presidents of the united states
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Presidents of the United States. Mr. Wells Hickory Ridge HS. Richard M. Nixon. New Federalism Southern Strategy Stagflation OPEC Foreign Policy Watergate. New Federalism. Reduce government responsibilities from Great Society Expand Social Security , Medicare and Medicaid - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Mr. WellsMr. WellsHickory Ridge HSHickory Ridge HS
Richard M. NixonRichard M. Nixon
• New Federalism• Southern Strategy• Stagflation• OPEC• Foreign Policy• Watergate
New FederalismNew Federalism• Reduce government
responsibilities from Great Society
• Expand Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid
• Took away money from health, housing, and education programs
Southern StrategySouthern Strategy• Attract southerners
unhappy about desegregation
• Tried to slow down desegregating schools
Swann v. Charlotte Meck. Board of Ed.
• Appointed 4 justices to Supreme Court with conservative agenda
StagflationStagflation• Stagflation = high inflation & high unemployment
too much govt. spending on Great Society & Vietnam War
• Nixon froze business prices and wages for 90 days
OPECOPEC• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries• Made up of Middle East countries• Refused to ship oil to U.S.• Why? U.S. supports Israel in the Yom Kippur War against
Egypt and Syria• After war, oil was 4 times higher than what it was
Foreign PolicyForeign Policy• Realpolitik
foreign policy decision based on a country’s power not morals came from Henry Kissinger (Sec. of State)
• Détente negotiating with communists• Nixon visits China to ease
tensions• SALT I Treaty with Soviets limits ICBM’s Nixon first president to visit
Moscow
Video Clip: Frost NixonVideo Clip: Frost Nixon
WatergateWatergate• Nixon insecure & secretive
confided only to a select group of people (inner circle: H.R. Haldeman-John Ehrlichman-John Mitchell-John Dean) tape recorded his conversations in the Oval Office
• June 17, 1972: 5 men caught breaking into Democratic HQ at the Watergate Hotel
• White House began to cover-up link to President by shredding documents
WatergateWatergate• Woodward and Bernstein were two
reporters from Washington Post that uncovered evidence linking burglary to White House
• VP Spiro Agnew resigned because a grand jury indicted him for accepting bribes while being governor of Maryland
• Gerald Ford becomes new VP• Saturday Night Massacre
Nixon orders Attorney General to fire Archibald Cox (special investigator)
WatergateWatergate• 1974: Nixon releases edited tapes
of conversations in Oval Office. • US v. Nixon: Supreme Court orders
him to give up the unedited tapes • Nixon came on TV saying “I am not
a crook”• July 27: House of Representatives
impeach Nixon• August 8th: Nixon resigns but
admitted no guilt• American people view image of
presidency destroyed
Nixon FarewellNixon Farewell
Gerald R. FordGerald R. Ford• Ending Watergate• Troubled Economy• Hostile Congress• Cold War Tensions• Southeast Asia• Assassination Attempts
Gerald R. Ford - 1933Gerald R. Ford - 1933
University of MichiganUniversity of Michigan
Ending WatergateEnding Watergate• Ford only Vice-President and
President never elected• September 8, 1974: Ford issues
Proclamation 4311 giving Nixon a full and unconditional pardon
• Believed pardon was in the best interest of the nation
• Critics said a “corrupt bargain” had been struck
• At the same time, he announced a conditional amnesty program for Vietnam War draft dodgers
The Economy & Hostile The Economy & Hostile CongressCongress
• WIN= Whip Inflation Now• Asked Americans to reduce their
spending and consumption of gas• OPEC raised the cost of gas• He tried to cut government spending• Triggered worst economic recession
in 40 years• Battled Democratic Congress
- vetoed 50+ pieces of legislation
Cold War TensionsCold War Tensions• Continues negotiations with
Soviet Union and China• 1975: Helsinki Accords 35 nations promised
cooperation between Eastern and Western Europe
Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia• April 29, 1975: Fall of Saigon
1,373 U.S. citizens evacuated 5,595 Vietnamese evacuated• Communist Cambodia seized U.S. ship
Ford responds w/ massive show of military force
• Panmunjon: village in middle of DMZ (Koreas) North Korea attacks and kills two U.S. officers who were trimming a tree in joint occupation area
Ford sends in B-52 bomber and North Korea backs down and offers an apology
Saigon & PanmunjomSaigon & Panmunjom
Assassination AttemptsAssassination Attempts• September 5th, 1975 (Sacramento)
Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme follower of Charles Manson she pulled a Colt 45 handgun and pulled the
trigger but Secret Service Agent grabs gun… no round in firing chamber
sentenced to life in prison but paroled August 14, 2009
• September 22, 1975 (San Francisco) Sara Jane Moore
38 caliber revolver former Marine, Oliver Sipple grabbed gun
and deflected shot sentenced to life in prison but paroled
December 31, 2007
James Earl CarterJames Earl Carter• Election of 1976 Ford vs. Jimmy Carter Carter: former governor of GA Outsider to D.C. politics• Carter promised not to tell a lie to
American people• Carter wins• Alienated Congress because he refused
to play “insider” deal making both parties worked together to block his policies
Energy CrisisEnergy Crisis• Most important issue
- Carter believed U.S. relied too much on foreign oil- 100 proposals on energy conservation- National Energy Act (1978): tax on gas guzzling cars and tax credit for alternative energy
Human Rights & Cold War Human Rights & Cold War TensionTension
• Cut off relations with countries who imprisoned and tortured citizens
Argentina and Brazil put on that list• Relations with Soviet Union sour because
Soviet Union invades Afghanistan and Carter refuses to sign SALT II to limit nuclear arms
U.S. boycotts 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow
U.S. secretly arm Afghan rebels to fight Soviets (Osama Bin Ladin)
Boycotting Olympic Boycotting Olympic GamesGames
Panama CanalPanama Canal• U.S. owned Panama Canal since 1914
Theodore Roosevelt’s greatest foreign policy achievement (Big Stick Diplomacy)
• Panamanians resented U.S. occupation• 1977 : U.S. agreed to turn over canal on December 31, 1999• Result: Improved relations with U.S. and Latin America
Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords
• Carter invites Prime Ministers of Egypt and Israel to Camp David Anwar Sadat (Egypt)
Menachem Begin (Israel)• Signed a Peace Agreement Israel agreed to withdraw from Sinai Peninsula which it got after 6
Day War in 1967 Egypt recognizes Israel’s right to exist
Iran Hostage CrisisIran Hostage Crisis
• Jan. 1979: Ayatollah Khomeini led rebels to overthrow corrupt Shah of Iran U.S. supported the Shah
• U.S. let Shah into U.S. for cancer treatment• Nov. 4, 1979
Armed students take over U.S. embassy in Tehran… hold 52Americans for 444 days
Demanded U.S. send Shah back to Iran Carter refused