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Superdielectrics Ltd (Previously Augmented Optics Ltd)

Programme Summary Press Briefing IET February 2018

Embargoed to 26/2/2018

© Superdielectrics Ltd January 2018 and Augmented Optics Ltd November 2016 & June 2017

1 © Superdielectrics Ltd January 2018

Jim Heathcote - CEO

Jim (JH) was the CEO of ITM Power PLC, he took the company from start-up to an AIM-listed company raising £10m at IPO and

£29.4m in a secondary.

Dr Donald Highgate - Director of Research

Don Highgate (DJH) has worked with advanced polymers for over 40 years. He led the team that created materials used for extended

wear contact lenses and developed the materials used by ITM Power PLC for use in fuel cells and electrolysers.

Nigel Spence, FCA – Finance Director

Nigel (NS) was FD of Wax Info Ltd , a Cambridge University Healthcare spinout, from 2000-2010 and has his own tax and

accountancy practice.

Management

2 ©  Augmented Optics Ltd November 2016 and June 2017

Company History Company Established September 2014 as Augmented Optics Ltd.

Commissioned Research Programme at University of Surrey.

2015-2016 Research Programme generated three groups of novel electrically active hydrophilic polymers.

2016 Four (4) patent applications made for the polymers and a number of end uses.

September 2016 University of Bristol contracted to evaluate the electrochemical properties of the materials.

December 16 January 17 Public announcement that the materials have ‘exceptional dielectric properties suitable for application to Supercapacitors’

Company formally renamed as “Superdielectrics Ltd”

2017 Development Programme shows that the material properties translate to high capacitance values at engineering scale.

3 ©  Augmented Optics Ltd, November 2016 and June 2017

Energy Supply: Sustainable Future

© Superdielectrics Ltd January 2018

Primary Energy.

(i) Gravitation (tidal)

(ii) Nuclear (E = mc2 )

(fission, fusion, solar)

All other energy resources are derivative.

Renewable Energy

All types are TIME VARYING

But Wind-Wave and Solar are

TIME VARYING

AND

UNPREDICTABLE

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STORAGE is CRITICAL for the UPTAKE and COST EFFECTIVE use of

ALL RENEWABLE energy resources.

Hydrophilic(ionic)site.

Boundwatermolecule.

Freewatermolecule.

HydrophilicStructure(dry). HydrophilicStructure(hydrated).

Pla5ormTechnology:SimpleHydrophilicMaterials

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Commercial Development of Hydrophilic Technology

Simple Hydrophilic Polymers:

So=ContactLenses: DJH;meline1968-1980:DJHetalpatentedGammairradia;onforthemanufactureofbio-medicalHydrophilicPolymersthatallowedcontactlensestobecome:

flexible,soJandofcontrolledwateruptakecomfortableandwear-&meindependent……fromhourstoweeksofcon;nuouswear.

IHLaboratoriesLtdbecameaprincipalsupplierofhydrophilicblankstothebespokecontactlensindustryandamajorsupplieroffinishedlensestaking>10%oftheUKsoJcontactlensmarketinoneyear(1979-80)

Extended wear skin-dressings: DJH timeline 1980-1990: The development of Hydrophilic Wound and Stoma care dressings for Glaxo Group, IH Laboratories became the worlds largest producer of bio-medical grade hydrophilic material (producing up to 1 tonne per month at peak).

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Hydrophilic Structure (dry). (containing only HS sites)

Ionically Active Hydrophilic Structure (dry).

(containing ES & hS sites)

Hydrophilic site (HS).

Free water molecule.

Ionically active site (ES) [ SO3]

Bound water molecule.

Hydrophilic Structure (hydrated).

+/- ion +/- ion

Ionically Conducting Hydrophilic Materials

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Ionically Conductive Hydrophilic Polymers the basis of ITM Power PLC’s technology

Fuel Cells and Electrolysers: DJH timeline 1993-2009: The development of Hydrophilic Polymers which were also IONICALLY conductive allowed the development of high efficiency fuel cells and rapid reaction electrolysers. ITM Power Ltd was formed in 2001 to develop these applications and completed a first round fund raising of £1.6m on a £4m valuation in 2002. New Material Patents vested in ITM Power 2001. ITM Power plc was listed on AIM in 2004 at a £46m valuation and continues to operate and develop the technology. NB: for the avoidance of doubt neither Jim Heathcote nor Dr Donald Highgate now have any connection with

ITM Power plc save that Dr Highgate is the inventor as defined in the patents and remains a shareholder.

Commercial Development of Ionic Hydrophilic Technology

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SimpleHydrophilicStructure(hydrated).

