Accessed 12 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/2002716887/. Harris & Ewing, photographer. [Woodrow Wilson disembarking ship]. United States, None. [Between 1921 and 1924] Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. Accessed 12 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/hec2013002714/. Hine, Lewis Wickes, photographer. Exhibit Panel. United States, 1913. [or 1914?] Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. Accessed 12 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/ncl2004002783/PP/. Hine, Lewis Wickes, photographer. Negro troops arrive at Auteuil. Wounded but not down hearted American negro soldiers arrive in an ambulance at the AMERICAN RED CROSS military hospital No. 5 at Auteuil. Auteuil France, 1918. October. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. Accessed 12 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017682734/. International Film Service. Colored Troops — New York's Colored Regiment Returns Home on Stockholm. 12 February 1919. File Unit: Colored Troops, 1917 – 1918 Series: American Unofficial Collection of World War I Photographs, 1917–1918 Record Group 165: Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, 1860–1952, National Archives, College Park - Still Pictures (RDSS). In Colored Troops - New York's Colored Regiment Returns Home on Stockholm. Accessed 13 July 2017. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26431282. International Film Service. Two American Negroes win Croix de Guerre. Series: American Unofficial Collection of World War I Photographs, 1917–1918, National Archives, National Archives at College Park - Still Pictures. In Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I. Accessed 13 July 2017.https://catalog.archives.gov/id/26431344. Keppler, Udo J, Artist. On the way to the promised land / Keppler. 1914. N.Y.: Published by Keppler & Schwarzmann, Puck Building. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. Accessed 12 July 2017. https://www.loc.gov/item/2011649662/. Underwood & Underwood. Lt. James Reese Europe, famous jazz band leader, back with the 369th Regiment. Series: American Unofficial Collection of World War I Photographs, 1917 – 1918, National Archives, College Park - Still Pictures. In Photographs of the 369th Infantry and African Americans during World War I. Accessed 13 July 2017. https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/369th-infantry. War Department. 15th Infantry fighters home with War Crosses. French liner La France arrives with 15th Infantry, Negro fighters who won honors in France. Series: American Unofficial Collection of World War I Photographs, 1917—1918 Record Group 165: Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, 1860—1952, National Archives, College Park. Accessed 13 July 2017. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/533550.
Video ResourcesDepartment of Defense. Department of the Army. Office of the Chief Signal Officer. Engineer Corps, Road Building [1918—1919]. U.S. National Archives. 6 May 2016. Accessed 14 July 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShFVEhYyoAM&feature=youtu.be.
Jim Crow and the Wilson Administration. C-SPAN, Public Affairs Event. 2 April 2005. Accessed 14 July 2017. https://www.c-span.org/video/?185745-1%2Fjim-crow-wilson-administration.
Men of Bronze. United States: Killiam Shows, Inc., 24 September 1977. Accessed 14 July 2017. https://archive.org/details/menofbronze.
Woodrow Wilson Biographical Vignette. C-SPAN. 12 September 1999. Accessed 14 July 2017. https://www.c-span.org/video/?152078-1%2Fwoodrow-wilson-biographical-vignette.
Woodrow Wilson: His Presidency and His House. C-SPAN. 1 April 1991. Accessed 14 July 2017. https://www.c-span.org/video/?17461-1/woodrow-wilson-presidency-house.
Woodrow Wilson: The Decider. Public Broadcasting Service. 10 April 2017. Accessed 14 July 2017. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/the-great-war-woodrow-wilson-decider/.