Prevention and Control of

Cross Country Natural Gas

pipeline Emergencies

04th December’2009

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Pipeline Transportation

The increasing demand of Natural Gas and the distance between the source and the consumers point necessitated the transportation of NG through Pipelines.

Pipelines specially underground are the Safest and Most Reliable, Economical and Eco -friendly Mode of Product Transportation.

Unlike Other Business/ Industrial activities, Pipeline Transpiration also has Risk.

Pipeline Incidents are Low Frequency and High Consequence in Terms of Cost.

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Hazards of Natural Gas

Fire Hazards

– Jet Fire

– Flash Fire

– Pool Fire

Explosion

– Vapor Cloud Explosion / Delayed explosion

Toxicity

– Comparatively less toxic

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Transco Pipeline Incident 14th Sept’08

At 7.44 am on 14th September’ 2008 TPL line-B failed at MP -1459.73 near town of Appomattox, Virginia State and was reported to National Response Centre.

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Transco Pipeline failure Sept, 2008

Gas cloud ignited producing a large fireball and resulting in a 37’ wide, 15’ deep crater and a burn zone of 1125 ‘ in diameter.

30’ section of pipe was blown out. No damage to adjacent lines.

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Transco Pipeline failure Sept, 2008

Appomattox Fire Dept, Virginia State Police responded

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Transco Pipeline failure Sept, 2008

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Transco Pipeline failure Sept, 2008

23 family evacuated, 5 injured, 2 houses burnt.

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Transco Pipeline Incident 14th Sept, 08

TPL is a n interstate gas P/L system that extends from Gulf of Mexico to New York and it passes through Verginia having two compressor stations (Reidville Cs at MP 1369 & Ellicott at MP 1628.

Three lines, A,B & C, laid parallel to each other with 20’ distance apart.

– Line A: 30” dia, Grade-X52, Coal tar enamel coated, 1950

– Line B: 30” dia, X52 Grade, Asphalt enamel coated, 1955

– Line C: 36” dia, X52 Grade, Asphalt enamel coated, 1962

– MAOP : 800 psi, Actual pressure: 799 psi

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Hazards of Natural Gas

All lines had a common corrosion system with rectifier connected to all three lines. Explosion

Close internal electrical survey was performed in 2003. Action taken were unknown.

Line B & C were internally inspected in 2008 with a high resolution magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) tool and deformation tool. This led to replacement of 200 ft section of Line C.

PSP at blast location was low. Readings taken in 2006 indicated PSP remained low.

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DIAMANT BOART

DIAMANT BOART

Pipeline involved:Ø 1000 MM

Pipeline Ø 900 MMCRATER

Belgium Pipeline Incident 30th July’04 (Gellingen location)

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Details of the Pipeline

Pipeline : Natural Gas Pipeline

Number :2

Owner : Fluxys (network manager)

Route : Zeebrugge - Blaregnies

Diameter : 39” (1000 mm)

Pressure in the pipeline: 80 bar Size of the opening: Guillotine break

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What went wrong?

Pipeline undergoing maintenance (pressure from 80 to 50 bar);

Work on site (levelling the ground using excavator/ spreder);

Reduced cover above the pipe;

Pipe damaged during work (75% reduced wall thickness);

30 July 2004 pipe back in use. (pressure from 50 to 80 bar);

At 8:45 smell of gas reported;

9:00 fire on site and pipe splits open;

9:01 Explosion!!!!

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Victims

24 dead including 5 firemen and 1 policeman.

132 injured of which 25 with life-threatening burns

Chief inspector Stéphane Delfosse of Ath police force was the only person to survive the zero perimeter. He was standing 15 metres from the leak when the pipeline failed under the high pressure.

Why were there so many victims?

No central direction!

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Victims

People ran towards the leaking pipe instead of keeping a safe distance.

He owes his life to a driver who took him to the hospital in Ath, and the doctor at the hospital who immediately transferred him to Neder-Over-Heembeek.

He was in a coma for 4 months, and suffered 3rd degree burns over 50% of his body. He has already undergone 25 operations …

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A cloud of gas

9:00 AM

9:01AM

Photo taken

approx. 15 km

from Gellingen

Photos taken

from a distance of approx. 9 km

At approx. 1 min

intervals

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Max. height 450m Av. height 250m

Other observations - a sea of flames

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Details of the action plan

The action plan indicates that if there is a fire as a consequence of a guillotine break in a gas pipeline with a diameter of 1000 mm, the following zones are assigned:

Zone 1 (10 kW/m2 after 30 secs): 210 m

Zone 2 ( 3 kW/m2 after 30 secs): 710 m

Zone 3: 1000 m

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CraterCrater

190 m

240 m

210 m

210 m

Zone heavily affected by the heat = House burning distanceZone heavily affected by the heat = House burning distance

Verification

2121

approx. 160 m from craterapprox. 160 m from crater

Observations: Damage from heat radiation

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Along the road Along the road

Approx. 210 m from craterApprox. 210 m from crater

Dried leavesDried leaves

Observations: Damage from heat radiation

2323

CraterCrater

Wood ignited Wood ignited approx. 130 m from craterapprox. 130 m from crater

Following slide : inside the Following slide : inside the buildingbuilding

Observations: Damage from heat radiation

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Details of the action plan

The action plan indicates that if there is a fire as a consequence of a guillotine break in a gas pipeline with a diameter of 1000 mm, a sound level of 90 dbA will extend 250 metres.

