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PART-C

AUTHORS AND THEIR LITERARY WORKS

1.Match the Poems with the Poets

A Psalm of Life - Be the Best - The cry of the children -

The Piano – Manliness Going for water – Earth -The

Apology - Be Glad your Nose is on your face - The

Flying Wonder -Is Life But a Dream - Be the Best - O

captain My Captain - Snake - Punishment in

Kindergarten -Where the Mind is Without fear - The Man

He Killed - Nine Gold Medals

2.Which Nationality the story belongs to?

The selfish Giant - The Lottery Ticket - The Last Leaf -

How the Camel got its Hump - Two Friends – Refugee -

The Open Window

3.Identify the Author with the short story

The selfish Giant - The Lottery Ticket - The Last Leaf -

How the Camel got its Hump - Two Friends – Refugee -

The Open Window - A Man who Had no Eyes - The

Tears of the Desert – Sam The Piano - The face of

Judas Iscariot - Swept Away - A close encounter -

Caught Sneezing - The Wooden Bowl - Swami and the

sum

4.Whose Auto biography / Biography is this?

5.Which Nationality the Poet belongs to ?

Robert Frost - Archibald Lampman - D.H. Lawrence -

Rudyard Kipling - Kamala Das - Elizabeth Barrett

Browning - Famida Y. Basheer – Thomas Hardy - Khalil

Gibran - Edgar A. Guest - Ralph Waldo Emerson - Jack

Prelutsky - F. Joanna - Stephen Vincent Benet - William

Shakespeare - William Wordsworth - H.W. Long Fellow

- Annie Louisa walker - Walt Whitman - V.K. Gokak

6.Characters, Quotes, Important Lines from the

following works of Indian Authors:

Sahitya Akademi Award winner: Thakazhi Sivasankaran

Pillai – ‘Farmer’

Kamala Das – 1. Punishment in Kindergarten

2. My Grandmother’s House

R.K. Narayan - Swami and the sum.

Rabindranath Tagore - Where the mind is without fear.

Dhan Gopal Mukherji - Kari, The Elephant.

Deepa Agarwal - After the Storm .

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam - Vision for the Nation

Indra Anantha Krishna- The Neem Tree.

Lakshmi Mukuntan- The Ant Eater and the Dassie .

Dr. Neeraja Raghavan - The Sun Beam

7.Drama Famous lines, characters, quotes from

Julius Caesar - The Merchant of Venice

8.Match the Places, Poet, Dramatist, Painter with

suitable option

9. Match the following Folk Arts with the Indian

State / Country

10. Match the Author with the Relevant

Title/Character

11. Match the Characters with Relevant Story Title

The Selfish Giant - How the camel got its hump - The

Lottery ticket - The Last Leaf - Two friends – Refugee -

Open window – Reflowering - The Necklace Holiday

12. About the Poets

Rabindranath Tagore - Henry Wordsworth Longfellow -

Anne Louisa Walker -V K Gokak - Walt Whitman -

Douglas Malloch

13. About the Dramatists

William Shakespeare - Thomas Hardy

14. Mention the Poem in which these lines occur

Granny, Granny, please comb My Hair - With a friend -

To cook and Eat - To India – My Native Land - A tiger in

the Zoo - No men are foreign – Laugh and be Merry –

The Apology - The Flying Wonder

15. Various works of the following Authors.

Rabindranath Tagore – Shakespeare - William

Wordsworth - H.W. Longfellow – Anne Louisa Walker -

Oscar Wilde - Pearl S. Buck

16. What is the theme observed in the Literary

works?

Snake - The Mark of Vishnu - Greedy Govind - Our

Local Team – Where the mind is without fear - Keep

your spirits high - Be the best – Bat – The Piano – The

Model Millionaire - The Cry of the Children – Migrant

bird – Shilpi

17. Famous Quotes – Who said this?

18. To Which period the Poets belong?

William Shakespeare - Walt Whitman - William

Wordsworth - H.W. Longfellow Annie Louisa Walker -

D.H. Lawrence

19. Matching the Poets and Poems

Discovery – Biking – Inclusion - Granny, Granny, please

comb My Hair – With a Friend - To cook and Eat – Bat -

To India – My Native Land - A tiger in the Zoo - No men

are foreign - Laugh and be Merry – Earth – The Apology

- The Flying Wonder - Off to outer space tomorrow

morning - Be the best - Is life, but a dream - Women’s

rights - The Nation united - English words – Snake –

The man he killed

20. Nature centered Literary works and Global issue

Environment and Conservation

Flying with moon on their wings - Migrant bird - Will

Thirst Become - Unquenchable? - Going for Water -

Swept away - Gaia tells her.

PREPARE SERIOUSLY TO GET A STATE RANK IN THE FORTHCOMING EXAMS.

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ALL THE VERY BEST - Rajaboopathy R, Founder RADIAN IAS ACADEMY

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CONTENT

NO. TOPICS PAGE

PART A

1 MATCH THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND PHRASES GIVEN IN COLUMN A

WITH THEIR MEANINGS IN COLUMN B

08

2 CHOOSE THE CORRECT ‘SYNONYMS’ FOR THE UNDERLINED WORD

FROM THE OPTIONS GIVEN

08

3 CHOOSE THE CORRECT ‘ANTONYMS’ FOR THE UNDERLINED WORD

FROM THE OPTIONS GIVEN

38

4 SELECT THE CORRECT WORD (PREFIX, SUFFIX) 38

5 FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH SUITABLE ARTICLE 49

6 FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH SUITABLE PREPOSITION 53

7 SELECT THE CORRECT QUESTION TAG 55

8 SELECT THE CORRECT TENSE 59

9 SELECT THE CORRECT VOICE 66

10 FILL IN THE BLANKS (INFINITIVE, GERUND, PARTICIPLE) 70

11 IDENTIFY THE SENTENCE PATTERN OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE

(SUBJECT, VERB, OBJECTG.)

74

12 FIND OUT THE ERROR (ARTICLES, PREPOSITIONS, NOUN, VERB,

ADJECTIVE, ADVERB)

88

13 COMPREHENSION 104

14 SELECT THE CORRECT SENTENCE 110

15 FIND OUT THE ODD WORDS (VERB, NOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB) 111

16 SELECT THE CORRECT PLURAL FORMS 118

17 IDENTIFY THE SENTENCE (SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX

SENTENCE)

123

18 IDENTIFY THE CORRECT DEGREE 130

19 FORM A NEW WORD BY BLENDING THE WORDS 136

20 FORM COMPOUND WORDS (EX: NOUN+VERB, GERUND+NOUN) 138



14 MENTION THE POEM IN WHICH THESE LINES OCCUR 384

15 VARIOUS WORKS OF THE FOLLOWING AUTHORS 388

16 WHAT IS THE THEME OBSERVED IN THE LITERARY WORKS 395

17 FAMOUS QUOTES – WHO SAID THIS 399

18 TO WHICH PERIOD THE POETS BELONG 401

19 MATCHING THE POETS AND POEMS 401

20 NATURE CENTERED LITERARY WORKS AND GLOBAL ISSUE

ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION

403



Audacity Boldness Cowardice

Auspicious Favourable, Propitious, Lucky Ominous, Inauspicious, Unlucky

Austere Harsh, Severe, Rigorous Easy-going

Authentic True Genuine Spurious, False

Avarice Greed Generosity

Averse Unwilling, Loth, Disinclined Willing, Inclined

Aversion Hostility, Hatred Affinity, Liking

Base Low, Mean, Ignoble Noble, Exalted

Boisterous Noisy, Stormy Calm, Quiet

Brave Courageous, Daring, Bold, Plucky Cowardly, Dastardly, Timid

Brief Short, Concise, Laconic Lengthy, Diffuse

Bright Vivid, Radiant Dull, Dark

Brutal Savage, Cruel Humane, Kindly

Callous Hard, Cruel, Indifferent Soft, Tender, Concerned

Cautious Careful, Wary Rash, Reckless, Foolhardy

Censure(n) Blame, Condemnation Praise

Censure (verb) Blame, Condemn Praise, Commend

Circumscribed Restricted, Confined, Limited Unconfined, Unrestricted

Civil Polite, Courteous, Gracious, Urbane Rude, Uncivil, Impolite,

Ungracious

Coerce Compel, Force

Compassionate Pitiful, Sympathetic, Merciful Unsympathetic, Merciless, Cruel

Compress Condense, Abbreviate Expand, Lengthen

Conspicuous Noticeable , Manifest Inconspicuous

Constant Steady, Steadfast, Uniform Inconstant, Variable

Cordial Friendly, Warm, Hearty Cold, Unfriendly

Covert Hidden, Secret Overt, Open

Cruel Savage, Ruthless, Vicious Kind, Gentle, Benevolent

Cursory Rapid, Superficial Thorough, Exhaustive, Intensive

Credible Believable, Probable, Plausible Incredible, Unbelievable, Fantastic

Crafty Cunning, Sly Artless, Simple, Ingenuous

Costly Expensive, Dear Cheap, Inexpensive

Confidence Trust, Reliance Distrust, Doubt

Death Decease, Demise Existence, Life

Dearth Scarcity, Lack, Want, Paucity, Shortage Plenty, Abundance

Decay Dissolution, Decline, Decomposition,

Disintegration

Regeneration

Deference Respect, Reverence Disrespect, Irreverence

Deficient Lacking, Inadequate Complete, Sufficient

Desolate Lonely, Deserted Crowded, Occupied

Destitute Wanting, Needy Rich, Affluent

Diligence Industry, Perseverance Idleness



Lively Animated, Active Dull, Listless

Loyal Faithful, Devoted Treacherous, Disloyal, Unfaithful

Lucky Fortunate Unlucky, Unfortunate

Lucrative Profitable Unprofitable

Magnanimous Generous, Large-hearted Ungenerous, Stingy

Malady Illness, Ailment Health

Manifest Noticeable, Obvious Obscure, Puzzling

Meagre Small Plentiful, Large

Mean Low, Abject Noble, Exalted

Mendacious False, Untruthful Truthful

Misery Sorrow, Distress Happiness, Joy

Morbid Sick, Diseased Healthy

Mournful Sorrowful, Sad Joyful, Happy

Negligent Careless, Heedless Careful

Notorious Infamous, Disreputable Reputable

Obedient Submissive, Compliant, Docile Disobedient, Recalcitrant,

Wayward

Obsolete Antiquated, Out-of-Date Current, Modern

Opportune Timely, Seasonable Inopportune

Opulence Wealth, Riches Penury, Poverty

Onerous Heavy, Burdensome Light, Easy

Palatable Tasty, Delicious Unpalatable

Pathetic Touching Joyous, Cheery

Persuade Urge, Induce Dissuade

Praise (v) Applaud, Eulogise Condemn

Praise (n) Applause, Eulogy Condemnation

Precarious Risky, Uncertain Safe, Certain

Pretence Pretext, Excuse -

Propagate Breed, Circulate -

Quaint Odd, Singular Usual, Ordinary

Quell Suppress, Subdue Agitate, Arouse

Rare Uncommon, Scarce Common, Ordinary

Refined Polished, Elegant Crude, Coarse

Remote Distant Near, Close

Renown Fame, Reputation Infamy, Notoriety

Rigid Stiff, Unyielding Flexible, Yielding

Remorseful Regretful, Repentant Unrepentant

Rebellion Revolt, Mutiny, Insurgency Loyalty

Scared Holy, Consecrated Profane, Unholy

Sane Sensible, Sound Insane

Scold Chide, Rebuke Praise

Serious Grave, Earnest Frivolous



SYNONYMS (TEXTBOOK):

Mason One who builds

Tailoring Stitching clothes

Chatted Spoke to each other

Guessed Thought, imagined

Gruffly In a deep and harsh sound voice

Fetch Collect

Irregular Separated by periods of time that are

not equal

Cultivate To prepare the land for growing crops

(or) plants

Upset Very sad, worried or Angry about

something

Discussion A conversation about something

important

Poised Balanced

Dart Sudden and quick movement

Poised Balanced

Dart Sudden and quick movement

Heedful Careful

Swift Quick

Mighty lift Full of excitement

Pierce If light suddenly shines very brightly

Favorite The person or thing you like the most

Nibble Bite of small bits

Reassuring Encouraging, comforting

Orphan Child whose parents have died

Ripple A small wave in the water

Imagined Made a picture of something in one’s

mind

Realized Achieve something that you have

planned or hoped for

Astounded Extremely surprised (or) shocked

No sense of

ownership

Did not feel that they owned

Sacred Holy and precious

Prefunded Scented

Murmur Utter sounds in a law tone

Relative Someone connected by birth

Extinct No longer in existence

Snare Trap

Set free Help to became free

Descending Going down

Evening star The first bright star that seen in the

west at night

Bower A shady day

Delight Happiness

Remarkable Great

Chores Regular tasks

Spout A pipe or a tube on a container

Rapidly Very quickly

Mystery Strange and interesting

Explore To examine something completely

Standing apart Feeling removed from others

Isolated Cut off from others

Companion Someone who accompanies a person

Participate Take part in

Spectator Onlooker

Responsibility Taking care of

Right That which is every person’s due

Opportunities Having the space to do (or) explore

Favour Benefit, gift

Included Part of belonging

State A dark grey stone, A single flat piece

of slate that is used with others for

covering a roof.