ElectricallyacAveHydrophilicMaterialsDevelopmentRoutes

e- e-

e- e-

e- e-

e- e-

Hydrophilic + amino acid = transparent and bio-acceptable polymer

Hydrophilic + amino acid

+ Amino Acid or EDTA

+ PEDOT PSS

+ Imidazole

Hydrophilic + PEDOT PSS = industrial grade

polymer + Imidazole = higher performance

industrial grade polymer

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Superdielectrics Ltd (Previously Augmented Optics Ltd)

Development Programme Stage 2 Summary of the Independent reports from

The University of Surrey and the University of Bristol January 2018

© Superdielectrics Ltd January 2018 and Augmented Optics Ltd November 2016 & June 2017

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Stage 1 January 2017

First announcement of Scientific breakthrough. Development of a suite of novel superdielectric hydrophilic polymers. “exceptional electrochemical properties ….”** “immediate application to high capacity supercapacitors….”** ** Prof Fermin University of Bristol


Progress: Development & Demonstration

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Stage 2 January 2018

We now report a vital second stage of the programme. Essential to carry the scientific work forward into engineering scale systems using low cost electrode materials. (i) Confirmation that the exceptional dielectric results translate to real world scales. (ii) Development of methods for the large scale production of membrane materials. (iii) Demonstration of exceptional capacitance values using simple low cost smooth surface electrodes with immediate application to high energy storage systems.


Progress: Development & Demonstration

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Progress: SIZE Matters!

Test Systems (the University of Surrey Report #2)

(suitable for test samples up to 30mmx30mm)

Figure 2 Simple clamp device.

Figure 3 Prototype pressure controlled device.

Experimental Samples used by Prof. Fermin

after University of Bristol

Report #1 Jan 2017

(A) cylindrical 2.75mm in diameter.

The electrodes employed were glassy carbon and Silver as reference

electrodes.

To establish that the unique dielectric properties measured in the ‘first stage’ science programme could be validated on a larger (macroscopic) scale. Ref 1


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Progress: Energy Storage Potential

Energy Storage in a Capacitor. The energy stored in a capacitor depends on the: (i) Capacitance (C) in Farads per unit effective area (F/cm2 of electrode) and (ii) dielectric properties of the electrolyte. The energy stored when the capacitor is charged to a voltage (V) E = 1/2CV2 A measurement of the capacitance C in Farads/cm2 of a smooth surfaced electrode (where N=1) is an excellent indicator of the effectiveness of the electrolyte free from the complexity and uncertainties of the extended (Nano-Textured) electrode surfaces used in supercapacitors.

444

Nano-Textured Electrode Surfaces the Effective Area ae = Nxag the Geometrical Area (ag) where the value of N can be up to 1000

All Capacitance measurements reported here employ smooth electrodes or uncoated mesh electrodes: no Nano-Textured materials have been used.


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The scientific tests (P A Bolimowski, and D Fermin, University of Bristol report to Augmented Optics Ltd dated 2016) used very small samples and specialist electrode materials in carefully controlled configurations. Real world devices must be engineered using lower cost electrodes and simple geometries (e.g. ideally carbon or steel and flat or simply textured plain electrodes).


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Progress: Experimental Results


In this ‘Stage 2’ programme extensive tests have been made to establish:

(i) polymer stability, (ii) polymer and membrane reproducibility (to establish the robustness of the formulation and production process of both polymer & membranes). (iii) the effect of different hydration solutions on membrane performance and the values of Capacitance/area actually achieved. (iv) the effect of contact pressure on the reproducibility of the data and of the absolute values obtained (important as a guide to the packaging systems that can be used in any subsequent production processes).

In all these trials the capacitance (F/cm2) of the polymer membrane was measured against smooth metal or carbon

electrodes. © Superdielectrics Ltd January 2018

16


Sample Capacitance (F/cm2)

Standard sample 2V - 4.82F Asymmetric stainless steel

electrode and an MnO2 treated stainless steel electrode

2V – 15.76 F

Electrodes

Capacitance (F/cm2) Pressure 700 g cm2

301 Stainless steel 4.11

904L Stainless steel mesh

0.976

Carbon blocks 0.021

Note that capacitance results for 301 stainless steel are regularly above 1.5 F/cm2 and those of 904L stainless steel are regularly over 0.2 F/cm2 ….using flat (i.e. non extended surface) electrodes. …..compared with the area capacitance of commercial supercapacitors of 0.3F/cm2 using commercial EXTENDED surface electrodes. Ref 1

It has been found possible to substantially increase the capacitance values of these systems using electrodes treated with MnO2……using the same membrane. At 2V the capacitance can be increased from a maximum of 4F/cm2 to 11-20F/cm2.


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Conclusions: (University of Surrey Report #2 December 2018)

The results obtained here show that at macroscopic (real world) scales appropriate to the sizes of actual prototype capacitor devices: (i) SD’s novel polymer electrolytes perform broadly in accordance with the predictions of the scientific studies reported earlier (as Report 1) by Prof. Fermin and the Universities of Surrey and Bristol in January 2017. (ii) Actual results up to 4F/cm2 have been repeatedly achieved against solid stainless steel foil and 0.9F/cm2 against mesh (equivalent to approximately 1.8F/cm2 when allowance is made for the reduced area of contact of the mesh). (iii) The data taken with advanced coating systems (details withheld prior to filing IP protection) based on MnO2 suggest that significant further improvements can be achieved ………. (iv) Assuming the use of stainless steel foil electrodes of thickness 0.05mm and density 7.5g/cm3, these results using smooth surface electrodes indicate energy densities of 26Wh/kg; clearly this has the potential to be very significantly increased when suitable extended surface electrodes can be made/procured that are compatible with the special properties of SD’s novel polymer electrolytes.