Observation: the sound exceeded the pain threshold!

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View of the crater.

app. 14 mapp. 14 m

app. 14 m

app. 14 m

app

. 4 m

app

. 4 m

The explosion

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The section of pipeline was found approx. 155 m from the crater.

The explosion

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Damage caused by the explosion

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Causes of Pipeline Incidents

Third Party (Instantaneous, Previously Damaged Pipe & Vandalism)

Corrosion (External & Internal)

Incorrect Operations

Material and Construction Defects

Weather (Heavy Rain/ Flood and Lightning)

Weld/ Fabrication (Defective Pipe Girt & Fabrication Weld)

Natural Calamities (Earthquakes)

Environment (Stress Corrosion Cracking)

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Hazardous Liquid & Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines Incidents (1984-2004)

NG Pipelines Incidents:1367 nos.

Liquid Pipelines Incidents: 2054 nos.

Microsoft Excel Worksheet

Microsoft Excel Worksheet

Source:http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipelineIA98.htm. www.pstrust.org/resources/stats/accident.htm

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Pipeline Integrity Management Program

Detection and Prevention of Threats to Enhance Pipeline Integrity:

Third Party Damage– One Call System– Increased Cover Depth– Increased Line Markers– Hazard Protection– Marker Tape at Top of Pipe– Increased Patrol Frequency (Line Walk & Aerial)– Public Awareness / Education– Reward for Report of Encroachment– Liaison with Local Development Authorities– Leak and Soil survey

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Pipeline Integrity Management Program

Corrosion - External– In-Line Inspection (ILI) and Rehabilitation Program*– Direct Current Voltage Gradient (DCVG) Survey– CP Coverage & Reading Analysis– Bell Hole / Visual Inspection– Soil Corrosivity Inspection– Buried Coupon Monitoring

Corrosion - Internal– In-line Inspection– Impurities /Moisture Reduction– Biocide Inspection– Inhibitor Injection– Internal Coupon Monitoring– Cleaning Pig Run

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Pipeline Integrity Management Program

Construction and Material Failure

– Pipe Manufacturing Inspection– Pipe Loading and Transportation Inspection– Construction Activity Inspection

Incorrect Operations

– Pressure Relief Design– SOP for Normal, Abnormal and Emergency – Operators Qualification Test

Fatigue Analysis and Monitoring program Management of Change Process Periodic Pipeline Integrity and Safety Audits Incident Investigation & Corrective Action

Tracking Risk Assessment based on Population Density

Index

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Categorization of Emergencies

Emergency Organization

Emergency Notification Matrix

Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)

First Responders Kit

Liaison with Local Fire Services, Hospitals, Police etc

Emergency Drills Training and Rehearsal

Dealing with Press/Media

Siren Code

Evacuation Plan

Assembly Points & Emergency Control Centre.

EWPL ERDM Preparedness

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EWPL Level of Emergencies

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First Person at site Notification of incident

Pipeline Operation Centre (POC) in Command

Emergency under control

POC to initiate Level-1 Notification by informing Level-1 team members

Emergency Under control

No

POC to intimate to all concerned

Emergency Escalates to Level - 2

Emergency Terminated

Yes

EMT Leader activates ECC at RCP, Mumbai

Yes

No

Emergency Response Team (ERT) to site

Incident leading to emergency

Emergency Escalates to Level - 3

EMT Leader informs CMT Leader Mumbai and POC

CMT Activated

Incident handling at site by ERT & ERT Leader

ERT Leader informs POC/ EMT Leader

POC initiates Level-2

Emergency Notification

Emergency Escalation

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EWPL Emergency Notification/Communication Matrix

Input from emergency site through F & G, SCADA, Manual Call Point, One-call number, Telephone, Public, Reliance Mitra etc

Pipeline Operation Centre Shift Engg.

ERT Leader & Lead

Operations

Head- Field O&M

Head- HSEF

OT Control Room

Head- POC

Security Operation

Centre

Emergency Response Team

State Security Manager

Sec. Guard & Reliance Mitra

Head- ROU

Land Owners/ Stake holders

District Authorities

Mutual Aid Industries

POC

Emergency Mgmt Team Members

Crisis Mgmt Team (PMSP/RKD/JSY)

Informed by EMT Leader

LEVEL-1

EMT Leader Fire / Police /

Hospitals

LEVE

L-2

LEV

EL-3

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EWPL Emergency Organization

EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM

LEADER (Area / RHQ Manager)

Security Staff on duty

Lead- Ops Lead-Elec Lead- Inst

IT Lead Gate Security

Lead- MechanicalExec. Inst.

Medical Services & Ambulance

Fire Brigade Services

Police Services

Affected Stake Holders (land Owners) and

Govt. Authorities

Off-Site Incident

Commander (District

Magistrate)

First Responder/

Reliance Mitra

Rescue & First Aid Team

Auxiliary Fire Team

Operations Team

Communication Team

Contract Workers

Emergency Mgmt Team

Crisis Mgmt Team

State Security Manager

Head-ROU

Note: Level I Level II Level III

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Organizational Focus - Standards and Code of Practices

Statutory and Regulatory Compliances

Surveillance (Aerial and Line Walk Patrolling)

Integrity and Reliability of Pipeline

Compliance to HSE Requirements

Periodic Audits

Emergency Response & Disaster Management Readiness.

Monitoring Process

Summary

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