Pumpkin A large round vegetable with thick

orange skin and large seeds

Forage Search for food in a wide area

Short sighted Seeing clearly only things near you

Suspicious Making you believe something is bad

Snout Long nose of an animal

Scrambled Climb with difficulty

Fascinating Making you very interested or

attracted

Curiosity A strong feeling of wanting to know

something

Bazaar Market

Cherry A small round or black fruit with large

seed inside

Sour Not sweet, having an un pleasant

taste (or) smell

Oak A large tree found in the northern



Heart melted He became kind and loving

Smart Intelligent

Learn to balance Learn to share proportionately

Relayed Broad cast

Potential Capacity

Badly Have a strong desire for

Killer instinct An expression used to say that the

person has great focus, like animals

do when they stalk their prey

Gave way Yield, surrender

Of late Recently

Figure out Understand

Cried himself to

sleep

Went to sleep crying

Percentile Minimum cut off

Concentration Focus

Logic Reasoning

Electron Particle in a cell

Strategy Plat of work or action

Go by Judge by

Mental balance Capacity to think rightly

Impatience Inability to wait

Vanished Disappeared

Craven Fearful, weak

Bestow Grant, give

Strife Dispute, conflict

Snivelling Weep, grumble

Snarl Growl

Sneer Contemptuous smile

Recognizing Accepting

Ability Talent

Dedicated Devoted

Glued Stuck

Talent A natural ability to do something well

Composure Calm manner

Confidence Firm trust

Icon Picture

Mature Behaving in a sensible way like an

adult

Situation Circumstances

Avid Keen

Versatility Range of skill

Performed Entertained an audience by playing a

piece of music

Dignitaries Person of high rank

Champion Person who defeated all his rivals

Embodies Represents

Surges Rises

Deterred Discouraged

Fragments Broken pieces

Domestic Country’s internal affairs

Striving Working hard

Dreary Dull

Awake Wake up

Nurture Rear, raise

Complex Constructed buildings

Supplemented

by

Added to

Counterpoise Balancing weight

Impulse Sudden idea

Wiry Thin but strong

Austere Simple and refined

Placid Quiet

Turmoil Stormy

Enveloping Surrounding

Obliterate Erase, Eradicate

Idyllic Peaceful

Premium to

rationalism

Giving value to reason

Syndrome Disease

Abruptly Suddenly

Discrete Separate

Egret Water bird

Emerald Green colour

Flapping Moving up and down

Ballerina Western classical dancer

Retorted Answer quickly

Get even Revenge

Super cop Distinguished police officer

Hardened Tough

Hallmark Symbol

Indomitable Strong, brace and determined

Humane Showing kindness, care and

sympathy



Fades Disappears

Gashed Badly cut

Grim Unattractive

Beamed Smiled happily

Loftily In a superior way

Dramatic Exaggerated

Spy hole A place from which one can look

without being seen

Back stabber One who hits from back

Double crasser One who promises and then cleats

Plush Luxurious

Fawned Pretended to honour

Oily Flattering

Unsuspecting Not expecting

Regime Rule

Never at a loss Resourceful

Tight squeeze Crowded

Rumour False story

Chop Cut

Petted Bit

Panic Fear

Tattle tale Sneak

Astounded Astonished

MC Master of ceremony

DJ Disc Jockey

Nooks Sheltered spaces

Crannies Long narrow holes or openings

Unicorn A mythical white horse like creature

with a single horn growing from its

forehead

Innate Natural, in-born

Generosity Being liberal

Austere One who chooses a simple life style

Comforts Things that make your life easier

Luxuries Expensive things

Sacred Holy

Pilgrims People who travel to a holy place

Pre dominantly Mainly

Invalids Sick people

Attire Dress

Emulate To try to be like

Endeavour Attempt

Confront Face boldly

Downcast Sad, depressed

Summoned Ordered

Bluntly Directly

Apology Say sorry for a wrong doing

Conviction Strong belief

Conservative Traditional

Strange Unfamiliar

Beneath Underneath

Breathes Lives

Lie Be buried

Dispossess Rob

Defile Pollute

Outrage Destroy

At last Finally

Heir A person with legal right to a position

or property

Heartbroken Feel extremely sad

Ceremony A formal religious function

Perils Dangers

Acquiring Gaining

Territory Region

Determined Decided

Futile Useless

Disruption Disturbance

Cartridges Tubes with gun powder and bullets

Pork Meat of pigs

Beef Meat of cows

Mutineers Those who revolt

Ammunition Collection of explosives

Manufactures Large scale production

Galloping Moving fast

Capture Catch

Furious Violently

Cannon Very large gun

Blasted Bombed

Asserted Say firmly

Onslaught Attack

Glitter Shine

Whisper Say softly

Defy Refuse to obey

Pledge Promise



coherence

Dys calculia Is a brain based condition that makes

it hard to make sense of numbers and

Maths concepts

Battered Beaten up

Bruised Discoloured skin after being injured

Bully One who uses his strength to hurt

weaker people

Sacred Frightened

Parable A narrative of imagined events with a

moral

Friendly Pleasant

Thrilled Excited

Cherished Valued, Treasured

Generous Willing to give freely

Nurture Cherish

Enkindles Inspire, stimulate

Resolve Determine, decide

Stumble Slip, losing footing, hit against

Lofty High

Foraging Collecting food for cattle

Wiry Thin and strong

Resin A substance got from the sap of a

tree

Thudded Beat loudly

Exploded Burst with sudden noise

Impassioned Deeply felt

Gleefully Happily

Or-ni-tholo-gists People who study birds

Bruised Hurt

Bosom Chest

Bars Cage

Plea Request

Flings Throws up

Carol Sacred song

Gnash To cash teeth in anger

Germinate To sprout

Unique Special

Habitat Animal’s home

Encroach Introduce

Bole Tree trunk

Predators Animals that kill and eat other animals

Freak Enthusiast for unusual things

Banned Prohibited

Suffice Be enough

Meticulously Carefully

Vagaries Variety in behaviour

Stalk Stride, march

Vivid Bright

Rage Anger

Terrorizing Causing great fear

Ignoring Taking no notice

Patrolling Guarding

Lurking Hiding

Fangs Long, sharp teeth

Claus Long pointed nails

Intricate Complicated

Observed Noted

Sleek Having a shiny healthy coat

Splendid Wonderful

Willy Cunning

Kopje Round-topped hill

Puffing &

panting

Breathless

Reminiscence Remembrance

Trample Walk over

Quivering Shaking

Un amiably Unfriendly

Primordial Ancient / primeval

Peering Looking carefully

Abundance Plenty

Reverence Great respect

Exploit Use unfairly and selfishly

Accommodate To find place for

Pretext False reason

Ravage To cause great damage

Replenish To fill up a gain

Canopy An overhanging shelter

Depleting Emptying

Considerable Fairly large

In different Un interested

Commemorate To honour memory of someone

Where withal Means to achieve something

Impending Imminent / something bad likely to



Contemplate Think about

Devotion Great love and loyalty

Sonnet A 14 line poem with a fixed rhyme

scheme

Lanky Tall and Thin

Snuggled Pressed close to someone

Bumpy Causing jolts and irregular

movements

Trailed off Faded slowly

Slump Fall heavily or suddenly

Grasp Understand

Sophomore Second year university student in US

Descent A movement downward

Yoke Clamp between two things used to

steer a plane

Fluctuated Move in a wave like pattern

Knots A unit of length used in navigation

Altimeter Instrument indicating the height

reached

Stagger Walked unsteadily

Autopsy An examination and dissertation of a

dead body to determine cause of

death

Kitty Hawk Name of place in America

Profile Outline of the face / head

Accomplishment A well learned ability / skill

Ineffectual Not doing anything worthy

Colonel A high rank in the army

Glum Sullen, dejected, displeased

Freckled Marked with small brown spots on the

skin

Ragged Untidy

Wizened Looking dried up through age

Parchment A piece of paper

Piteous Sad, sorrowful

Coarse Rough

Alms Offerings

Forlorn Forsaken, lonely

Sovereign A former currency worth 1 pound

Coppers Coins of lower denomination

Commissioned Ordered

By Jove An exclamation of surprise

Appearance The way someone or something looks

or seems to be

Superficial gaze Not looking at something thoroughly,

seeing only what is obvious

Deceptive Misleading; likely to make you believe

something that is not true

Seep Flow slowly and in small quantities

Geode A rack containing a cavity which is

lined with crystals or other mineral

matter (pronounced as jiode)

Dazzling Brilliant

Crystal A clear mineral

Apparent Obvious, easy to see

Peer deeper Lock closely or carefully at something

especially when you cannot see it

clearly

Aching

generosity

A longing or a deep desire to give

freely

Inner beauty Good or pleasant qualities that are

appreciated in a person

Emerge Come out from a hidden place

Treasure Something very valuable

To cherish To keep a pleasant feeling in your

mind for a long time to love and

preserve

To prize To value something highly

Porch Veranda

Mended Improved

Show up Turn up

Frisbee A game in which a plastic disc that

spins in the air is thrown and caught

by the players

Driveway A road that leads to the house

Collar A band placed around the neck of an

animal to identify it

Harness (n) A set of straps put around the body to

control the animal

Articulate Express or explain one’s thoughts or

feelings in words

Figure out (v) Make out

Pro found Intense feeling

Quartet A piece of music composed for a

group of four musicians or singers



Soaring Rising, increasing

Scramble Struggle

Heaving Crowded

Metropolis Large and densely populated

commercial city

Portends Warns that something is likely to

happen

Fanned out Spread out

Rumour False story

Panic Fear

Corridors Passages

Erupt Suddenly happen

Torrent An outpour

To swarm To crowd onto something

Jamming Pushing with force

Jostle Push roughly in a crowd

Siphoning Letting out a liquid through a tube

Unsustainable Cannot be maintained

Exodus Mass movement from one place

Punch Hit

Welt Mark

Melee A situation in which a crowd of people

are rushing

Brawl A noisy and violent fight

Cereal Pulses

Yields (n) Produce

Decade A period of ten years

Frenzied Involving a lot of activity that is often

violent

Pursuit Chase

Triumphantly Victoriously

Hauls back Pulls back

Lentil A small seed, dried and used in

cooking

Stew A dish of meat and vegetables

cooked slowly in liquid

Shooting Driving away, chasing

Ere Before

Soon Presently

Blade Metaphoric use meaning that the river

reflecting the moonlight looked like

the silver blade of a sword.

Gnomes Dwarfs

Council worker One who works for the local council

administration

Stacked Arranged in piles

Swirling Moving around quickly

Man-hole A hole under which drainage water

flows

Manoeuvred Moved skilfully

Wading Walking through the water

Squabble Noisy quarrel

Deluge Rushing waters, floods

Buffeted Swing back and forth

Jubilantly Victoriously

Bedraggled Made wet by muddy water

Undervalued Importance, goodness or value not

recognized

Denied Refused

Tragedy Sad happening

Sadistically Getting pleasure out of hurting

someone

Tortured Made of suffer

Brutality Cruelty

Short comings Defects

Plays hid and

seek

Evades

Campaigned Carried out serious of organized

activities to achieve something

Diligence Steady effort

Persistence Continuous effort, determination

Initiating Starting

Challenge (n) Difficult task

Implementation Carrying out

Documentation Being recorded in documents

Exceptional Unusual

Penalized Punished

Surplus market Where several jobs are available

Simultaneously At the same time

Intervene Become involved in

Legislated Made into a law

Stooping Bending forward

Drooping Closing due to tiredness

Droning Making a continuous law sound



Sinews Muscles

Taut Tense

Heirlooms of

rich traditions

Inherited skills passed down through

the ages

Stark evidence Clearly obvious

Mild judicious

tap

Careful slight hit

Infested Filled

Hefty Big and heavy

Waylaid Attacked

Palatial Huge like a palace

Mansion House

Staggered Walked with difficulty

Plunder Rob

Impending Likely to happen soon

Lurk Present but hidden

Strategy Plan

Retrieved Got back

Bon voyage Have a good journey

Chasm A deep narrow opening

Canopy A type of roof

Yonder Over there

Incredible Unbelievable

Siblings Brothers and / or sisters

Aeronautical Of the study of travel through air

Relented Gave in

Constellations Groups of stars forming a pattern

Incessantly Endlessly

Glider A light air-craft without an engine

Aero-astro Relating to the air and stars / space

Steely resolve Firm determination

Thriving Very successful

Manned Operated by men

Intimidated Frightened

Fascination Keep interest

Rigorous Difficult

Arduous Requiring a lot of effort

Deter Prevent

Absolved Cleared of blame

Terrific Great

Mind-boggling Over whelming

Domain Region

Fragile Delicate

In hail Within earshot, within hearing

distance

Solit’ry Lonely

Gaol Prison

Tracking Following

Trans-galactic Across galaxies

Blow your top Explode in anger

Difference Dispute

Stand forth Come forward

Impugn Oppose or resist

Ay Yes

Bond Agreement

Strain’d Forced

Temporal Worldly

Seasons Tempers, strengthens

Mitigate Lessen

Forfeit Give up as penalty for doing

something

Suffice Be sufficient

Beseech Earnestly ask for

Nominated Mentioned

Tarry Wait

Expressly Directly shown

Confiscate Take or seize

Soft Wait

Edge of doom Day of the last judgement (on the last

day of the world)

Impediments Obstacles

Ever-fixed mark A prominent land or sea mark which

guides ships

Bushel A unit for measuring grain = 8 gallons

Lease Contract where land / property is

rented

Parched Dry

Wilted Having lost freshness

Jostled Pushed roughly

Submerged Under the surface of water

Culminated Reached the final stage

Consternation Feeling of anxiety

Breaches Openings

Soliloquizing Speaking to oneself



Rill A small stream

Muskie A type of rose that smells like musk

Enhanced Increased

Harness To use a natural source of energy to

produce power

Optimal Most favourably

Niche Comfortable and suitable area

Transcend To go farther than normal human

experience

Endogenous Produced from within

Psyche Mind or soul

Hierarchy Order of importance or power

Tenacious Determined, firm

Retaliate To do something unpleasant or

harmful in return

Cynicism An attitude that makes one think

people are not good

Academia Academic world

Initiate To cause (something) to start to

happen

Conservative Supporting traditional ways

Xenophobia An abnormal fear of strangers

Culmination End of something usually happening

after a long time

Strategy Intelligent means to achieve success

Phyto-sanitary Concerned with hygienic provisions

Bleeding drops

of red

Captain’s bleeding wound and the

speaker’s wounded heart

Bells Bells rung in celebration of victory

(they also symbolize funeral bells)

Weathered Came safely through

Dear father Lincoln is exalted to the position of

father of the post-slavery nation

Exult Show jubilation (over victory)

Tread Walk softly

Trill Produce a quavering or warbling

sound

Lovers Close friends

Censure Judge

Senses Reason

Valiant Very brave and determined

Slew Killed

Base Depraved, mean

Vile Morally base, disgusting

I have the same

dagger for

myself

I will kill myself

Interred Buried

Grievous fault Serious mistake

Under leave Under permission

Mark him Listen to him

Abide it Pay for it

Methinks It seems to me

Cause Reason

Coffers State treasury

Captives Prisoners

Ransoms Payment for the release of prisoners

Mutiny Revolt

Parchment Animal skin used as writing surface

Napkins Hand kerchiefs

Bequeathing Leave to person by a will

Legacy Gift left in a will

Mantle Cloak Antony displays the blood

stained cloak of Caesar

Wit Intelligence

To stir men’s

blood

To stir up emotions

Ruffle Disturb, upset

Psalm Song or poem

Number Poetic metres, rhythms

Slumbers Sleeps

Dust Refer to Genesis (The bible)

3:19 “Dust thou art, and unto dust

shalt thou return”

Destined end Goal

Fleeting Passing / brief

Stout Strong

Muffled Not easy to hear

The bivouac of

life

Simple temporary camp made by

soldier

Forlorn Lonely and sad

Crusader One who fights for a cause with

determination

Frailty Weakness of character or behaviour



Perplexity Complication, confusion

Disentangled Simplified, unravelled

Suffrages Right to vote

Perusal Reading carefully or thoroughly

Analogy Process of reasoning based on partial

similarity

Longevity Long life

Philogoy Study of the development of a

language

Trifled away Spend worthlessly

Propagators One who widely spreads knowledge

Repositories Book or person that stores

information

Animated Inspired, motivated

Risible Ridiculous, laughable

Absurdities Something unreasonable or foolish

Syntax Rules for arrangement of words,

phrase

Etymology Study of the origin and history of

words and meanings

Inadvertency Unintentional actions

Avocation Distraction

Seduce Tempt

Solicitous Concerned, anxious

Gratify Satisfy

Patronage Support and encouragement given by

persons, things

Obscurities Things not clearly understood

Repress Restrain, suppress, check

Delusive Misleading

Embodied Given expression or form to ideas,

feeling etcL.

Economy Organization

Protracted Prolonged

Frigid Unfeeling, cold, unfriendly, indifferent

Tranquillity Quiet, calm, undisturbed condition

Leech craft Ancient medical remedy of using

leeches to remove the impure blood

Bleached Made white, cleaned

Tempestuous Violent

Drearier Gloomier

Devouring Consuming large quantities

Enmesh To catch, as if, in and

Furrowed Deep and wavy

Nestle Settle comfortably

Nascent Beginning to develop

Homing Of the ability to find one’s way home

Aeons Ages, infinitely long periods

Burthen Burden

Gospel Good news

Wane less Not growing smaller

Fathomless Too deep to be measured or

understood

Indo-Aryan Referring to the branch of the Aryans

who came to India through Iran

Contempt Total lack of respect

Patronage Support to encouragement

Methylated sprit Type of alcohol used for preserving

dead insects and animals in the lab

Russell viper A type of poisonous snake battered

hit hard and often

Forceps Princes or tongs used for griping

things

Udders Bag like organs of a cow or female

goat which produce milk

Basking Sitting or lying enjoying warmth

Squashed Silenced or subdued

Belittling Making one seem unimportant or

worthless

New-fangled Newly introduced into fashion

Sanctity Holiness

Vile Evil

Parched Very dry and hot

Teem Be present in great numbers

Littered Scattered

Slithered Slided unsteadily

Spattered Splashed, scattered or sprinkled in

drips

Sullen Silent, bad-tempered

Suspicious Showing doubt or mistrust

Clambered Climbed with difficulty

Indifferent Showing no interest

Banded Striped

Krait A type of poisonous snake yellow in



ONE WORD SUBSTITUTIONS

PERTAINING TO RELIGION

One who believes that man can have no knowledge of God but only on natural

phenomena

agnostic

One who renounces his religious vows or forsakes his religious principles apostate

One who does not believe in existence of God atheist

One intolerantly devoted to a particular creed bigot

To utter profane language against God Or anything holy blaspheme

A breaker of church images iconoclast

Worship of images or idols idolatry

One who believes in one God monotheist

One who believes in many gods polytheist

PERTAINING TO GOVERNMENT

PERTAINING TO MARRIAGE AND CHILDREN

One who marries a second wife or husband while the legal spouse is

alive

bigamist

One vowed to a single or unmarried Life celibate

One engaged to be married fiancée fiancé

A child whose parents are dead Orphan

A hater of marriage misogamist

One who has more than two wives or husbands at a time polygamist

Absence of government Anarchy

To give up the throne or other office of Dignity Abdicate

Government by Sovereign of uncontrolled authority autocracy, despotism

Government of the people, for the people and by the people Democracy

Government by departments of States Bureaucracy

Government by the nobility Aristocracy

The right of self-government Autonomy

Government by a few oligarchy

Government by the wealthy Plutocracy

Government by divine guidance Theocracy

To decide a political question by the direct vote of the whole

electorate

Referendum

Sweeping governmental change Revolution

The science of government polities



Literary theft, or passing off an Author’s original work as one’s own plagiarism

Speaking aloud to oneself soliloquy

A play with a sad or tragic end tragedy

PERTAINING TO SCIENCES AND ARTS

The study of all heavenly bodies and the earth in relation to

them

astronomy

The science of land management agronomics

The study of mankind anthropology

The study of physical life or living matter biology

The study of plants botany

The art of beautiful hand-Writing calligraphy

The science which deals with the varieties of human race ethnology

The study of the origin and History of words etymology

The study of coins numismatics

The study of human face physiognomy

The art of making fireworks pyrotechnics

The study of birds ornithology

The study of languages philology

At home equally on land or in water amphibious

The inside of a nut Kernel

The central or innermost part of fruit core

The animals of a certain Region fauna

The plants and vegetation of a certain region flora

Absence of rain for a long Time drought

To supply land with water by artificial means Irrigate

One who studies plant and Animal life Naturalist

A cud-chewing animal, Ex: the cow Ruminant

A gnawing animal, Ex: The Rat Rodent

A four-footed animal Quadruped

Animals which carry their young in a pouch, Ex: Kangaroo Marsupials

Soil composed largely of decayed vegetable matter Humus

A preparation for killing Insects Insecticide

A plant or animal growing on another Parasite

Living for many years Perennial

PERTAINING TO MEDICINE

A substance which destroys or weakens germs Antiseptic

Any medicine which produces insensibility Anaesthetic

A medicine to counteract poison Antidote

Want or poorness of blood Anaemia

A medicine which alleviates pain Anodyne



One skilled in the treatment of diseases of animals Veterinarian

A tradesman who manages funerals Undertaker

One who draws up contracts and lends money on interest Scrivener

One who lends money and keeps goods as security Pawnbroker

A teacher who travels from lace to place to give instruction Peripatetic

one who travels from place to place selling miscellaneous

articles

hawker, pedlar

One who collects postage stamps Philatelist

One who lends money at exorbitant interest Usurer

One who takes care of a building Janitor

One who sells sweets and pastries Confectioner

One who works in a coal-mine Collier

One who flies an aeroplane pilot, aviator

A professional rider in horses races Jockey

One who deals in silks, cotton, woollen, and linen goods Mercer

One who deals in wines Vintner

One who deals in fish Fishmonger

One who deals in iron and hardware Ironmonger

One who sells fruits, vegetables, etc, from a barrow Costermonger

One who sets type(in a printing office) Compositor

One who studies rocks and soils Geologist

PERTAINING TO CHARACTERISTICS AND ACTIONS

One who devotes his life to the welfare and interests of other

people

Altruist

One who can use both hands with equal case Ambidextrous

One who fishes with a rod Angler

One who kills secretly or by surprise Assassin

A person who collects things belonging to ancient times Antiquary

One who is always findings faults Censorious

One living at the same time as another Contemporary

One who sneers at the aims and beliefs of his fellowmen Cynic

One who delights in speaking about oneself Egotist

One who exalts his own opinion Egoist

One who dies for a noble cause Martyr

One who retires from society to live a solitary life recluse, hermit

One who maliciously sets fire to buildings Incendiary

One who banished from his home or his country Exile

One who takes refuge in a Foreign country refugee, alien

One who runs away from justice or the law Fugitive

One who walks in his sleep Somnambulist

One who looks on the bright side of things Optimist



A number of leopards Leap

A number of lions, monkey pride, troop

A number of fish taken in a net catch, haul

A number of whales, porpoises school, game

A number of oxen or horses (two or more) harnessed together Team

A number of ships Fleet

A number of herrings, mackerel Shoal

DENOTING PLACES

A place where bees are kept Apiary

A place where birds are kept Aviary

A place where fishes are kept Aquarium

A dwelling-place of an animal underground Burrow

A squirrel’s home Drey

A nest of a bird of prey eyrie, aerie

A place where spirituous liquors are produced Distillery

A place where clothes are washed and ironed Laundry

A place where Government records are kept Archives

A place where treasures of art, curiosities, etc, are preserved or exhibited Museum