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Conclusions: (University of Surrey Report #2 December 2018)

Conclusions continued: (v) The novel electrolytes developed by SD ltd clearly have the potential to provide:

(a) low cost supercapacitors using smooth surface electrodes that significantly exceed the performance of the best existing supercapacitors,

and (b) with the addition of extended surface area electrodes to provide specific energy densities competitive with existing battery technology.

(vi) To provide alternatives to battery technology in a very wide range of immediately important commercial applications including but not limited to; stationary grid balancing applications, buffer stores to facilitate the rapid charging of electric vehicles (otherwise an unacceptably high drain on local electricity grids) in addition to the direct use in transport applications where rapid recharging of vehicles; is of critical importance; and finally (but by no means least) in consumer electronics.


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Conclusions: (University of Bristol Report #2 December 2018)

(i) Confirm that the results for SD materials ‘would be highly competitive when compared with a current commercial supercapacitor of 0.3F/cm2 using commercial porous surface electrodes’ (ii) Comment that (page 4-5) ‘A commercial porous carbon might typically (and comparatively easily) yield a 100-fold increase (in capacitance/unit area) ….‘addition’ of pseudocapacitive elements (such as MnOx)…..could potentially achieve a further order of magnitude (i.e. a 1000-fold increase overall) giving the potential for the performance for a scaled system involving commercial electrodes to be equivalent to 22 F/cm2 ‘ This capacitance per unit area could translate to an energy density of up to 180Whr/kg assuming production using modern production processes, and that stable extended surface electrodes for use with SD electrolytes can be procured or developed.


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Conclusions: (University of Bristol Report #2 December 2018)

Conclusions continued:

(iii) Conclude (#3) The electrical data presented for two batches of commercial monomer are consistent with the view that the age of the monomer does not appear to have a significant effect on the magnitude of the results (over a storage period of some 10 months), and that:

(#5) The data suggest that the systems as produced are stable (immersed in 5M H2SO4 and in contact with the electrode materials) over a period of up to 7 days.


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Three Cell Groupings are needed to satisfy all practical applications:

Cell Configura,ons

(i)  A single cell has fixed voltage: 1.5-2v and fixed energy storage: proportional to its area.

(ii) A series cell stack has controllable voltage: (1.5-2)x number of cells and energy storage: proportional to its total area.

(iii)  A series/parallel cell stack has controllable voltage: (1.5-2)x number of cells and controllable energy storage: dependant on number of parallel cell stacks.

ASeries/parallelcellgroupcanbeexpandedtomeetanyvoltage/storagecapacityrequiredbyaspecific

applica;on.

Simple Demonstration of Energy Storage/Release:

(i) Single Cell

Membrane coated on both sides using carbon powder. Pressed between 904L SS mesh. Charged for 5 minutes at 1.5V which ran the fan for over 3 minutes.

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Simple Demonstration of Energy Storage/Release:

(ii) 3 Cell Series Stack

Membranes coated on both sides

using carbon powder.

Pressed between 904L SS mesh.

Charged for 2 minutes at 5V which ran the LED for over 2 minutes.

NB: No voltage stabilisation or ballast resistor used.

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Supercapacitor Advantages

•  Rapid recharging

•  Very long life

•  Safe

•  No rare elements

•  High cycle efficiency

•  Wide operating temperature range

26

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4-7wh/kg Current Supercapacitors 25-35wh/kg Lead Acid batteries 100-120wh/kg Lithium ion batteries 2,500wh/kg Petrol

The Energy Density War By useful energy density

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Existing Capabilities:

4-7wh/kg Current Supercapacitors

100-120wh/kg Lithium ion batteries

2,500wh/kg Petrol (net effective in heat engine)

Applications By useful energy density

Current and Projected SD Capabilities:

26wh/kg assuming 3F/cm2 (Stationary energy storage)

180wh/kg* superior to existing Li-ion batteries * Assuming (a) the technology translates into production using modern production processes, and

(b) stable extended surface electrodes for use with SD electrolytes can be procured or developed

Superdielectrics Vision •  Continue the Development and optimisation of the

SD materials and develop/identify extended surface electrodes compatible with SD materials.

•  Build a supercapacitor research and low volume production facility.

•  Continue materials and electrode research and expand IP portfolio.

•  Subject to the success of the preceding stages to seek funding for a giga factory.

29 ©  Superdielectrics Ltd November 2016 and June 2017

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Disclaimer No offering is made or intended by this document. Any offering of interests in Superdielectrics Ltd will be made only in compliance with England & Wales laws. This document includes confidential and proprietary information of and regarding Superdielectrics Ltd. This document is provided for informational purposes only. You may not use this document except for informational purposes, and you may not reproduce this document in whole or in part, or divulge any of its contents without the prior written consent of Superdielectrics Ltd. By accepting this document, you agree to be bound by these restrictions and limitations.

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