preview main idea / reading focus the revolution of 1830 birth of a republic the dreyfus affair
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Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Revolution of 1830 Birth of a Republic The Dreyfus Affair. Revolution and Change in France. Revolution and Change in France. Main Idea - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2
Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• The Revolution of 1830
• Birth of a Republic
• The Dreyfus Affair
Revolution and Change in France
Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2
Reading Focus
• What happened during the Revolution of 1830?
• What were the results of the birth of the French republic?
• How did the Dreyfus affair reveal divisions within French society?
Main Idea
During the 1800s opposing groups in France struggled to determine what kind of government France would have—a republic, a constitutional monarchy, or an absolute monarchy.
Revolution and Change in France
Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2
At the end of the Napoleonic era, the Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne. The French had a constitution and a legislature, but most power remained with the king. The French people would not remain content with their government for long.
• Charles X inherited throne with death of brother, Louis XVIII
• Tried to rule as absolute monarch
• Citizens revolted, Revolution of 1830
• Charles abdicated, fled to England
A King Abdicates
• Klemens von Metternich had supported absolute monarchies, reactionary ideals at Congress of Vienna
• Feared revolution would spread
Metternich
• Moderate liberals formed constitutional monarchy
• Chose Louis Philippe new king
• Aristocrat popular with middle class
• Called “citizen king”
Louis Philippe
The Revolution of 1830
Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2
Economic Depression• During Louis Philippe’s reign, working people grew poorer, middle
class and aristocracy became more prosperous
• Popularity deteriorated rapidly with economic depression of 1846
• Life became difficult for all but wealthiest people
• Discontent would lead to revolution again
Repressive Rule• Louis Philippe became more like king, less like citizen over time
• Increased number of voters, but only extended vote to more wealthy citizens
• Limited freedom of press, rule became increasingly repressive, silenced most who opposed him
Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2
Identify Cause and Effect
What were the effects of the Revolution of 1830?
Answer(s): King Charles X abdicated and was replaced by King Louis Philippe, the “citizen king.”
Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2
The economic troubles and general unhappiness simmered until 1848. Then revolution exploded again and another republic was born.
• Sparked when French government banned banquet planned by reformers
• Middle- and working- class protesters took to streets
• Louis Philippe abdicated
• New government formed, a republic headed by a president
• Voters elected Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon
The Revolution of 1848• Era known as Second
Republic; First Republic existed between French Revolution, reign of Napoleon
• Revolution of 1848 had far-reaching effects: ensured all adult men had right to vote, fueled new women’s rights movement, inspired other European revolutions
Second Republic
Birth of a Republic
Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2
• Period became known as Second Empire
• Napoleon III made reforms such as increasing voting rights but always kept absolute power as emperor
• Ruled during time of economic prosperity
• Built many miles of railroads, helped increase trade and improved communications in France
Reforms
• French constitution allowed president to serve four years
• Louis Napoleon wanted to remain in office
• 1851, sent troops to Paris, arrested members of National Assembly who opposed him
• Called for national vote on drafting new constitution
• 1852, French elected him Emperor Napoleon III
New Constitution
Napoleon III and the Second Empire
Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2
War with Prussia
• 1870, Napoleon III drew France into war with Prussia
• Napoleon III captured, surrendered to Prussians
Siege of Paris
• New republic immediately faced crisis
• Prussians invaded France, began siege of Paris
Deposed
• Shameful defeat led French Assembly to depose Napoleon III
• Proclaimed Third Republic
Important Reforms
• Primary education available for children between 6 and 13
• Trade unions legalized, working hours reduced, workers got one day off per week
The Third Republic
Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2
Draw Conclusions
Why did the French elect Louis Napoleon as their president?
Answer(s): possible answer—because of his famous name and family legacy
Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2
• Reforms did not solve all of France’s problems
• Divisions continued to split French society
• 1894, divisions came to head over controversial Dreyfus Affair, revealing extent of French anti-Semitism, prejudice toward Jews
• Alfred Dreyfus, captain in French army, Jewish
• Falsely accused of betraying military secrets to Germany
• Anti-Semitic officers knew he was not guilty, let Dreyfus take blame
Dreyfus• Dreyfus humiliated in public
ceremony, uniform stripes removed, sword broken
• Evidence suggested another, non-Jewish, officer may have been spy, but found not guilty in court
• Dreyfus not cleared until 1906
Evidence
The Dreyfus Affair
Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2
Zola• 1898, French writer Émile Zola defended Dreyfus
• Published letter accusing French government of anti-Semitism
• Letter set off riots, led French courts to reopen Dreyfus’s case
Zionism• Herzl believed root of anti-Semitism was that Jews did not have own nation
• 1900s, many Jews had settled in eastern Mediterranean area, Palestine
• Settlements caused other Jews to follow, Zionist movement strengthened
Effects • Many political groups united into two—those for Dreyfus and those against
• Theodor Herzl began Zionism movement, called for re-creation of a Jewish state in original homeland
Defending Dreyfus
Reforms, Revolutions, and War Section 2
Identify Cause and Effect
What were two major effects of the Dreyfus affair?
Answer(s): polarized the French into two groups; inspired Theodor Herzl to begin the movement called Zionism, with the objective of creating a Jewish state in Palestine