A place where fruit trees are grown Orchard

MISCELLANEOUS

Loud enough to be heard Audible

Not distinct enough to be heard Inaudible

Fit for food Edible

Unfit for human consumption Inedible

Fit to be chosen or selected Eligible

Not having the qualities for being chosen Ineligible

Writing that is easy to read Legible

Writing that is difficult to decipher Illegible

Able to read Literate

Unable to read Illiterate

Born of married parents Legitimate

Born of unmarried parents Illegitimate

To send back a person to his own country Repatriate

To banish from one’s country Expatriate

To move from one country to another Migrate

One who leaves his country to settle is another Emigrant

One who comes into a foreign country to settle there Immigrant

Incapable of being redeemed from evil, i.e., beyond

correction

Incorrigible

That which cannot be rubbed out or blotted out ineffaceable, indelible



MOST COMMON PREFIXES

RADIAN IAS ACADEMY (A Hi-Tech Advanced Coaching cum Guidance Centre) -41- www.radianiasacademy.org

711 EVR Road, Opp. Anna Arch, NSK Nagar, Arumbakkam, CHENNAI-106. E-mail: [email protected]: 98404-00825, 98404-33955



–ity, pro-, -cal, -er, -ster, with-

a) motion b) prank c) local d) draw e) type f) write

–ly, -er, ren, -y, un-, inter-

a) stoppable b) child c) national d) victor e) cricket f) quick

super-, -ent, re-, -are, -ary, pre-

a) depend b) visit c) carry d) bound e) star f) claim

–teen, -ly, -y, re-, a-, -en

a) rapid b) member c) hard d) sleep e) nine f) hunger

–ly, -a-, -less, -ness, with- ion

a) woke b) rest c) held d) sad e) cautious f) express

down-, a-, -ly, -y, for-, -ise

a) cross b) terror c) dreamy d) thirst e) go f) trodden

–ist, re-, -ly, -er, -ial, ence

a) practical b) confer c) commission d) solve e) palace f) humour

–ive, -ist, photo-, -ish, -istic, -or

a) graph b) inspect c) character d) journal e) detect f) sheep

anti-, -ty, -ate, -ment, -eer, -ly

a) royal b) bewilder c) black-market d) eager e) social f) circle

a-, -ly, dis-, -less, un-. –en

a) actual b) round c) threat d) aim e) sure f) interested

re-, -ly, -er, a-, -age, -ant

a) strange b) host c) action d) serve e) way f) rough

ex-, -tion, un-, a-, -y, nal

a) earth b) round c) crime d) wealth e) press f) invite

de-, -ish, -ly, -ment, out- dis-

a) do b) code c) cover d) fool e) exact f) amaze

–er. –ful, -ly, -en, a-, un-

a) part b) travel c) fair d) wonder e) wide f) normal

a-, -ment, -or, -ent, -age, en-

a) fact b) able c) bag d) involve e) differ f) rise



–al, -er, oul-, -ful, a-, -ous

a) use b) fame c) centre d) loud e) put f) print

–ion, -ist, -ian, re-, -al, -logy

a) report b) require c) soft d) technic e) progress f) store

–er, -ist, -ian re- , -al, -logy

a) art b) place c) method d) convention e) speak f) music

–able, en-, in- , -ity, -ness, -ly

a) aware b) sight c) lone d) pleasure e) flexible f) danger

PREFIX:

Able Unable

Descent In descent

Happy Unhappy

Correct Incorrect

Perfect Imperfect

Patient Impatient

Likely Unlikely

Finite Infinite

Possible Impossible

Vision Television

Violence Non violence

Courage Discourage

Complete Incomplete

Different Indifferent

Secure Unsecure

Agree Disagree

Appear Disappear

Natural Unnatural

Moved Unmoved ,In moved

Like Dislike

Approve Disapprove

Tidy Untidy

Legal Illegal

Ability Inability

Clean Unclean

Punctual Unpunctual

Responsible Irresponsible

Attentive Inattentive

Belief Disbelief

Obedient Disobedient

Conscious Unconscious

Honour Dishonour

Prove Improve

Cycle Bicycle

Discipline Indiscipline

Regard Disregard

Fold Unfold

Justice Injustice

Quenchable Unquenchable

Direct Indirect

Look Overlook

Like Dislike

Cast Outcast

Marine Submarine

National Antinational

Claim Proclaim

Estimate Underestimate

Phone Telephone

Syllabic Polysyllabic

Circle Semicircle

Organize Reorganize

Minister Ex-minister

Operate Cooperate

Nutrition Malnutrition

Code Decode

Face Surface

Form Uniform

Glow Aglow

Theist Atheist

Use Misuse



Child Childish

Red Reddish

Relig Religious

Fur Furious

Rock Rocky

Mud Muddy

Cautious Cautiously

Forgive Forgiveness

Plagiary Plagiarism

Toxicolog Toxicologist

Violin Violinist

Social Socialist

Path Pathology

Demo Democracy

Aristo Aristocracy

Matriar Matriarchy

5. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH SUITABLE ARTICLE:

There are two Articles - A (or) An and The. They come before nouns.

� Indefinite Article: A, An →Non-specific (or) Non particular (common) noun.

� A - Used before a word (singular) beginning with A consonant, (or) A vowel with a consonant sound

Ex: A book, A car, A camera, A university, A European.

� An - The Article form “An” is used before A word (singular) beginning with A vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or consonant with

vowel sound (or beginning with mute H).

Ex: An apple, An elephant, An umbrella, An hour.

� Definite Article: The→Generally specifies and identifies the noun

It answers the question: “Which one”? It specifies a person (or) place, (or) thing already mentioned.

Number In definite Definite

Singular A/An The

Plural Nothing The

Non-count Nothing The

Ex: A car, A book, A beautiful girl The car, The book, The beautiful girl

The choice between A and An is determined by sound.

1. Before a word beginning with a vowel sound ‘an’ is used; as,

An ass, an enemy, an ink-pad, an orange, an umbrella, an hour, an honest man.

2. Before a word beginning with a consonant sound ‘a’ is used; as

Aboy, a reindeer, a woman, a yard, a horse, a hole, also a university, a union, a European, a ewe, a unicorn,

because these words (university, union, etc.) begin with a consonant sound, that of ‘yu’.

Similarly we say, A one-rupee note, such a one, a one-eyed man because one begins with the consonant sound of ‘w’.

3) The two nouns man and woman can be used in a general sense without either article.

Ex. Man is a social animal.

Women is an embodiment of patience.



� The words king and queen:

Ex: The king of France, the queen of England

� But the is not used before the words king and queen if they are followed by the name of the king or queen.

Ex: King George V, Queen Elizabeth-II

� Do not use “The” before the name of language,

Ex: we are learning English.

� But before the people.

Ex: The English have been a sea faring people for many countries

Ex: The French live in France & speak French.

� Do not put “The” before names of meals if they refer to the meals generally, As a part of the Daily routine.

Ex: I have breakfast at eight every morning. We have lunch in the afternoon.

� But the must be used when the meal is a particular one, thought of a s a social function.

Ex: The Dinner will be held at the park plaza.

� Before names of scientific principles, The ories, laws etc.,

Ex: The Pythagorean Theorem, The laws of Newton

� But not used-The→ Ex: Newton’s law, Dalton’s law etc.,

The Article is omitted:

1).Do not put “the” before the names of games:

Ex: I play cricket; she loves tennis

2).Before names of substances and abstract nouns (i.e. uncountable nouns) used in a general sense:

Ex: Honesty is the best policy,

Platinum is a precious metal.

3).Before plural countable nouns used in a general sense:

Ex: Old people like to rest

4).Before most proper nouns:

Ex: Ram, India, Tamil

5).Before languages:

Ex: I am studying English.

6).Before names of relations:

Ex: father, mother, aunt

7).Before predicative nouns denoting a unique position, i.e., a position that is normally held at one time by one person

only:

Ex: He was elected chairman of the commission

8).Before an adjective when the noun is understood:

Ex: The poor are always with us.



Answers:

1. A

2. A

3. A

4. A

5. A

6. A

7. A

8. A

9. A

10. A

11. A

12. A

13. A

14. A

15. A

16. THE

17. AN

18. AN

19. AN

20. AN

21. AN

22. AN

23. AN

24. A

25. N

26. AN

27. AN

28. AN

29. AN

30. AN

31. AN

32. THE

33. THE

34. THE

35. THE

36. THE

37. THE

38. THE

39. THE

40. THE

6. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH SUITABLE PREPOSITION:

A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it

stands in regard to something else.

Prepositions may be arranged in the following classes:-

1. Simple preposition:

At, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with.

2. Compound prepositions:

which are generally formed by prefixing a Preposition (usually a = no or be = by) to a Noun, an Adjective or an

Adverb.)

About, above, across, along, amidst, among, amongst, around, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between,

beyond, inside, outside, underneath, within, without.

3. Phrase prepositions:

Groups of words used with the force of a single preposition.

according to -- in accordance with -- in place of

agreeably to -- in addition to -- in reference to

A preposition is a word that shows the spatial (space), temporal (time), or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the

sentence. The words above, after, against, as, at, beneath, between, behind, by, during, except, for from, in, into,

like, near, on, over, past, since, under, upon, and with are prepositions.

Examples:

• On Monday

• in the 20th century

• at night

• times: at 8 pm, at midnight, at 6:30

• holiday periods: at Christmas, at Easter

• at night

• at the weekend

• at lunchtime, at dinnertime, at breakfast time

• days: on Monday, on my birthday, on Christmas Day

• days + morning / afternoon / evening / night: on Tuesday morning



No Preposition :

• next week, year month etc.

• last night, year etc

• this morning, month etc

• every day, night, years etc

• today, tomorrow, yesterday

Excercises:

1. The cat is _______the table

2. The book is _______the table

3. The pen is _______the box

4. The ball is _______the box

5. The dog is _______the girl

6. The house stands _______two trees

7. The girl is standing _______two pillars

8. There is a pencil _______the box

9. She placed the dishes _______the table.

10. Water flowed _______the bridges.

Answers:

1. under

2. on

3. in

4. near

5. behind

6. between

7. between

8. in

9. on

10. below

7. SELECT THE CORRECT QUESTION TAG:

QUESTION TAG:

Question Tag is the shortest form of a question using the verb plus pronoun. To make a statement and ask for

confirmation of it is a common practice in conversation in English language.

Ex: It is very hot today, isn’t it?

Auxiliary+ n’t +subject - If the statement made is positive

Examples:-

It is raining, isn’t it?

You are angry, aren’t you?

Gayatri broke the wall, didn’t she?



9) If the statement contains words such as No, No one, Nothing, Nobody, scarcely, hardly, hardly ever, never,

neither, seldom, under no circumstancesG.etc considered as negative statement.

→ India hardly ever drinks coke, does she?

→He never acts like a gentle man, does he?

→ It is no good, Is it?

10) If the subject of the statement is somebody, Anybody, Nobody, Everybody, Non one, And NeitherG..we use

the pronoun “They” in question tag

→Somebody entered the garden, didn’t they?

→Everybody was upset, weren’t they?

→Nobody objects to the plan, do they?

Examples:1

I. The subject of a question tag is always a pronoun, it can never be a noun as illustrated by the following given

some examples:-

→ I am fine, aren’t I?

→Let us go to the lake, Shall we?

→Wait for some time, can you?

→There is a garden in that sector, isn’t there?

II. Imperative questions tags usually use will, for example:

→ Open the door for me, will you?

→Hang on a minute, will you?

III. If there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence then ‘do’ is used in the question tag.

→You like red wine, don’t you?(like- do+ like)

→You don’t speak Japanese, do you?

IV. It’s important to remember this difference with ‘I am’ in a question tag.

→ I’m late, aren’t I?

Examples:2

→Have some more rice, will you?

→They have gone abroad, haven’t they?

→You’re Italian, aren’t you?

→She is coming to the party, isn’t she?

→He had never been there, had he?

→He can play the guitar, can’t he?

→They shouldn’t have said that to her, should they?

→You don't like me, do you?

→ It isn't raining, is it?

→You've done your homework, haven't you?



Past simple 'be' She wasn't at home yesterday, was she?

Past simple other verbs They didn't go out last Sunday, did they?

Past continuous You weren't sleeping, were you?

Present perfect She hasn't eaten all the cake, has she?

Present perfect continuous He hasn't been running in this weather, has he?

Past perfect We hadn't been to London before, had we?

Past perfect continuous You hadn't been sleeping, had you?

Future simple They won't be late, will they?

Future continuous He won't be studying tonight, will he?

Future perfect She won't have left work before six, will she?

Future perfect continuous He won't have been travelling all day, will he?

Modals She can't speak Arabic, can she?

Modals They mustn't come early, must they?

8. SELECT THE CORRECT TENSE:

Tense is that form of a verb which shows the time and the state of an action or event. There are totally 12 types of tenses.

1).PRESENT TENSE:

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: Subject + V1 (or)Vs

I, we, you, they V1

He, she, it VS

� To express a habitual action→Ex: I wake up early in the morning

� To express general truths→ Ex: The sun rises in the east.

� In exclamatory sentences →beginning with here and there to express what is actually taking place in the present;

� Ex: Here comes the teacher

� In vivid narrative, as substitute for the Simple Past→Ex: The policeman charged and shot dead the terrorist

� As in broadcast commentaries on sporting events, the Simple Present is used, instead of the Present Continuous, to

describe activities in progress where there is stress on the succession of happenings rather than on the duration.

� To express a future event that is part of a fixed timetable or fixed programme

� Ex. The next class will start at 9am tomorrow

� It is used to introduce quotations:

� Ex: Keats says, ‘A thing of beauty is a joy for ever’.

� It is used, instead of the Simple Future Tense, in clauses of time and of condition;

� Ex: I shall wait till you finish your lunch.



� I have started (start) a job.

� It has rained (rain).

� John has left (leave) for home.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE: Have been/Has been + V1 + ing

I, We, You, They Have been + V1 + ing

He, She, It Has been + V1 + ing

It is used for an action which began at some time in the past and is still continuing. There will be a time reference, such as

since 1980, for three hours etc from which the action has been started.

Ex: They have been building the bridge for several months.

Examples:

� It has been raining(rain) for three days.

� I have been living(live)in America since 2003

� He has been playing(play) cricket for few hours

� They have been watching( watch) television since 6’O clock.

� She has been working(work)in this office since 2007.

2).PAST TENSE:

SIMPLE PAST TENSE: V2

In general, simple past tense is used to talk about something that started and finished at a definite time in the past.

Ex: She left school last year.

� The Simple Past is also used for past habits:

Ex: He studied many hours every day.

Examples:

� Last night I played (play) my guitar loudly

� It rained (rain) yesterday

� John wanted (want) to go to the museum

� Rani washed (wash) the clothes this morning

Past continuous tense: verb + v1 + ing

I, He, She, It was + V1 + ing

We, You, They were + V1 + ing

It is used to express a continued or ongoing action in past, an ongoing action which occurred in past and

completed at same point in part. It is expresses an going nature of an action in past.

� The Past Continuous is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past..The time of the action may or

may not be indicated.

Ex. It was getting darker.

� This tense is also used with always, continually, etc. for persistent habits in the past.



� The simple future tense refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. In this case there is no

attitude.

(1)The Simple Future Tense is used to talk about things which we cannot control. It expresses the future as fact.

Ex: I shall be (be) twenty tomorrow

(2)We use this tense to talk about what we think or believe will happen in the future.

Ex: I think India will win (win) the match.

(3)We can use this tense when we decide to do something at the lime of speaking

Ex: It is raining. I will take (take) an umbrella.

Examples:

� They will watch(watch) the film.

� We shall discuss (discuss) about the matters.

� She will buy (buy) a laptop at the end of this month.

� He will go (go) to England in the next week.

� She will get (get) admission in a new school.

Future continuous tense: will be/shall be + V1 + ing

� It is used to express a continued or an ongoing action in future.

� We use the Future Continuous Tense to talk about actions which will be in progress at a time in the future.

Ex: I suppose it will he raining when we start.

� We also use this tense to talk about actions in the future which are already planned or which are expected to happen

in the normal course of things.

Ex: The postman will be coming soon.

Examples:

� We will be shifting (shift) to a new home next year

� He will be flying(fly) a kite

� It will be raining (rain) tomorrow

� She will be enjoying (enjoy) her vacations

� He will be expecting (except honesty from his employees.

Future perfect tense: will have / shall have + V3

� The Future Perfect Tense is used to talk about actions that will be completed by acertain future time.

Ex: He will have left before you go to see him

Examples:

� He will have finished (finish) his work

� You will have made (make) a new Chair

� She will have decorated(decorate her home

� I will have bought (buy) a computer

� They will have shifted (shift) to a new home



24. The children ___________( visit ) the zoo last week.

25. The plane ___________( land) a few minutes ago.

26. I have a toothache. I___________( take) a medicine.

27. Winter ___________( come ) soon.

28. I ___________(take) three tests this semester.

29. The hens ___________(lay) plenty of eggs.

30. John ___________(go) out again.

Answers:

1. have been learning

2. was not working, were not

3. want to pass, am going to study

4. sent

5. was, thin, have learned

6. Went, had not enjoyed

7. was doing, met

8. noticed

9. have, had

10. am revising

11. have already begun

12. think, I will do

13. is, is not

14. pass, will start

15. will go

16. can see, have became,

17. is sleeping

18. are visiting

19. will be making

20. will be feeling

21. will be singing

22. had finished

23. had known

24. visited

25. landed

26. will take

27. will come

28. have taken

29. have laid

30. has gone



4. Past simple tense (passive voice)

� Auxiliary verb in passive voice: was / were

Active voice

� I killed a snake.

� I did not kill a snake.

� Did I kill a snake?

Passive voice

� A snake was killed by me.

� A snake was not killed by me.

� Was a snake killed by me?

5. Past continuous tense (passive voice):

� Auxiliary verb in passive voice: was / were + being.

6. Past perfect tense (passive voice)

Auxiliary verb: had been in passive voice.

Active voice Passive voice

They had completed the assignment The assignment had been completed by them

They had not completed the assignment The assignment had not been completed by them

Had they completed the assignment Had the assignment been completed by them?

7. Future simple tense (Passive voice)

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: will be


She will buy a car A car will be bought by her

She will not buy a car A car will not be bought by her

Will she buy a car? Will a car be bought by her?

8. Future perfect tense (passive voice):

Auxiliary verb in passive voice: will have been


You will have started the job The job will have been started by you

You will have not started the job The job will not have been started by you

Will you have started the job Will the job have been started by you

Note: The following tenses cannot be changed into passive voice.

� Present perfect continuous tense

� Past perfect continuous tense

� Future continuous tense

� Future perfect continuous tense



7) Who taught you French?

ans: By whom were you taught French?

8) The manager will give you a ticket.

ans: You will be given ticket by the manager.

9) Spectators thronged the streets.

ans: The streets were thronged with spectators.

10) Everyone will blame us.

ans: We will be blamed by everyone.

11) The wind blew down the trees.

ans: The trees were blown down by the wind.

12) The police caught the thieves.

ans: The thieves were caught by police.

13) Alice posted the letter.

ans: The letter was posted by Alice.

14) The hostess received us.

ans: We were received by the hostess.

15) The people welcomed the minister.

ans: The minister was welcomed by the people.

CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE INTO PASSIVE VOICE:

1) I advise consulting a good doctor.

ans: Consulting a good doctor is advised.

2) I did not beat her.

ans: She was not beaten by me.

3) Mother made a cake yesterday.

ans: A cake was made by mother yesterday.

4) Have you finished the report?

ans: Has the report been finished by you?

5) The police have caught the thief.

ans: The thief has been caught by the people.

6) Our team may win the match.

ans: The match may be won by our team.

7) Nurses look after patients.

ans: Patients are looked after by nurses.

8) They opened the store only the last month.

ans: The store was opened only last month.

9) He sings a song.

ans: A song is sung by him.

10) The boy killed the spider.

ans:The spider was killed by the boy.



not enough (+noun) + to-infinitive

• There isn't enough snow to ski on.

not + adjective + enough + to-infinitive

• You're not old enough to have grand-children!

A Gerund is that form of the verb which ends in -ing, and has the force of a Noun and a verb.

Ex. He is fond of driving.

The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb), so it can be used:

a. as the subject of the sentence:

• Eating people is wrong.

• Hunting tigers is dangerous.

• Flying makes me nervous.

b. as the complement of the verb 'to be':

• One of his duties is attending meetings.

• The hardest thing about learning English is understanding the gerund.

• One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed.

c. after prepositions. The gerund must be used when a verb comes after a preposition:

• Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?

• She is good at painting.

• They're keen on windsurfing.

• She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road.

• We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.

• My father decided against postponing his trip to Hungary.

This is also true of certain expressions ending in a preposition, e.g. in spite of, there's no point in..:

• There's no point in waiting.

• In spite of missing the train, we arrived on time.

d. after a number of 'phrasal verbs' which are composed of a verb + preposition/adverb

Example:

to look forward to, to give up, to be for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep on:

• I look forward to hearing from you soon. (at the end of a letter)

• When are you going to give up smoking?

• She always puts off going to the dentist.

• He kept on asking for money.

NOTE: There are some phrasal verbs and other expressions that include the word 'to' as a preposition, not as part of

a to-infinitive: - to look forward to, to take to, to be accustomed to, to be used to. It is important to recognise that 'to' is a

preposition in these cases, as it must be followed by a gerund:

• We are looking forward to seeing you.

• I am used to waiting for buses.

• She didn't really take to studying English.

It is possible to check whether 'to’ is a preposition or part of a to-infinitive: if you can put a noun or the pronoun 'it' after it,

then it is a preposition and must be followed by a gerund:

• I am accustomed to it (the cold).



� Having been a gymnast, Raja knew the importance of exercise.

The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying Raja.

Having (participle)

a gymnast (subject complement for Lynn, via state of being expressed in participle)

Exercises:

1. You are invited ______(attend) the party.

2. ______(Get) up early in the morning is good for health.

3. David wants ______(study) biology.

4. ______(Protect) the environment in the order of the day.

5. We should ______(learn) help others.

6. The parcel was heavy ______(carry).

7. These clothes are comfortable ______(wear).

8. Do you want ______(take) a cup of tea?

9. Try ______(learn) as many languages as possible.

10. It is not easy ______(please) all people.

11. It is not fair ______(tease) girls .

12. Many women love______(prepare) delicacies.

13. Children are clever enough______(pick) up languages easily.

14. You are ill and so I advise you ______(see) a doctor.

15. The bright sunlight caused the color ______(fade).

16. The speaker wants all ______(listen) to him.

17. I want you ______(complete) the work in an hour.

18. One should not be foolish______(invest) large sums of money is shares.

19. ______(sit) by the fire side on a cold evening is pleasant.

20. I find it impossible ______(understand) what you say.

21. It is advisable______(go) by train as it is safe.

22. No one wants ______(miss) any opportunity to going abroad.

23. He was rude enough______(wound) my feelings.

24. Selfish people will not come forward______(help) others.

25. Kings in the past fought with one another ______(expand) their terrorists.

26. ______(walk)is a good exercise.

27. ______(Read) story books gives pleasure

28. ______(Paint)and______(sculpt)are taught by artists here.

29. She likes______(swim).

30. ______(Watch) plays can be fun.

31. ______(Keep) left is always safe.

32. ______(Eat) moderately is good for health.

33. ______(Climb) mountains is a good sport.

34. ______(Read) poetry teaches us many things.

35. Can you live without______(drink) water?

36. He was compliment on______(win) the prize.

37. I am averse to______(drink).

38. Sheela is not capable to______(do) hard work.



� Object:

Ex: He conveyed the message

O

� Direct object: A Direct Object is directly linked with a verb. That answers the question ‘What’

Ex: The old lady told them stories.

DO

� Indirect object: That answers the question ‘whom’ or ‘what’.

Ex: My brother-in-law gave me a gift

IO

� Complement: It completes the sense of the sentence, if taken away the sentence becomes meaningless. They

are used after the verbs like is, am, are, was, were, will be, shall be. Become, becomes, became, will become, shall

become, feel, seem.

Ex: They are poor

C

� Adjunct or Adverbial: It gives additional meaning to the sentence, even without it the meaning of the sentence

stands, it appears in any part of the sentence.

Ex: He meets them personally

A

Examples:-

S V : I walk.

S V O : He eats an apple.

S V O C : They elected him president .

S V A : He works hard.

S V O A : Krishna drives the car carefully.

S V IO DO : The teacher showed us(IO) a picture(DO).

Note: IO is the one even, when taken off there is meaning

S V O C A : The captain spend all the money on the holiday last month.

SVC : Gopika was a famous poet .

S V : The bird is flying.

S V O : I bought fruits.

S V A : Danish returned yesterday.

S V O A : Manish sent a parcel yesterday.

S V O A A : I met her in Chennai last week

S V IO DO : My grandmother told us a story

S V A A : He goes to school to study

S V O C : He made his son a doctor

S A V O : Gandhi always spoke truth

S V A C : He is always busy

A S V O : Yesterday I bought a camera

V S C : Is she a doctor?

S V IO DO : They gave him a pen

S V O A A : We took her to the zoo yesterday

S V IO DO : They gave him the explanation



The day was short yesterday.

S V C A

He presented me a camera.

S V IO DO

My father presented me a camera on my birthday.

S V IO DO A

She was working as a senior assistant in a govt office.

S V C A

Ramu bought a car last month.

S V O A

1. Raju / woke up

2. He / wore / his new uniform

3. His father / gave / him / his school bag

4. He / was / excited

5. Reading / made / him / a complete man

6. He / was going / to school

S V

1. God / is

2. Caesar / hath wept

3. The crowd / laughed

4. Gold / glitters

5. The telephone / rang

S V O

1. Ronald / scored / three goals

2. He / would not take / the crown

3. The collector / inspected / the building

4. He / has donated / his eyes

5. Brutus / stabbed / Caesar

S V IO DO

1. You / lend / me / your ears

2. He / gave / her / a beautiful bouquet

3. The secretary / sanctioned / ten lakhs / to the school

4. He / taught / me / Hindi

5. The company chairperson / promised / them / better salary

S V C:

1. This lesson / is / interesting

2. Brutus / is / an honourable man

3. She / is / a dermatologist

4. He / remained / a bachelor



18. Laughing and larking / doesn’t pay.

19. She / was working / as a senior assistant / in a government officer.

20. The stars / twinkle / in the sky / at night.

21. Man / hunts / animals / mercilessly.

22. The earth / is / a ball / in the space.

23. Trees / gives / us / fruits / year offer year.

24. Science / has made / man’s life / comfortable / these days.

25. Due to gravity / the Earth / could hold / everything.

26. Now a days / life / has become / hectic.

27. We / always / work / hard.

28. Arun’s answer / is / almost / right.

29. The Americans / have sent / a rocket / to mars.

30. That day / Priya / quickly / finished / her dinner.

HOMOPHONES

Words that sound alike or nearly alike but have different meanings.

Here are examples from school text:

1. ascent: climbing a way sloping up

assent: agreement, to agree

e.g. The ascent of Mt. Everest was an arduous affair

Finally the parliament has given assent to the bill

2. alternate: one of every two, follow one after the other

alternative: choice between two or more things

e.g. I visit the library on alternate Sundays

Because of the transport workers strike, we had to find an

Alternative transport

3. beside: at the side of, close to

besides: in addition to

e.g. My friend sits beside me in the class

Besides playing tennis she also excels in chess

4. complement (v): to add new or contrasting features to improve something

compliment: express praise or approval

e.g. His communication skills complement his excellent academic record

I complimented him on his excellent presentation

5. continuous: going on without stopping

continual: occurring repeatedly

e.g. Education is a continuous process.

There was continual rain last week



accept

except

Accept means “to receive.” Except means “to exclude.”

e.g. Everyone except Joaquin accepted her apology.

advice

advise

Advice is a noun (which rhymes with ice) and advise is a verb (which rhymes withies).

e.g. I need your advice.

I advise you to bring bottled water.

affect

effect

Affect is a verb which means “to influence.” Effect is a noun which means “the outcome or result.”

When used as a verb, effect means “to produce a result.”

e.g. The injury won’t affect her performance.

The song had a calming effect on the baby.

The medicine effected a complete recovery.

all ready

already

All ready means “completely prepared” or that everyone or everything is prepared. Already means

“before the time specified.”

e.g. We were all ready for the results.

I ate already.

allude

elude

Allude means “to refer indirectly or casually.” Elude means “to avoid or escape.”

e.g. Writers often allude to Shakespeare.

The bandits continue to elude the police.

allusion

illusion An allusion is an indirect or casual reference. An illusion is false idea or image.

amoral

immoral

Amoral means either not subject to or lacking moral distinctions. For instance, logic or pure

mathematics can be seen as amoral. Immoral means violating conscience or public morality:

plagiarism and other kinds of cheating are immoral. Note that ethical is the term to use when

referring to practices in professions.

ante-

anti-

Ante is a prefix meaning “before” or “in front of.” Anti is a prefix meaning “hostile to” or “against.”

e.g. anteroom, antecedent

antiwar, antipathy

are

our

Are is the form of “to be” used with you, we, and they. Our is a possessive pronoun that means

“belonging to us.”e.g. Our dogs are fast.

beside

besides

Beside is a preposition that means “next to.” As a preposition, besides means “in addition to” or

“other than”; as an adverb, besides means “also” or “moreover.”

e.g. The notepad was beside the telephone.

They offer many flavours besides vanilla.

I want to go to sleep; besides, it’s late.

choose

chose

Choose means “to select” and rhymes with “booze.” Chose is the past-tense form of this verb and

rhymes with “suppose.”

e.g. Yesterday I chose pasta but today I choose rice.

complement

compliment

Complement means “to complete” and compliment means “to express praise.” Complimentary is an

adjective that means “free of charge.”

e.g. They complimented her on the sash that complemented her dress.

conscience

conscientious

conscious

Conscience (a noun) is the recognition of right and wrong. Conscientious is an adjective that means

“careful” or “thorough.”Conscious (adj.) means “awake” or “aware.”

e.g. Sharon was conscious that Marty’s conscience was troubled, but she conscientiously avoided

asking him about it.



principal

principle

As an adjective, principal means “chief” or “primary.” As a noun,principal means “the chief official”

and may also mean “the capital.” The noun principle means “a fundamental truth.”

respectable

respectful

respective

Respectable means “deserving of respect.” Respectful means “showing respect.” Respective means

“relating to each” and connotes relativity.

e.g. 70% is a respectable grade.

Each daughter was respectful to her respective mother.

than

then Than is used to make comparisons whereas then refers to a point in time.

their

there

they’re

Theiris the possessive form of “they.” There means “in that place.”They’re means “they are”: since it

is a contraction, it should not be used in formal essays.

e.g. They’re waiting for their tickets over there.

though

thorough

threw

through

Though means “however” or “despite the fact.” Thorough means “completely done.” Threw is the

past tense of “to throw.” Throughindicates movement from one side to another.

e.g. They ate though they weren’t hungry.

She made thorough revisions to her draft.

He threw a ball.

She searched through the house for her socks.

to

too

two

To is a preposition. Too is an adverb meaning “excessively” and two is a number.

e.g. It was too late in the evening to watch two movies.

who’s

whose

As a contraction, who’s (an abbreviated form of who is) should not appear in formal

essays. Whose indicates possession: Whose book is this?

you’re

your

You’re is another contraction, meaning “you are.” Your means “belonging to you.”

e.g. You’re showing your fear.

There – There’s a funny smell in there.

Their – Their apartment smells funny.

They’re – They’re trying to clean the apartment to get rid of the funny smell.

Two – I rang the doorbell two times.

Too – I rang the doorbell two times, too.

To – I used to ring the doorbell two times, but I don’t anymore.

Its – The cat likes its new treats.

It’s – It’s interesting that the dog likes the cat’s treats, too.

Sure – I’m sure the hurricane will lose strength before it makes landfall.

Shore – Debris from the hurricane washed up on shore.

Peak – The peak of the mountain is covered in snow.

Peek – Don’t peek! It’s a surprise!

Pique – Here’s how to pique their interest.



Die – Most patients who suffer from the disease will die.

Dye – She wants to dye her shoes to match her handbag.

Wine – When consumed in moderation, wine has a number of health benefits.

Whine – He always whines when he doesn’t get his way.

Road – Mary passed her road test and got her license.

Rode – John rode his bicycle home from school.

Pair – I have one pair of black socks.

Pear – I ate a pear with lunch.

Tail – The dog is wagging his tail.

Tale – My favourite fairy tale is Cinderella.

Time – It’s time for lunch.

Thyme – I’m seasoning my chicken with thyme.

Fisher – Seals are fishers; they catch fish for food.

Fissure – The earthquake caused a fissure in the house’s foundation.

Whole – He ate the whole watermelon.

Hole – The dog dug a hole in the backyard.

Bored – He quickly grew bored of the presenter’s dull speech.

Board – The board of directors voted unanimously to fire the CEO.

Bore – PowerPoint presentations are such a bore.

Boar – Settlers in this part of the country hunted wild boar to survive.

Ensure – To ensure your safety, please fasten your seat belts.

Insure – He’d like to insure his children under his health plan.

Sight – She has poor sight and needs to wear glasses.

Site – This is the perfect site for a new mall.

Mite – The dog had a mite in its ear.

Might – I might have to leave work early if there’s an emergency.

Effect – Nausea is a common side effect when taking this medicine.

Affect – Don’t let his opinions affect your decision.



fourth Allen was so proud to come in fourth in the pie-eating contest!

grate

great

We need to grate some cheese to put on the pizza.

If it has enough cheese, it will be a great pizza!

hear

here

The volume was turned down so low I couldn’t hear it.

Could you please bring the beef jerky over here?

hole

whole

If I eat one more doughnut hole, I will be stuffed.

I looked through the whole house, but I couldn’t find my umbrella.

know

no

I really have to know a lot to do well on my history test.

I am going to study until I have no time left.

led

lead

The dog led the police to the drug stash.

Pens are okay, but I prefer old-fashioned lead pencils.

lessen

lesson

The doctor gave me some stretches to do to lessen the pain.

I’m not sure if he’s learned his lesson yet.

lose

loose

I’m trying hard to not lose patience with her.

The knot might not hold, since it’s sort of loose.

male

mail

The kennel had both male and female puppies for sale.

I’m going to the post office to send my mail.

passed

past

I kept getting passed on the interstate today.

In the past, I drove a lot faster.

peace

piece

We all wish for world peace.

A piece of pie would be great right now.

principal

principle

My high school principal gave pretty good advice.

I don’t want to compromise my principles.

than

then

I am tanner than she.

We were both on the beach, but then she went inside.

to

too

two

I am going to the mall.

Jesse said she wants to go too.

We are each looking for two new outfits.

whose

who's

Whose scarf is this?

Who’s going to the movie with us?

your

you're

Your dog is bigger than my dog.

You’re going to have to keep him on a leash.



USE OF ADJECTIVES

I want a little quantity of milk. I want a small quantity of milk.

Ram only is guilty. Ram alone is guilty.

Do not go out in the sun with your head open. Do not go out in the sun with your head bare OR

uncovered.

Give a verbal translation of the passage. Give a literal translation of the passage.

The association has three thousands of rupees in

cash.

The association has only three thousand rupees.

He is sick. He is ill.

I have strong headache. I have a severe headache.

This is more preferable than that. This is preferable to that.

No less than fifty students were present. No fewer than fifty students were present.

USE OF CONJUNCTIONS

He asked me that why I had not gone there. He asked me why I had not gone there.

Until you remain idle, you cannot succeed. As long as you remain idle, you cannot succeed.

Now you are tired, you may rest awhile. Now that you are tired, you may rest awhile.

No sooner had he died, when his sons bexan to

quarrel.

No sooner had he died than his sons bexan to quarrel.

USE OF ADVERBS

I know him too well. I know him very well.

I shall of course do it. I shall certainly do it.

He does not know to swim. He does not know how to swim.

Don't go in the sun. Don't go out in the sun.

ERRORS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES

He did not abstain to smoke but persisted to

purchase valuable cigars.

He did not abstain from smoking but persisted in

purchasing valuable cigars.

To him I did a request which he did not comply. To him I made a request with which he did not comply.

I cannot bear your separation. I cannot bear separation from you.

Open the last but one page of the book. Open the last page but one of the book.

I solicit your favor to grant me leave. I solicit the favor of your granting me leave.

Those who are absent, I shall punish them. I shall punish those who are absent.

One of his family members is dead. A member of his family is dead.

One of the members of his family is dead.

My brother's all the books have been stolen. All my brother's books have been stolen.

All the books of my brother have been stolen.

For what you are here ? What are you here for ?

Tell me why did you go there ? Tell me why you went there ?

I, you and he will go together. You, he and I will go together.

Exercise is good both for work as well as health. Exercise is good for work as well as health.

Are your work busy ? Do you have a busy job ?

I am going to a picnic. I am going on a picnic.

I am a bit in a hurry. I am in a bit of a hurry.

I'll date her out this Saturday. I'll take her out on a date this Saturday.



I am sure not even one man can control himself if

he meet this kind of situation.

I doubt that there is even one man who can control

himself in this situation.

Are you a saler, Alvin ? Are you a salesman, Alvin ?

The team bring a lot of happy for football fan in the

world but now I doubtful them.

The team used to bring a lot of fun to the soccer fans in

the world but I am doubtful of them now.

Which kind of car ? What type of car ?

How much is the temperature? What is the temperature ?

Don't feel anger with me !!! I'm just kidding. Don't be mad at me !!! I'm just kidding.

Kitty, your honey was left just now because I told

him you will coming soon.

Kitty, your honey has just left as I told him you would be

coming soon.

I am a Chinese and have been abroad 10 years. I am Chinese and have been in abroad for 10 years.

OK, tell me how does he like ? OK, tell me what he looks like ?

My telephone conversation with you for past one

and half week has made me feel you as a very firm

character.

Having telephoned with you for one week, I think you

have a very firm/strong character.

It is easy or not get visa? Is it easy to get visa ?

I wonder why are you keep study after graduated

high school

I wonder why you keep studying after graduation from

high school ?

He will be great help for you. He will be of great help to you.

Am I a simple girl and has not any brains ? Am I a naive lady who doesn't have intelligence ?

What sport are you interest ? What sports are you interested in ?

I think your express will have a little difficult, but that

is a lucky thing, I can understand you.

I think you have difficulty in expressing your idea. Luckily,

I can understand you.

How are you this week ? How have you been this week ?

I know you are good in computer and English. I know you are good at computers/computing and

English.

I think your qualification will surely make you open a

computer or English training center.

I think you can open up a computer or English training

center with your qualifications.

I am no exceptional. I am no exception.

The experience is the best teacher. Experience is the best teacher.

David has just been commissioned as the captain. David has just been commissioned as captain.

When children grow up, they are sent to the school. When children grow up, they are sent to school.

They study in the England. They study in England.

Some of the students speak the Mandarin very well. Some of the students speak Mandarin very well.

More and more people today die of the cancer. More and more people today die of cancer.

The discussion will begin after the dinner. The discussion will begin after dinner.

Can the communism coexist with the capitalism ? Can communism coexist with capitalism ?

Professor Li will speak on the latest development in

the chemistry.

Professor Li will speak on the latest development in

chemistry.

We make the bread with the flour. We make bread with flour.

We had a meeting in this afternoon. We had a meeting this afternoon.

Note : With the, the preposition in is used.

I work best in the morning.



I seldom go to theatre. I seldom go to the theatre.

Smiths invited me to a dinner. The Smiths invited me to a dinner.

Note : It is a common practice in English to use a family

name to refer to a certain family and its members. Such a

family name must be pluralized and preceded by the

definite article the.

Uncle's advice is great significance. Uncle's advice is of great significance.

The judge has decided the case. The judge has decided upon the case.

Under the help of an influential friend, he got the

job.

With the help of an influential friend, he got the job.

Note : To express various states or conditions, we use

under.

Business improved under the new management.

Nobody is bound to suffering. Nobody is bound to suffer.

Some people are not used to live in a hot country. Some people are not used to living in a hot country.

Susan is incapable to complete the task by herself. Susan is incapable of completing the task by herself.

Nobody can avoid to make mistakes. Nobody can avoid making mistakes.

What is the difference of these two things ? What is the difference between these two things ?

What is the time on your watch ? What is the time by your watch ?

Lucy has been absent from Monday ? Lucy has been absent since Monday ?

Note : To express the idea of from a certain time to now,

we normally say "from ... to/till now ?".

Every week, I work from Monday to Saturday.

We will tolerate no interference with our internal

affairs.

We will tolerate no interference in our internal affairs.

Note : ( In means to meddle ; With means to

hinder/obstruct. )

I don't allow any interference with my work.

The answer of this question is quite complicated. The answer to this question is quite complicated.

The country is belonged to every citizen. The country belongs to every citizen.

Note : Verbs like belong, happen, occur etc. are not used

in the passive voice.

Water composes of hydrogen and oxygen. Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

Shelley looks cheerfully. Shelley looks cheerful.

I didn't see him too. I didn't see him either.

Note : In English, the adverbs also and too appear in

affirmative sentences. The adverb either appears at the

end of negative sentences.

She bought a new scissors. She bought a new pair of scissors

He succeeded to get the prize. He succeeded in getting the prize.

The students were busy to prepare their lessons. The students were busy preparing their lessons.

Please tell him don't come now. Please tell him not to come now.

I saw them to work. I saw them work.

You had better to go now. You had better go now.

She neither speaks English nor Malay. She speaks neither English nor Malay.



My back is hurting.

My tooth is paining. My tooth is aching.

He asked that what are you doing. He asked what I was doing.

He asked to John why your father is angry. He asked John why his father was angry.

He said that his father died last year. He said that his father had died last year.

I did not see him because he went out before I

arrived.

I did not see him because he had gone before I

arrived.

He got angry before I said a word. He got angry before I had said a word.

There I met a man who was my classmate 20 years

ago.

There I met a man who had been my classmate 20

years ago.

I will call you when dinner will be ready. I will call you when dinner is ready.

The Paris is big city. Paris is a big city.

I live in the Mumbai. I live in Mumbai.

The gold is yellow. Gold is yellow.

I have an urgent business. I have urgent business. OR I have some urgent

business.

COMMON ERRORS WITH NOUNS AND NOUN-PHRASES

IN CORRECT CORRECT

I have bought new furnitures I have bought new furniture

The wages of sin are death The wages of sin is death

She told these news to her mother She told her mother this news

He took troubles to do his work He took trouble (or pains) over his work

The cattles were grazing The cattle were grazing

He showered many abuses on me He showered much abuse on me

I spent the holidays with my family members I spent the holidays with my family

Thee is no place in this compartment There is no room in this compartment

Write this new poetry in your copy Write this new poem in your note-book

He took insult at this He took offence at this

Put your sign here Put your signatures here

She is my cousin sister She is my cousin

Sunil’s my neighbour’s house was burgled Sunil my neighbour’s house was burgled

I lost a ten-rupees note I lost a ten-rupee note

Road closed for repair Road closed for repairs

His house is out of repairs His house is out of repair

What is the reason of an earthquake? What is the cause of an earthquake?

This building is made of stones This building is made of stone

I disapprove of these kinds of games I disapprove of this kind of games

Veena’s and Sheela’s father is ill. Veena and Sheela’s father is ill

His son-in-laws are doctors His sons-in-law are doctors

Alms is given to the poor Alms are given to the poor

He always keeps his words He always keeps his word



He will spend his future life here He will spend the rest of his life here

There is a best teacher in that class There is a very good teacher in that class

Of the two plans this is the best Of the two plans this is the better

He is becoming strong every day He is becoming stronger every day

He is worst than I He is worse than I

Jaipur is hot than Delhi Jaipur is hotter than Delhi

In our library the number of books is less. In our library the number of books is small.

From the three he is more clever He is the cleverest of the three

India is the first peace-loving country in the world India is the foremost peace-loving country in the world

Verbal instruction will not do Oral instruction will not do

Her command over French is most excellent Her command over French is excellent

He has not some money with him He has not any money with him

I have visited Bombay many a times I have visited Bombay many a time.

Death is more preferable to dishonour Death is preferable to dishonour

I gave him a few books I had I gave him the few books I had

If he wants farther help send him to me If he wants further help, send him of me.

She is so cunning as a fox She is as cunning as a fox.

COMMON ERRORS WITH VERBS

IN CORRECT CORRECT

He asked had we taken our luggage He asked if we had taken our luggage

She asked what are you doing She asked what we were doing

Rama asked to Anil why he is angry Rama asked Anil why he was angry

He does not care for his money He does not take care of his money

He does not care for his work He takes no care over his work

No one cared for him after his mother died No one took care of him after his mother died

He got angry before I said a word He got angry before I had said a word

I met a man who was my tutor 20 years ago. I met a man who had been my tutor twenty years ago

I had been for walking yesterday I went for a walk yesterday

If I shall do this I shall be wrong If I do this I shall be wrong

I have left trekking I have given up trekking

I came to know as to how he did this I learnt how he did this

I came to know why he was sad. I found out why he was sad.

He knows to swim He knows how to swim

The criminal’s head was cut The criminal’s head was cut off

I said to him to go I told him to go

I told the teacher to excuse me I asked the teacher to excuse me

He is troubling me He is giving me trouble

I have got a hurt on my lex I have hurt my lex

She gave a speech She made a speech

He has given his examination He has sat for his examination

He took out his shoes He took off his shoes



A new pair of shoes are to be purchased. A new pair of shoes is to be purchased.

The Committee have issued its report. The Committee has issued its report .

I, who am your friend, has always been on your side. I, who am your friend, have always been on your side.

I am the person who have always stood by you. I am the person who has always stood by you.

This is one of the best novels that has been published

this year.

This is one of the best novels that have been published this

year.

Less than half the amount have been wasted . Less than half the amount has been wasted.

A lot of people has turned up for the show. A lot of people have turned up for the show.

Much of their honour are undeserved. Much of their honour is undeserved.

More than a decade have passed since this house

was built.

More than a decade has passed since this house was built.

Either she or he are mistaken. Either she or he is mistaken.

Plenty of information are available on the subject. Plenty of information is available on the subject.

Plenty of pamphlets is available on the subject. Plenty of pamphlets are available on the subject.

COMMON ERRORS IN USE OF WILL, SHALL, WOULD, SHOULD, MAY, MIGHT, MUST

IN CORRECT CORRECT

When I shall see him I shall tell him this. When I see him, I shall tell him this.

If I should do wrong, he would punish me. If I did wrong, he would punish me.

Until he will have confessed his fault, he will be kept in

prison.

Until he has confessed his fault, he will be kept in prison.

She will obey me. She shall obey me.

You would work hard You should work hard.

You shall find him in the garden. You will find him in the garden.

He must have died of exposure, but we cannot be certain. He might have died of exposure, but we cannot be certain.

You might not show disrespect to your elders. You must not show disrespect to your elders.

You may take exercise in order to maintain good health. You must take exercise in order to maintain good health.

He must be a crook for all we know. He may be a crook for all we know.

COMMON ERRORS IN THE USE OF ADVERBS

(Very, Much, Too, Enough, Quite , Hardly, Scarcely, Before, Ago, Sinc, Yet, Still, etc.)

IN CORRECT CORRECT

He is very much angry He is very angry

She was very good enough to help me She was good enough to help me

She runs much fast She runs very fast

She runs very faster than Seema She runs much faster than Seema

It is bitter cold today It is bitterly cold today

He is a much learned man He is a very learned man

She is thinking very hardly She is thinking very hard

To tell in brief the film was boring In short the film was boring



She is as innocent as if she looks. She is as innocent as she looks

Until he does not try he must be punished He must be punished unless he tries.

I want to know as to why you are late I want to know why you are late

I am fond of Chinese food as for example sweet and

sour prawns

I am fond of Chinese food, for example, sweet and sour

prawns.

He was angry therefore I ran away He was angry so I ran away.

I was trying to work, at that time he was disturbing me While I was trying to work, he was disturbing me

Supposing if he is late, what will happen? Supposing he is late (or if he is late) what will happen?

He asked me that why I was late He asked me why I was late

Let us catch a taxi lest we should not get late Let us catch a taxi lest we should get late

She dresses herself like the teacher does She dresses herself as the teacher does

Wait while I come Wait until(or till) I come.

Until, there is corruption in India, there can be little

progress

As long as there is corruption in India there can be little

progress

I have never told a lie nor cheated anybody I have never told a lie now have I cheated anybody

Both Mohan as well as Arun are responsible for this

action

Both Mohan and Arun are responsible for this action

Hindus and Muslims both are to blame for the riots Both Hindus and Muslims are to blame for the riots

I have bough paintings, books, records, and etc. I have bought paintings, books and records

He as well as you are a fool He as well as you are a fool

He is so poor and he cannot save anything. He is so poor that he cannot save anything

Such a book that you want is not available Such a book as you want is not available

Such was her condition as everyone was moved to

pity.

Such was her condition that everyone was moved to pity.

COMMON ERRORS IN THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS

IN CORRECT CORRECT

I will not listen him I will not listen to him

Copy this word by word Copy this word for word

He enquired from her where she lived He enquired of her where de lived

Sign here with ink Sign here in ink

Has she come in train or by foot? Has she come by train or on foot?

She said this at his face She said this to his face

Open the book on page one Open the book at page one

I was invited for lunch I was invited to lunch

I am ill since three months I have been ill for three

This paper is inferior than that This paper is inferior to that

This resembles to that This resembles that

My brother is superior than you in strength My brother is superior to you in strength

He wrote me He wrote to me

I shall explain them this I shall explain this to them

Send this letter on my address Send this letter to my address



What is the use Munir going there? What is the use of Munir going there?

He did many mischiefs He made much mischief

It is exact five in my watch It is exact five by my watch

I will dine with them on next Sunday I will dine with them Sunday next

Misfortunes when faced bravely and manly

become less troublesome.

Misfortunes when faced bravely and manfully become less

troublesome.

I am laid down with fever I am laid up with fever

He is habituated to smoking He is addicted to smoking

According to my opinion he is right In my opinion (or according to me) he is right

Could you please open this knot? Could you please untie this knot?

When five years old his father died. When he was five years old his father died

I made him to do this work I made him do this work

What is the cost of this camera What is the price of this camera?

He wants as many as five kilograms of sugar He wants as much as five kilograms of sugar

I have come to a final conclusion I have come to a conclusion (or to a final decision)

Do you wish me to teach you or the principal? Do you wish me or the principal to teach you?

The tree was loaded with fruit The tree was laden with fruit

What sort of a man is he? What sort of man is he?

My views are different than you My views are different from yours

I take this opportunity to thank you. I take this opportunity of thanking you.

Q: Correct the following sentences:

1. Never tell lie.

2. I have lost a pen that you gave me.

3. I am in hurry.

4. She is a honest girl.

5. He has headache.

6. It is time to take the tea.

7. The man is mortal.

8. Please give me an one-rupee note.

9. She is a M.A. in geography.

10. He is going to an university.

11. I read Indian Express daily.

12. The English is spoken by English.

13. She carries a umbrella daily.

14. They visit the church on Sundays.

15. Mahatma Gandhi was a greatest man of the world.

ANSWERS:

1. Never tell a lie.

2. I have lost the pen that you gave me.

3. I am in a hurry.

4. She is an honest girl.



5. The phrase ‘risking an accident to your clothes’ means

a) the bird pecked at their clothes

b) there was a chance of the bird soiling their clothes

c) the bird risked a fall

d) the bird did not like their clothes

Answers:

1. (c) it had wrinkled skin covered with yellow feathers

2. (a) he was a fat and ugly

3. (c) he complained loudly if he was not taken along

4. (d) the walked too fast

5. (b) there was a chance of the bird soiling their clothes

Passage 2

The idea of euthanasia, of hastening the death of someone from motives of compassion, covers two main situations. The

first is where someone is close to deat hand can be kept alive briefly, with intensive medical care. The official reason for

the use of every possible technique on patients, for whom there seems no hope, is that we never know that there is no

hope of at least a brief recovery. The second situation, in which it is proposed to end the life of someone who is not

expected to die at once from natural causes, is more morally doubtful. In so far as the suggestion may be based on the

notion of the ‘quality of life’ experienced by the patient, this is an inadequate approach to human beings. At one extreme

we may be dealing with a birth that cannot be called ‘human’ at all: such a being likely to live at the most for only a few

hours. Many feel that during this time it ought to be given ordinary nursing care. Bringing to an end of the life of say, a

spastic child, by the deliberate refusal of the fullest medical care seems morally indefensible.

Read the questions given below and write the option you consider the most appropriate

1. Euthanasia means

a) a place in Asia

b) bringing about gentle and easy death

c) enthusiasm

d) the youth in Asia

2. One reason for trying all possible measures to save a person is

a) death is horrifying

b) there is possibility of recovery

c) doctors need to be compassionate

d) science may invent more sophisticated machines later

3. The people who argue for euthanasia advocate it saying

a) the patient is not living a qualitative life

b) we must not spend quality resources on a sick person

c) we should not bother about the ailing

d) it can be defended morally

4. The words ‘LLLLLLdealing with a birth that cannot be called ‘human’ at all’ implies

a) humans have no control over birth and death

b) the person may survive only for a very brief period

c) doctors are incapable of saving people

d) the patient may want to die



(c) The word 'scraggly' means.

(i) fat and clumsy

(ii) strong and sturdy

(iii) lean and bony

(iv) healthy and stable

(d) Many distractions in the study of children are found responsible for

(i) high attendance

(ii) low attendance

(iii) average attendance

(iv) maximum attendance

(e) The mobile school has been doing its job by not only teaching but also including to fulfil the purpose of their mission.

(i) those who haven't enrolled themselves and merely hang around the area

(ii) those who have got themselves enrolled

(iii) those who have performed well in the studies

(iv) those who play well

Answer:

(a) (i) bringing underprivileged kids into the mainstream and preparing them for government school

(b) (ii) tips on health and hygiene

(c) (iii) lean and bony

(d) (ii) low attendance

(e) (i) those who haven't enrolled themselves and merely hang around the area

Reading comprehension

Human Nature

Is it human nature

to desire forbidden fruit,

to hunger for a blossom

so obsessed with passion

that we forget the pain,

which inevitably arises

once we tease ourselves

with the thought of it

or taste a tiny part of it,

and it becomes the predator

eating at us like a carnivore

that saves the head for last

savouring the brain to feed its own

and we, still craving illicit nectar

enjoying the fact that it is devouring us?

- C J Grant



Passage 4

Chemical pesticides lose their role in sustainable agriculture if the pests evolve resistance. The evolution of the pesticide

resistance is simply natural selection in action. It is almost certain to occur when vast numbers of a genetically variable

population are killed. One or a few individuals may be unusually resistant (perhaps because they possess an enzyme that

can detoxify the pesticide). If the pesticide is applied repeatedly, each successive generation of the pest will contain a

larger proportion of resistant individuals. Pests typically have a high intrinsic rate of reproduction, and so a few individuals

in one generation may give rise to hundreds or thousands in the next, and resistance spreads very rapidly in a population.

This problem was often ignored in the past, even though the first case of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)

resistance was reported as early as 1946. There is an exponential increase in the numbers of invertebrates that have

evolved resistance and in the number pesticides against which resistance has evolved. Resistance has been recorded in

every family of arthropod pests (including dipterans such as mosquitoes and house flies, as well as beetles, moths,

wasps, fleas, lice and mites) as well as in weeds and plant pathogens. Take the Alabama leaf worm, a moth pest of

cotton, as an example. It has developed resistance in one or more regions of the world to aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin,

lindane and toxaphene.

If chemical pesticides brought nothing but problems, – if their use was intrinsically and acutely unsustainable – then they

would already have fallen out of widespread use. This has not happened. Instead, their rate of production has increased

rapidly. The ratio of cost to benefit for the individual agricultural producer has remained in favour of pesticide use. In the

USA, insecticides have been estimated to benefit the agricultural products to the tune of around $5 for every $1 spent.

Moreover, in many poorer countries, the prospect of imminent mass starvation, or of an epidemic disease, are so

frightening that the social and health costs of using pesticides have to be ignored. In general the use of pesticides is

justified by objective measures such as ‘lives saved’, ‘economic efficiency of food production’ and ‘total food produced’. In

these very fundamental senses, their use may be described as sustainable. In practice, sustainability depends on

continually developing new pesticides that keep at least one step ahead of the pests – pesticides that are less persistent,

biodexradable and more accurately targeted at the pests.

Questions

1. “The evolution of pesticide resistance is natural selection in action.” What does it actually imply?

a) It is very natural for many organisms to have pesticide resistance.

b) Pesticide resistance among organisms is a universal phenomenon.

c) Some individuals in any given population show resistance after the application of pesticides

d) None of the statements a), b) and c) given above is correct.

ANSWER: c

2. With reference to the passage, consider the following statements:

Use of chemical pesticides has become imperative in all the poor countries of the world.

Chemical pesticides should not have any role in sustainable agriculture

One pest can develop resistance to many pesticides

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a) 1 and 2 only

b) 3 only

c) 1 and 3 only

d) 1, 2 and 3

ANSWER: b



INTERROGATIVE

A sentence that expresses / asks a question is called an interrogative sentence.

Ex. Ramesh said to me ‘what is your name?’

IMPERATIVE

A sentence that expresses a command or respect is called imperative sentence.

Ex. Be quite. Play on the ground

EXCLAMATORY

A sentence that expresses strong feelings is called an exclamatory sentence.

Ex. Look, how tall the tree is!

15. FIND OUT THE ODD WORDS (VERB, NOUN, ADJECTIVE, ADVERB):

Parts of Speech

The words that we use can be divided into these classes:

noun - A noun is a type of word that represents a person, thing, or place, like mother, apple, or valley.

verb - A verb is a type of word that describes an action or a state of being, like wiggle, walk, run, jump, be, do, have,

or think.

adverb - An adverb is a word that tells "how," "when," "where," or "how much". Some adverbs are: easily, warmly,

quickly, mainly, freely, often, and unfortunately.

preposition - A preposition shows how something is related to another word. It shows the spatial (space), temporal

(time), or logical relationship of an object to the rest of the sentence. The

words above, near, at, by, after, with and from are prepositions.

conjunction - A conjunction is a word that joins other words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Some conjunctions are:

and, as, because, but, or, since, so, until, and while.

interjection - An interjection is a word that expresses emotion. An interjection often starts a sentence but it can be

contained within a sentence or can stand alone. Some interjections are oh, wow, ugh, hurray, eh, and ah.

Noun–is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea. A noun can be a proper noun or a common noun.



Adjectives can be classified into many categories.

quantity - few, no, one, two, three, four, several, many, all, some, every, each, ...

opinion - good, better, best, bad, worse, worst, mediocre, awful, fantastic, pretty, ugly, clean, dirty, wasteful, difficult,

comfortable, valuable, worthless, useful, useless, important, evil, angelic, rare, scarce, poor, rich, lovely, disgusting,

amazing, surprising, loathsome, unusual, usual, pointless, ...

personality/emotion - happy, sad, excited, scared, frightened, outgoing, funny, sad, zany, grumpy, cheerful, jolly,

carefree, quick-witted, blissful, lonely, elated, ...

sound - loud, soft, silent, vociferous, screaming, shouting, thunderous, blaring, quiet, noisy, talkative, rowdy, deafening,

faint, muffled, mute, speechless, whispered, hushed, ...

taste - sweet, sour, acidic, bitter, salty, tasty, delicious, savoury, delectable, yummy, bland, tasteless, palatable, yummy,

luscious, appetizing, tasteless, spicy, watery, ...

touch - hard, soft, silky, velvety, bumpy, smooth, grainy, coarse, pitted, irregular, scaly, polished, glossy, lumpy, wiry,

scratchy, rough, glassy, ...

size, weight - heavy, light, big, small, tiny, tall, short, fat, thin, slender, willowy, lean, svelte, scrawny, skeletal,

underweight, lanky, wide, enormous, huge, vast, great, gigantic, monstrous, mountainous, jumbo, wee, dense, weighty,

slim, trim, hulking, hefty, giant, plump, tubby, obese, portly, ...

smell - perfumed, acrid, putrid, burnt, smelly, reeking, noxious, pungent, aromatic, fragrant, scented, musty, sweet-

smelling,...

speed - quick, fast, slow, speeding, rushing, bustling, rapid, snappy, whirlwind, swift, hasty, prompt, brief, ...

temperature - hot, cold, freezing, icy, frigid, sweltering, wintry, frosty, frozen, nippy, chilly, sizzling, scalding, burning,

feverish, fiery, steaming, ...

age - young, old, baby, babyish, teenage, ancient, antique, old-fashioned, youthful, elderly, mature, adolescent, infantile,

bygone, recent, modern, ...

distance - short, long, far, distant, nearby, close, faraway, outlying, remote, far-flung, neighbouring, handy, ...

shape - round, circular, square, triangular, oval, sleek, blobby, flat, rotund, globular, spherical, wavy, straight, cylindrical,

oblong, elliptical, zigzag, squiggly, crooked, winding, serpentine, warped, distorted, ...

miscellaneous qualities- full, empty, wet, dry, open, closed , ornate, ...

brightness - light, dark, bright, shadowy, drab, radiant, shining, pale, dull, glowing, shimmering, luminous, gleaming

color - pink, red, orange, yellowish, dark-green, blue, purple, black, white, gray, brown, tanned, pastel, ...

time - early, late, morning, night, evening, everlasting, initial, first, last, overdue, belated, long-term, delayed, punctual, ...

origin/location - lunar, northern, oceanic, polar, equatorial, Floridian, American, Spanish, Canadian, Mexican, French,

Irish, English, Australian, ...

material - glass, wooden, cloth, concrete, fabric, cotton, plastic, leather, ceramic, china, metal, steel, ...

purpose - folding, swinging, work, racing, cooking, sleeping, dance, rolling, walking, ...

VERB–is a word that shows action or that indicates a condition or a state of being.

Examples:

I run. Gobi talks. The boys eat.

I am sick. She is tired. The people are free.

Note: It is best to use strong action verbs that paint a vivid picture in the readers' mind (e.g. race, waddle, chomp). The

verb "to be" (e.g. is, are, was, were...) is not descriptive, so requires the use of adverbs.



ADVERB–is a word used to describe, or modify, a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb describes how, when,

where, or to what extent the verb performs.

Examples:

I run fast. (How fast do I run?) The boys are eating now. (When are the boys eating?)

I am very sick. She is extremely tired. The people are finally free. (These examples all show to what extent the verb

performs.)

manner (described how something happens) - well, beautifully, terribly, quietly, noisily, lovingly, kookily, greedily, nicely,

frankly, naturally, neatly, oddly, hungrily, gently, slowly, quickly, loudly, together, independently, ...

place (described where something happens) - here, there, everywhere, nowhere, inwardly, outwardly, nearby, far, then,

away, upward, downward, up, down, inside, indoors, outside, outdoors, home, homeward, backward, forwards,

southward, abroad, ...

time (described how long or when something happens) - before, after, still, yet, punctually, today, tomorrow, suddenly,

yesterday, recently, later, often, ...

frequency (described how often something happens) - always, never, sometimes, often, seldom, yearly, daily, weekly,

nightly, periodically, sporadically, rarely, frequently, regularly, normally, occasionally...

degree (described to what degree something happens) - almost, nearly, barely, scarcely, quite, just, hardly, totally, fully,

less, too, thoroughly, weakly, half-heartedly, whole-heartedly, extremely, enough, completely, very, enough, ...

certainty (described how probable it is that something will happen) - definitely, probably, certainly, surely, undoubtedly,

likely, doubtlessly, unquestionably, indubitably, absolutely, ...

Note: Adverbs most commonly modify verbs, but adverbs can also be used to modify adjectives or other adverbs. For

example, in the sentence, "She is very tall," very is an adverb that modifies the adjective tall.

The Same Word Used as Different Parts of Speech:

Some words belong to more than one part of speech. We can’t know what part ofspeech a word is until we see what work

it is doing in a sentence. A word can do different jobs in different sentences.

1. Give me some water.

2. They water the plants daily.

In the first sentence the word WATER names something. So it is a noun. In the second sentence the same word WATER

expresses an action. It tells what they do. Here it is a verb.

1. He didn’t take anything during the fast. (It names something. So it is a noun.)

2. Muslims fast during Ramzan. (It expresses an action. It tells what Muslims do. So, it is a verb.)

3. I missed the fast train. (It adds to the meaning of the noun train. What kind of a train? A fast train. So, it is an

adjective.)

4. She speaks fast. (It adds to the meaning of the verb SPEAKS and tells how she speaks. So, it is an adverb.)

The word FAST is a noun in 1, a verb in 2, an adjective in 3 and an adverb in 4.

Above:

We flew above the clouds. (Preposition)

Have you read the above sentence? (Adjective)

See above. (Adverb)



Up:

You should stand up when the teacher comes in. (adverb)

He climbed up the hill. (Preposition)

What time is the next up train? (Adjective)

He hit the ball on the up. (noun)

HARD

Rama works hard. (adverb)

This is hard work. (adjective)

WATER

We drink water. (noun)

They water the plants. (verb)

This is a water pipe. (adjective)

WHAT

What is your name? (pronoun)

What time is it now? (adjective)

What! Are you sure? (interjection)

ENOUGH

We had enough food. (adjective)

We know enough about space. (adverb)

Enough is enough. (noun)

NO - He is no good. (adverb)

We have no time. (adjective)

ONLY

He is my only son. (adjective)

I was only joking. (adverb)

Take this only don't hurt me. (conjunction)

MORE

There are more women in university. (adjective)

We work more now. (adverb)

More will die in the war. (pronoun)

THAT

I know that. (pronoun)

That boy is smart. (adjective)

I know that he will come. (conjunction)



kerchief/kerchiefs,

mischief/mischiefs, muff/muffs,

oaf/oafs, proof/proofs, roof/roofs,

safe/safes, turf/turfs

Ends with

'o' Add 'es'

buffalo/buffaloes, cargo/cargoes, echo/echoes,

embargo/embargoes, grotto/grottoes, hero/heroes,

mosquito/mosquitoes, motto/mottoes, potato/potatoes,

tomato/tomatoes, torpedo/torpedoes, veto/vetoes,

volcano/volcanoes, zero/zeroes

albino/albinos, auto/autos,

armadillo/armadillos,cameo/cameos,

cello/cellos, combo/combos,

duo/duos, exo/exos, folio/folios,

halo/halos, inferno/infernos,

lasso/lassos, memento/mementos,

memo/memos, piano/pianos,

photo/photos, portfolio/portfolios,

pro/pros, silo/silos, solo/solos,

stereo/stereos, studio/studios,

taco/tacos, tattoo/tattoos, zoo/zoos

tuxedo/tuxedos, typo/typos,

veto/vetoes, yo/yos, video/videos,

Irregular Variable

child/children, die/dice, foot/feet, goose/geese, louse/lice,

man/men, mouse/mice, ox/oxen, person/people,

that/those, this/these, tooth/teeth, woman/women

Ends with

'is' (from a

Greek root)

Change

final 'is' to

'es'

analysis/analyses, axis/axes, basis/bases, crisis/crises,

ellipsis/ellipses, hypotheses/hypothesis,

neurosis/neuroses, oasis/oases, paralysis/paralyses,

parenthesis/parentheses, synopsis/synopses,

synthesis/syntheses, thesis/theses

Ends with

'us' (if the

word is

from the

Latin)

Change

final 'us' to

'i'

alumnus/alumni, bacillus/bacilli, cactus/cacti, focus/foci,

fungus/fungi, locus/loci, nucleus/nuclei, radius/radii,

stimulus/stimuli, syllabus/syllabi, terminus/termini,

torus/tori

abacus/abacuses, crocus/crocuses,

genus/genera, octopus/octopuses

(not octopi, since octopus is from

the Greek language),

rhombus/rhombuses,

walrus/walruses

Ends with

'um'

Change

final 'um' to

'a'

bacterium/bacteria, curriculum/curricula, datum/data,

erratum/errata, gymnasium/gymnasia, medium/media,

memorandum/memoranda, ovum/ova, stratum/strata

album/albums, stadium/stadiums

Ends with

'a' but not

'ia' (from a

Latin root)

Change

final 'a' to

'ae'

alga/algae, alumna/alumnae, antenna/antennae,

larva/larvae, nebula/nebulae, pupa/pupae (or pupas),

vertebra/vertebrae, vita/vitae

agenda/agendas, alfalfa/alfalfas,

aurora/auroras, banana/bananas,

barracuda/barracudas,

cornea/corneas, nova/novas,

phobia/phobias

Ends with

'on' (from a

Greek root -

Change

final 'on' to

'a'

automaton/automata, criterion/criteria,

phenomenon/phenomena, polyhedron/polyhedra

balloon/balloons, carton/cartons and

many, many others



A noun can be used as singular or plural.

The following collective nouns can be singular or plural. It depends on how they are regarded. Viewed as a single unit, it

takes a singular verb; viewed as a group of separate members or parts, it is treated as a plural noun and used with a

plural verb.

Our team competes in a local tournament.

Our team have just won the quarterfinal.

My family is a large one.

My family are always arguing about how to share the bills.

The new government has gained more support since taking office.

The Government are determined to keep inflation in check.

The explorers stumble across a species of plant unknown to science.

The coastal waters of the island are rich in different fish species.

Data indicates that most of the offenders come from broken home.

We will not draw any conclusion until we have looked at all the data.

Statistics is included in this year's Mathematics syllabus.

The statistics tell us the current trend is towards more consumers' spending.

The full orchestra includes a fair number of female instrumentalists.

The orchestra do not agree to the venue for their next performance.

The enemy is calling for a ceasefire.

Security is very tight as the enemy are everywhere.

Two subjects expressed as a single unit and take a singular verb.

• Time and tide waits for no man.

• Bread and jam is good for sick people.

LIST OF COLLECTIVE NOUNS BY NOUN

actors - company, troupe

airplanes - fleet

ants - colony, swarm

antelopes - herd

apes - troop, shrewdness

arrows - quiver

asteroids - belt

bacteria - culture

bats - colony

bears - sloth

beauties - bevy

beavers - colony, lodge

bees - hive, swarm

bills - wad

birds - dissimulation, flock

boars - sounder

books - library

camels - caravan

candidates - slate

cards -deck

caterpillars - army

cattle - drove, herd,

cats - chowder, cluster,

chicks – clutch

circuits - bank

crows - murder

dogs - pack

eggs - clutch

experts - panel

fish - school

flamingoes - stand

flowers - bouquet

geese - gaggle

giraffes - corps

gnats - cloud

goats - trip

hens - brood

hounds - cry, pack

hyenas - clan

information - wealth

islands - chain

kangaroos - mob, troop

kittens - litter

lawyers - murder

leopards - leap

lepers - colony

lions - pride

monkeys - tribe, troop

mountains - range

owls - parliament

oxen - team, yoke



Vertex Vertexes

Medium Media

Phenomenon Phenomena

Formula Formulae

Focus Foci

Terminus Termini, Terminuses

Genie Genii, genies

Memorandum Memoranda

Stratum Strata

Aquarium Aquaria

Alumna Alumnae

Alumnus Alumni

Dining room Dining rooms

Grow-up Grown-up

Spoonful Spoonfuls

Runner-up Runners-up

Man servant Men servants

Woman servant Women servants

Medium Media

Curriculum Curricula

Erratum Errata

Childhood Children

Memo Memes

Toy Toys

Baby Babies

Mouse Mice

Geese Geese

Life Lives

Leaf Leaves

Wife Wives

Box Boxes

Window Windows

Sticker Stickers

Desk Desks

Pencil Pencils

Cup Cups

Bottle Bottles

17. IDENTIFY THE SENTENCE (SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX SENTENCE):

Transformation of simple sentences:

Changing sentences from one from to another is called transformation of sentences.

Simple, complex and compound sentences

Sentences can be transformed into three types – simple, complex, and compound

1. Simple sentence: A sentence which has only one subject and one verb or one main clause is called a simple

sentence.

e.g., Rama is a good boy.

2. Complex sentence: It is one which has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.

Ex.,We went out when the rain stopped

We went out - main clause

When the rain stopped - subordinate clause

3. Compound sentence: It consists of two or more main clauses.

e.g. The sun rose and the fog disappeared.

The sun rose Main Clauses

The fog disappeared



TRANSFORMATION OF COMPLEX SENTENCES:

Into a Simple Sentence:

A complex sentence may be written as a simple sentence by changing the sub ordinate clause into a phrase.

Complex:

After she had finished cooking she watched the TV serial

Sub clause M.C.

Simple:

Having finished her cooking she watched the TV serial

Phrase M.C.

Into a Compound Sentence:

A complex sentence may be changed into a compound sentence by removing the subordinate conjunction and adding a

co-ordinate conjunction.

Complex:

After she had finished cooking she watched the TV serial

Sub Clause M.C.

Compound:

She finished cooking and then she watched the TV serial

M.C. Co-ordinate M.C.

Simple Complex Compound

In spite of working hard, he failed Though he worked hard, he failed He worked hard, but he failed

He is an honest man He is a man, who is honest He is a man and he is honest

He is too weak to play He is so weak that he cannot play He is very weak and so he cannot play

I won’t go without your permission Unless you permit me, I won’t go Permit me or I won’t go

He understood my explanation He understood what I explained I explained and he understood it

You will repent for not being silent You will repent if you don’t keep

silent

Keep silent or you will repent it



Study the following Models:

1. As Priya was intelligent everyone praised her (complex)

2. Priya was intelligent and everyone praised her (compound)

3. Everyone praised Priya for her intelligence (simple)

1. Although he was tired he attended the function (complex)

2. He was tired but he attended the function (compound)

3. In spite of his being tired he attended the function (simple)

1. If you play games regularly you will be healthy (complex)

2. Play games regularly and you will be healthy. (compound)

3. In the event of your playing games regularly you will be healthy (simple)

1. As soon as he saw his father he ran away (complex)

2. He saw his father and at once he ran away (compound)

3. On seeing his father he ran away (simple)

1. You are so short that you cannot become a soldier (complex)

2. You are very short and so you cannot become a soldier (compound)

3. You are too short to become a soldier (simple)

1. When I heard the news, I wept. (complex)

2. Hearing the news, I wept (simple)

3. I heard the news and I wept (compound)

1. When the sun rose, the darkness disappeared (complex)

2. The sun rising, the darkness disappeared (simple)

3. The sun rose the darkness disappeared (compound)

1. As soon as I heard the bell, I stated writing (complex)

2. On hearing the bell, I started writing (simple)

3. I heard the bell and at once, I started writing (compound)

1. After I had written the letters, I switched off (complex)

2. Having written the letters, I switched off (simple)

3. I wrote the letters and then I switched off (compound)

1. As she is honest, she is happy (complex)

2. On account of her being honest, she is happy (simple)

3. She is honest and so she is happy (compound)

1. Though he ran fast, he missed the train (complex)

2. In spite of his running fast, he missed the train (simple)

3. He ran fast but (yet) he missed the train (compound)



Classify the following into simple, complex and compound sentences:

A) There is another requisite that you must secure, along with knowledge. - Complex

B) Such whole – hearted devotion is possible only in the days of student hood. - Simple

C) Your duty will teach you much and will secure for you the habit of co-operation. - Compound

D) That, in brief, is the duty to yourselves. - Simple

E) In addition to that , you owe a duty to the rulers. - Simple

F) The prime duty is the duty which you owe to your fellow students - Complex

Identify the sentence

Main clause

� A clause that can stand independently and make complete sense is called principal or main clause.

Sub-ordinate clause:

� A clause that can’t stand on its own and depends on another clause to make complete sense is called a sub-ordinate

clause.

Coordinating conjunctions:

� For, so, as well as, no less than, therefore, but, yet, still, or only, so on, and.

Simple sentence:

� A simple sentence has only one finite verb and it is made up of only one clause.

Ex:

� Ramu and Kumar sat in the park

Complex sentence:

� A complex sentence is made up of one main clause and one or more sub-ordinate clauses.

Compound sentence:

� A compound sentence is made up of two or more clauses, each of equal importance and capable of standing on its

own.

Identify the sentence: (simple/complex/compound)

1. He hopped that he would marry her

2. Being a busy man, I have no time for reading books

3. I saw the children participating in the quiz

4. He was carrying a heavy lead

5. We enjoyed the breakfast given by her

6. She was ill, so she could not attend the function

7. I must finish the work now to catch the train

8. I have decided to sell the bike that I bought last year

9. The girls saw a lion in the bushes and ran away

10. He not only stole the dresses but also murdered her.

11. Besides arriving late, the teacher slept in the classroom

12. I can stay here only for a few hours



By deleting the final ‘y’ and adding ‘ier’ & ‘iest’

Heavy heavier heaviest

Ugly uglier ugliest

Lovely lovelier loveliest

Easy easier easiest

By doubling the final consonants

Big bigger biggest

Hot hotter hottest

Fat fatter fattest

Dim dimmer dimmest

By using more & most

Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

Difficult more difficult most difficult

Useful more useful most useful

Valuable more valuable most valuable

Popular more popular most popular

Irregular Comparisons

Good better best

Well better best

Far farther farthest

Fore former foremost

Late later latest

Note: evil - worse - worst; ill - worse - worst;

Old - older - oldest; old - elder - eldest

Much (many) - more- most; fore - former - first late - latter - last

Late - later - latest : This form is used with reference to ‘time’.

The train is late. I shall come a little later. This is the latest fashion.

Late - latter - last: This form is used with reference to position.

Ram and Gopal are brothers.

Old - older - oldest : Here the reference is to age or antiquity.

Robert is older than Krishnan.

Old - elder - eldest : Here the reference is to members of the same family

Mary is my elder sister. His eldest son is in the U.K.



The double form of comparative and superlative of the adjectives and superlative of the adjectives are used in different

ways.

(1)Later, Latter, Latest

Later and latest refer to time; latter and last refer to position.

e.g. He is later than I expected.

I have not here the latest news.

The latter chapters are lacking in interest.

Ours is the last house in the street.

(2) Elder, older, eldest, oldest

Elder and eldest are used only of persons, not of animal or things; and are now confined to members of the same

family. Elder is not used with than following. Older and oldest are used of both persons

and things.

e.g. John is my elder brother.

Tom is my eldest son.

He is older than is sister.

Rahul is the oldest boy in the seven.

(3) Farther, Further

Farther means more distant or advanced further means additional.

e.g. Delhi is father from the equator than Chennai.

After this he made no further remarks.

(4) Nearest, next

Nearest denotes distance; next denotes position.

e.g. Mumbai is the seaport nearest to Europe.

My uncle lives in the next house.

Lost their comparative meaning, and are used as positive adjectives.

These are:

e.g. Interior, exterior, ulterior, major, minor.

a) The exterior wall of the house is made of stone.

b) His age is a matter of minor important.

Adjectives ending in or are followed by the preposition to

e.g. Inferior, superior, prior, anterior, posterior, senior, junior.

a) Rahul’s intelligence is superior to Hari’s.

b) He is junior to all his colleagues.

Correct use of some adjectives:

1. some , any

To express quantity or degree some is used in affirmative sentences, any in negative or interrogative sentences.

e.g. I shall buy some mangoes.

I shall not busy any mangoes.

Have you bought any mangoes?

But some is currently used in questions which are really commands or request.

e.g. Will you please lend me some money?



Model III:

� Kaushik is more inquisitive than Kavya (comparative)

� Kavya is not so / as inquisitive as Kaushik (positive)

� The chimpanzee is cleverer than the gorilla (comparative)

� The gorilla is not so / as clever as the chimpanzee (positive)

Positive and comparative

� When only two things or persons are compared, the idea can be expressed using only two degrees.

Positive, comparative and superlative

� When one thing or person is compared with all the others, the idea can be expressed in all the three forms.

� Your performance is one of the most appreciable (appreciable) ones in the show

� Very few people in the world are as industrious as (industrious) the Japanese

� The other room is not so comfortable as this one (positive)

� This room is more comfortable than the other (comparative)

� My pencil is not so sharp as yours (positive)

� Your pencil is sharper than mine (comparative)

� Sheriff is as tall as his brother (positive)

� Sheriff’s brother is not taller than him (comparative)

� This street is the busiest one in this area (superlative)

� This street is busier than any other street in this area (comparative)

� No other street in this area is as busy as this (positive)

� Mr.Soundar is one of the most helpful persons (superlative)

� Mr.Soundar is more helpful than most other persons (comparative)

� Very few persons areas helpful as Mr.Soundar (Positive)

Fill in the blanks with the suitable degree of comparison:

� This is the ________ (delicious) dish that I have ever tasted.

� Mosquitoes are ________ (prevalent) here than in any other area.

� She proves to be the ________ (worthy) candidate for the award

� Your choice is ________ than (good) mine.

� The rose is ________ (attractive) than most other flowers

� The impact of a cyclone is________ (severe) than that of an earthquake.

� Chandra’s handwriting is ________ (good) than that of Sona

� This year’s question paper is ________ (easy) than last year’s question paper.

� A cell phone is ________ (costly) than an i-pad

� Are you ________ (interested) in drawing than in singing

� Walking is________(healthy) an exercise as swimming

� Kindness is the ________ (noble) of all virtues

� Very few toys in this shop are ________ (expensive) this one.



• electro + execute =electrocute

• binary + digit =bit

• motor + pedal cycle = moped

• news + broadcast =newscast

• agitprop (agitation + propaganda)

• alcopop (alcohol + pop)

• bash (bat + mash)

• biopic (biography + picture)

• Breathalyzer (breath + analyzer)

• camcorder (camera + recorder)

• chexting (cheating + texting)

• clash (clap + crash)

• cosmeceutical (cosmetic + pharmaceutical)

• docudrama (documentary + drama)

• electrocute (electricity + execute)

• emoticon (emote + icon)

• faction (fact + fiction)

• fanzine (fan + magazine)

• flare (flame + glare)

• flirtationship (flirting + relationship)

• glimmer (gleam + shimmer)

• Globish (global + English)

• guitarthritis (guitar + arthritis)

• infotainment (information + entertainment)

• moped (motor + pedal)

• palimony (pal + alimony)

• pornacopia (pornography + cornucopia)

• pulsar (pulse + quasar)

• sexcapade (sex + escapade)

• sexploitation (sex + exploitation)

• sitcom (situation + comedy)

• slanguage (slang + language)

• smash (smack + mash)

• sportscast (sports + broadcast)

• stagflation (stagnation + inflation)

• staycation (stay home + vacation)

• telexenic (television + photogenic)

• textpectation (text message + expectation)

• workaholic (work + alcoholic)

Advertisement + Inflation Adflation

Affluence + Influenza Affluenza

Back + Acronym Backronym

Binary + Digit Bit

Bombay + Hollywood Bollywood

Boxing + Exercise Bexercise

Breakfast + lunch Brunch

Cellulose + Diaphane Cellophane

Coder + decoder Codec

Cinema + complex Cineplex

Dance + Exercise Dancercise

Data + Broadcasting Datacasting

Documentary + Drama Docudrama

Drama + comedy Dramedy

Ebony + phonies Ebonies

Emotion + Icon Emotion

Education + Entertainment Edutainment

Fact + fiction Faction

Fantastic + Fabulous Fantabulous

Fraud + Audience Fraudience

Green + whitewash Greenwash

Inter + network Internet

Information + entertainment Infotainment

Man + fantastic Mantastic

Melody + drama Melodrama

Modulator + Demodulator Modem

Motor +Hotel Motel

Internet + citizen Netizen

Oxford + Cambridge Oxbridge

Picture + Element Pixel

Quantum + Bit Qubit

Share + software Shareware

Situation + comedy Sitcom

Smog + fog Smog

Sound + landscape Soundscope

Spoon + fork Spork

Street + basketball Streetball

Volume + pixel Voxel

Television + Evangelist Televangelist

Stagnation + Inflation Stagflation



Verb

Draw

Lock

Die

Send

Set

Follow

Get

Make

Adverb

Back

Up

Hard

Off

Back

Up

Up

Up

New word

Drawback

Lockup

Diehard

Sendoff

Setback

Follow up

Get up

Make up

Adverb

Out

Up

Verb

Set

Keep

New word

Outset

Upkeep

Compound words - Made from two

or more smaller words

Noun

Earth

Noun

quake

Compound

word

Earth quake

Table cloth Table cloth

Motor bike Motor bike

Hair band Hair band

Butter milk Butter milk

Pass word Password

Heart beat Heartbeat

Back ground Background

Match Box Matchbox

Card board Cardboard

Man hole Manhole

Safety Pin Safety pin

Star Fish Star fish

Class room Classroom

Break heard Break heard

Over time Over time

Back stage Back stage

Door step Door step

Snow white Snow white

Ground water Ground water

Noun Verb Compound

verb

Snow drop Snow drop

Tounge slip Toungeslip

Time line Timeline

Lay break Lay break

Noun Gerund Compound

word

Cat walking Cat walking

White washing White

washing

Account checking Account

checking

Heart rending Heart

rending

Gerund Noun Compound

word

Sitting bench Sitting bench

Waiting hall Waiting hall

Driving school Driving

school

Glittering

jewels Glittering

jewels

Noun Noun Compound

word

Tax payer Tax payer

Picture book Picture book

Engine driver Engine driver

Cricket ball Cricket ball

Sun light Sun light

Preposition Noun Compound

word

In box Inbox

Out law Outlaw

Force thought Force

thought

Off spring Off spring

Down fall Down fall

Other compound words

Good (adj) + for (me) + anything (n) Good for nothing

Fall (adj) + from (pre) + grace (in) Fall from grace

Dance (adj) +upon (prep)+nothing (n)Dance upon nothing

Food (in) + for (prep) + thought (in) Food for thought



APPENDIX

GENDER is a classification of pronouns and nouns according as they refer to male or female sex.’he’ refers to the

masculine gender and ‘she’ refers to the feminine. ‘it’ refers to the neuter gender, which is neither masculine nor feminine.

actor

author

bachelor

boy

Boy Scout

brave

bridegroom

brother

conductor

count

czar

dad

actress

authoress

spinster

girl

Girl Guide

Squaw

bride

sister

conductress

countess

czarina

mum

daddy

duke

emperor

father

father-in-law

fiance

gentleman

giant

god

governor

grandfather

headmaster

mummy

duchess

empress

mother

mother-in-law

fiancee

lady

giantess

goddess

matron

grandmother

headmistress

MASCULINE FEMININE



IF CLAUSE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

When Shylock was asked why he should be so particular about the pound of flesh, Shylock says,

“If you prick us we will bleed,

If you tickle us we will laugh,

If you poison us we will die,

If you wrong us we will revenge.”

If non-violence is the law of our being, the future is with women.

I would sweep them out of existence, if I had the power.

If the women of Asia wake up, they will dazzle the world.

If the fight came, I should then approach it with much ..............

If the men and women of India cultivate in themselves the courage to face death bravely and non-violently, they can

laugh, scorn, .......

I would be booked by the traffic-policeman, if I violated the traffic rules.

If I had something stolen from me, I would report the matter to the police.

The above sentences are known in grammar as ‘if clause conditional sentences’.

Let’s familiarize ourselves with what we call, the Type Zero clause – cause and effect.

If you heat ice, it melts.

This sentence is a statement of universal truth / general validity.

The form of tense used is simple present in both the main clause and the ‘if clause’.

The term ‘conditional’ is applied to clauses which hypothesise or imply conditions. By condition, we mean a

grammatical relationship in which one situation is dependent on another situation.

e.g. I’ll come to the film if Prince comes.

(My action is dependent on Prince’s action.)

One way of expressing the relationship is by a conditional clause introduced by subordinate conjunctions (conditional)

If and Unless. A few other conditional subordinators are, in case, provided,otherwise.

Types of conditions:

Broadly speaking we have two types of conditions –

(i) open and (ii) hypothetical / unreal

Open conditions are neutral.

Hypothetical conditions are used to speculate about something that is impossible or contrary to fact.

Loosely speaking there are three types of conditional clauses –

(i) Condition that may or may not be fulfilled. Such clauses are known as open/possible conditional clauses. These

conditions show the cause and effect of actions. The condition may or may not be fulfilled.

e.g. If you help me out of this crisis, I’ll be grateful.

(ii) Conditions that may be theoretical, combined with improbability or unreality. Conditions not likely to be

fulfilled, unreal or hypothetical.

e.g. If I were a bird I would fly.

She would win if she played well.

If I had enough money I would donate it to your school } Unreal condition



(Note: Expresses a state of action that may happen or be true. It is possible that he will practise, that he will work

hard and the results are also possible, but not certain. Unless indicates negative but is more emphatic.)

Second Conditional:

Third Conditional:

Type III: If you had played well, you would have won the match.

Condition: If you had played well (Past Perfect Tense)

Result: You would have won the match (would + have + past participle of the verb / Perfect Conditional.)

Implication: You did not play well. Therefore, you did not win the match.

Structure: If + Past perfect + would, should, could, might + perfect

Note: Type III sentences refer only to past unreality and what is contrary to past

fact. It is totally hypothetical.

e.g.

If you had studied well, you would have got a seat in the medical collexe.

Had you studied well, you would have got a seat in the medical collexe.

If you had walked fast, you would have caught the train.

Had you walked fast, you would have caught the train.

If Shylock had accepted the money, there would not have been any

problem.

Had Shylock accepted the money, there would not have been any problem.

We learnt that there are several possible combinations of tenses in the main clause and the conditional clause.



IDIOMS AND PHRASES

� To beat about the bush: (to repeat the same thing again and again) Event after beating about the bush for

several hours, he could not make his mind.

� In accordance with (in a manner consistent with) I want the servant to work in accordance with my wishes.

� To be acquainted with: (intimacy, to be familiar) I am acquainted with theories of Economics.

� To act upon: (to obey) I acted upon the doctor’s advice as soon as possible.

� To add fuel to fire: to increase m indignation) He added fuel to fire by abusing him.

� To add insult to injury: (to insult as well as harm someone) He added insult to injury by slapping his brother in

front of his friends.

� Affiliate with: (to connect or attach to) National Career Centre is affiliated with the World University Service.

� To look after: (to take care of, to watch) The officer instructed his personal clerk to look after the files in his

absence.

� To keep aloof: (to avoid) Young children should keep aloof from the happening going at home.

� To make amends: (act of compensating) He wanted to make amends for his past absence in the class.

� To run amuck: (mania for blood, to run about with frenzied thirst for blood) To injured elephant ran amuck and

crushed the temple guard.

� To set apart: (reserve) Students must set apart atleast two hours a day for their studies.

� To upset the apple cart: (spoiling of ones plans) His death upset the apple cart of his ambitions.

� Burning question: (problem) Kashmir problem is a burning question between India and Pakistan.

� Behind time: (not punctual) Laxman was always behind time for his maths classes.

� To began with: (first of all) To began with, a prayer brings us closer to God.

� Between the devil and the deep: (Between two difficulties) Sita was between the devil and the deep, when I met

her during the vacations

� To kill two birds with one stone: (to gain at two points) Ravi passed his undergraduate and C.A. examination at

the same time. He killed two birds with one stone.

� To blow one’s own trumpet: (to praise oneself) Hari has the habit of blowing his own trumpet wherever He goes.

� Bolt from the blue: (a great surprise) His arrival was a bolt from the blue.

� To be in good books of: (to favour someone) I am in the good books with my officer.

� By leaps and bounds: (with a great speed) He is progressing by leaps and bounds.

� To kick and bucket: (to die) Everybody on this earth has to kick the bucket one day.

� To nip in the bud: (to kill in the very beginning) The Doctor tried hard to nip the disease in the bud, but filed.

� To take the bull by the horns: (to face a problem boldly) I will appreciate you if you take the bull by the horns

instead of being a coward.

� To burn the candle at both ends: (to waste the money or ruin health) She is burning the candle at both ends

because of over work.

� To burn the midnight oil: (working hard) He always burns the midnight oil before exams.

� To put the cart before the horse: (to change the natural order) If you want the job without passing your

examination, you are putting the cart before the horse.

� To let the cat out of the bag: (to disclose a secret) The woman let the cat out of the bag during police enquiry.

� To count chicken before they are hatched: (to be over hopeful) Foolish people always count chickens before

they are hatched.

� To come off with flying colours: (to be successful)_I hope, they will come off with flying colours.

� On the contrary: (on the other hand) He did not tell the lie on the contrary, he was quite true.



� Upto the mark: : (good standard) Rita did not prepare upto the mark for the 1st term examinations as expected by

her teachers.

� To see eye to eye: (to be in complete agreement) I don’t expect him to see eye to eye with me on the question of

prohibition.

� Cut a poor figure: (produced a poor impression) The witness cut a poor figure in his cross - examination.

� To make both ends meet: (to live within his income) The cost of living has increased so much that he finds it

difficult to make both ends meet.

� With open arms: (with war welcome) The President was received with open arms when he visited the Medical

University.

� Won his laurels: (acquired distinction) Lord Clive first won his laurels in India.

� Black sheep: (bad character ) There are black sheep in every community.

� Under the thumb: (completely under the influence) He is under the thumb of his wife.

� In the teeth of : (regardless of) He carried out his project in the teeth of opposition from his community.

� A man of his word: (a man to be depended on) You can safely trust him; he is a man of his word.

� To wash one’s dirty linen in public: (discussing unpleasant private maters openly) Some politicians try to wash

one’s dirty linen in public about their opponents.

� Yeoman’s service: (excellent work) When fire broke out at a building in Mumbai, the fire service personnel did

yeoman’s service in putting out the fire.

� A hard nut to crack: (a difficult problem to solve) Successive chief ministers have found the question of Cauvery

water a hard nut to crack.

� To be fraught with: The drug menace is fraught with serious consequences.

� In case of: (in the event of) In the case of your not attending the marriage. I have also decided not to go.

� In any case of : (anyhow) In any case, I do not want to be a part of his bad game.

� In connection with: (relating to) All the children had to attend the school on a holiday in connection with the

annual day.

� By common consent: (unanimously) The leader was elected by common consent.

� Contrary to: (opposite to) Contrary to what everyone says, he is an innocent man.

� In due course: (within a period of time) I will do that work in due course.

� In the course of : (during) He was much talked about in the course of our discussion.

� Out of date: (old) This type of dress is out of date.

� In the direction of : (towards) He walks in the direction of the school.

� For the time being: (temporarily) The officer ordered the clerk to stop the particular work for the time being and

attend to another urgent work.

� In other words: (that is to say) What I said to you is in other words a simple matter.

� To guard against: (to protect) His mother advised him to guard against catching cold.

� To stick to : (to follow) The teacher told him to stick to the rules with playing the game.

� In pursuit of : (towards) He is working in pursuit of his goals.

� On account of : (due to) On account of rain, the school closed early.

� Take advantage of : (make use of ) This boy is taking advantage of his mother’s kindness.

� Above all: (especially) The teacher is good and above all he is very knowledgeable.

� All at once: (suddenly) I was walking along the Guindy Park and all at once a deer came across my way.

� All in all: (complete master) The manager is all in all in that office.

� By all means: (certainly) We should strive to pass the examination by all means.



� With the help of: (with the assistance of ) He brought the car with the help of his friend.

� On par with: (on an equal level with) He is on a par with his sister in intelligence.

� Pros and cons: (arguments for and against) We should weight the pros and cons of the new scheme before

deciding to execute it.

� Break into : (burst suddenly into) The thieves broke into the strong room of the bank.

� Bring forth: (produce; give rise to) The lawyers brought forth new evidence. The mother brought forth four

children.

� Fall out with: (quarrel with) The two friends fell out with each other.

� Scot free: (without any punishment) the murderer received life imprisonment, but his accomplice escaped scot

free.

� To tighten our belts: (to experience difficult times) I told him that we would have to tighten our belts.

� White lie: (harmless lie) I told a white lie to spare her feelings

� Black and white: (in writing) The advocate insisted that everything should appear in black and white.

� All and sundry: (everyone, big and small) At the meeting place, a crowd gathered quickly. All and sundry eagerly

awaited something to happen.

� At all events: (always) I know your position. At all events you can depend on my help.

� Abide by: (follow or obey) Candidates are asked to abide by the rules framed from time to time by the Tamil Nadu

Public Service Commission.

� Of one’s own accord: (of one’s free will) The young man undertook the task of his own accord.

� All the same: (in spite of, although) I shall write to you next week. All the same ring me if things turn bad.

� At large : (free) The thief is at large. The policemen are unable to trace him.

� Beyond all question: (without any doubt) Progress in technology is really beyond all question.

� To blow hot and cold: ( to change the mind quickly from favour to disfavour) The officer praised his personal

assistant and then condemned him in his confidential report. He was blowing hot and cold and we could not make

out why.

� Birds of a feather: (people of the same tastes) The four boys liked the same games, the same teachers and the

same topics for talk. They were all birds of a feather.

� Bring to book: (to punish or to bring justice) The smuggler was notorious. The police at last brought him to book.

� Bottleneck: (any hindrance or obstacle) There are still some bottlenecks in streamlining the Housing Units.

� Bring home to: (to make it clear) The teacher brought home to the pupils that regularwork habits are of utmost

importance.

� To bell the cat: (to do something with great risk ) in the story no rat was willing to tie a bell round the neck of the

cat. Not a rat dared to bell the cat.

� To be taken aback: ( to be greatly surprised) I was taken aback when suddenly burst into violent rage.

� To back out: (to withdraw from promise) I never expected my friend to back out of the deal. He usually kept his

word.

� By and large: ( on the whole) By an large the creative works of Shakespeare are more interesting.

� Cock and bull story: (a silly story) Stop telling me cock and bull stories. Give me the honest truth.

� To come to light: (to become known) Many things came to light after the excavation at Mohanjodaro.

� To cope with: (to deal properly) the existing clerks in the Civil Supplies Department are unable to cope with the

increased demand of the public.

� To call a spade a spade: (to speak plainly) The old headmaster was straight forward and would always call

spade a spade.



� To make head or tail: (to understand) I could not make head or tail of that strange message.

� To come to grief: (to suffer distaste) She was learning to swim but came to a grief at the corner.

� By dint of: (on account of) By dint of hard work, he passed the competitive examination.

� For good: (for ever) My friend left the United States to India for good.

� Heart and soul: (earnestly) He threw himself heart and soul to do social service

� In defiance of: (without caring for) They struck work in defiance of the orders of the Government.

� Under a cloud: (On suspicion) The matter seems to be under a cloud.

� Through thick and thin: (through all obstacles and difficulties) His true friend stood by him through thick and thin.

� Of the first water: (of the highest quality: very fine) The Kohinoor diamond is of the first water.

� In pursuance of: (will do something) He went to Mumbai in pursuance of his desire to become an actor.

PHRASAL VERBS

A phrasal verb is a verb followed by a preposition or an adverb; the combination creates a meaning different from the

original verb. Below you will find a list of phrasal verbs in alphabetical order with their meaning and an example of use.

Phrasal Verb Meaning Example

abide by Respect or obey

(the law, a decision, a rule) If you want to stay at this school, you mustabide by the rules.

account for Explain; give a reason I hope you can account for the money you spent!

act on Take action as a result of something The police acted on the call they received.

act up Cause pain or annoyance by

functioning badly Dad's poor knee is acting up again.

add up Make sense; seem reasonable Her story just doesn't add up.

adhere to Support; follow; act in accordance

with All contestants must adhere to the rules.

advise against Recommend not doing something The doctor advised him against carrying heavy loads.

agree with Have the same opinion as someone

else I agree with you. I think she deserves the award too.

aim at Direct towards a target The policeman aimed his gun at the hijacker.

allow for Take into consideration;

Include in a calculation You'd better leave early to allow for heavy traffic.

angle at Show from a particular point of view. The documentary was angled at young viewers.

angle for Try to obtain something by hinting. I suspect Tom's angling for a free ticket.

answer back Reply rudely Don't answer back your mother!

answer for

1) Be responsible for something.

2) Speak on behalf of someone.

1) Normally parents have to answer for their children's

behaviour.

2) I agree, but I can't answer for my associate.

appeal to

1)Plead or make an earnest request.

2) Be attractive or interesting.

1) The organizers appealed to the crowd to stay calm.

2) Camping doesn't appeal to me.



2) Stop speaking 2) She broke off in the middle of a sentence.

break out Start suddenly. Rioting broke out as a result of the strike.

break out of Escape from a place by force. Three prisoners broke out of jail.

break up Come to an end (marriage,

relationship...)

After her marriage broke up, Emma went to live in

London.

bring up Raise (a child). She stopped working in order to bring up her children.

brush up on Improve, refresh one's knowledge of

something.

Mary decided to brush up on her Spanish before going

to South-America.

bump into Meet by accident or unexpectedly. Pedro bumped into his English teacher at the

supermarket.

burn out

1) Stop (something) working

2) Become exhausted from overworking

1) The fuse has burnt out.

2) Tom will burn himself out if he doesn't

slow down.

butt in (on) Interrupt impolitely. It's rude to butt in on a conversation.

Alphabetical List - C

call back Return a phone call I'll call you back as soon as possible.

call off Cancel The meeting was called off because of the strike.

call on/upon Formally invite or request. I now call upon the President to address the assembly.

calm down Become more relaxed or less

angry/upset. He was angry at first, but he eventually calmed down.

carry on Continue. He carried on gardening in spite of the rain.

carry out

1) Do something as specified

(plan, order, threat...)

2) Perform or conduct (test,

experiment ...)

1) The plan was carried out to perfection.

2) Tests are carried out to determine the efficiency of a new drug.

carry over Postpone until later. As rexards holidays, can we carry over days from one year to the

next?

catch up on Acquire information you have

missed. I must call by mother to catch up on the latest family events.

catch up

with

Reach the same stage as

someone else.

I've missed some classes so I'll have to work hard to catch up

with the others.

check in Register at a hotel or airport. For security reasons, you have to check in two hours before your

flight.

check out

1) Pay one's bill and leave (a

hotel)

2) Investigate or verify.

1) Is Mr. Bush still at the hotel? No, he checked out this morning.

2) I don't know if the address is still valid.

I'll check it out.

cheer up Put someone in a better mood. I told her a joke to try and cheer her up.



do away

with Get rid of; abolish. Some people think it's time to do away with the monarchy.

do over Clean or redecorate. My parents will need to do over their living-room soon. The

paintwork needs refreshing.

do up Fasten (a garment) Good boy Alex! You know how to do up your coat now!

do without Manage without. The shops are closed so we'll have to

do without sugar.

drag on Last longer than expected. We expected a short speech but it dragged onand on!

drag out

1) Make something longer than

necessary.

2) Make someone reveal or give

information unwillingly.

1) Let's decide now and not drag out this discussion.

2) The police finally dragged out a confession from the suspect.

draw up Write (contract, agreement,

document). An agreement as drawn up and signed by the two parties.

dress up

1) Wear elexant clothes.

2) Disguise oneself.

1) Do people dress up to go to the opera in your country?

2) Children love to dress up at Halloween.

drift apart Become less and less close. We were childhood friends but we drifted apartover the years.

drift off Gradually fall asleep. He sat back, closed his eyes and drifted off.

drive at Insinuate; be trying to say. What exactly are you driving at?

drop

behind

Fall into a position behind

others. Our sales have dropped behind those of our competitors.

drop in Visit, usually on the way

somewhere.

I sometimes drop in to see my grandparents on my way home from

school.

drop off

1) Deliver someone or

something.

2) Fall asleep.

1) I'll drop you off at the bus stop if you like.

2) Granddad often drops off in front of the TV.

drop out Leave school without finishing. She decided to go to art school, then dropped out after the first

term.

drown out Be louder in order to cover

another sound.

She turned up the music to drown out the noise of the children

outside.

Alphabetical List - E-F

ease off/up

Reduce, become less severe

or slow down

(pain, traffic, work ...)

After Christmas, the workload generally eases off.

exg on Encourage Exged on by his friends, the boy climbed over the wall.



Alphabetical List - G

get along

(with)

Be on good terms / work well

with. I get along (well) with my mother-in-law.

get at Imply What exactly are you trying to get at?

get away Escape The robbers got away in a black car.

get by (on) Manage to cope or to survive. It's difficult to get by on a low salary.

get down to Start to actually do something. It's time to get down to some serious work!

get in Enter How did the burglar get in?

get into (+

noun) Enter How did the burglar get into the house?

get off

1) Leave (bus, train, plane).

2) Remove from something.

1) Get off the bus at Trafalgar Square.

2) She's trying to get off the stain.

get on Board (bus, train, plane) You can pay when you get on the bus.

get on with Continue to do something /

make progress Be quiet and get on with your homework.

get on (well)

with Have a good relationship with I get on very well with my colleagues.

get out Leave How did he get out?

get out of

(+noun) Leave How did he get out of the house?

get out of

(+verb) Avoid doing something

Some husbands manage to get out of

doing any housework.

get over Recover from (illness,

disappointment) Charlie had the 'flu but he got over it.

get rid of Eliminate It's difficult to get rid of old habits.

get round (to) Find the necessary time to do

something. I finally got round to making the list that I promised.

get together Meet each other Let's get together for lunch one day.

get up Rise / leave bed I usually get up at 7 o'clock.

give away

1) Give something free of

charge.

2) Reveal something.

1) He gave away most of his paintings.

2) The names of the witnesses will not bexiven away.

give back Return something to its

owner. He promised to give back the money he borrowed..

give up Stop ing something. Sarah gave up smoking five years ago.



Alphabetical List I-J-K

hang out

Spend time in a particular

place or with a group of

friends

Where does he hang out these days?

Who does he hang out with?

hang up End a telephone

conversation Don't hang up. I haven't finished yet.

head off Start to go somewhere. He headed off to the train station.

head for Go/move in a certain

direction. The boat was heading for the rocks.

hit at Aim a blow at something. He hit at the wasp with a newspaper.

hit back Retaliate / reply to an

attack When he was attacked, the boy hit back.

hit on/upon Find unexpectedly or by

inspiration She hit upon an idea for her new collection.

hold on

1) Wait

2) Grip tightly

1) Hold on please. I'll put you through to Mr. Brown.

2) She held on to the railing as she crossed the bridge.

hold up Show as a example She held up the diagram for all to see.

hook up Fasten (a garment) I need help to hook up my dress.

hook up (with) Link broadcasting

facilities Many networks are hooked up by satellite.

hurry up Be quick / act speedily Hurry up! We'll miss the bus!

idle away Waste time doing nothing

much. He idles away hours every day watching television.

iron out

Resolve by discussion/

eliminate

differences

The meeting tomorrow will be an opportunity toiron out difficulties.

impose on/upon Ask too much of someone. Is it alright if I stay?

I don't want to impose upon your hospitablity.

improve

on/upon Make better The runner improved on his previous performance.

indulge in Allow yourself to enjoy

something

I’ve been dieting all week but today I'm going toindulge in a

dessert.

insure against Guarantee compensation

for damage etc. The house is insured against fire.

invite out Ask someone to join you for

lunch, dinner, etc. Harry invited her out for dinner.

join in Participate She was too shy to join in the game.



Alphabetical List - M-N

log off End access to a database. Log off the system and then turn off the computer.

look after Take care of A baby sitter looks after the children when their parents go out.

look ahead Think of the future It's time to forget the past and look ahead.

look down on Consider as inferior He tends to look down on anyone who is not successful.

look into Examine or investigate. I'll look into the matter and call you back.

look on Be a spectator at an event Billy didn't take part in the fight. He just looked on.

look for Try to find something Jane went shopping to look for a pair of shoes.

look forward to Await or anticipate with

pleasure I look forward to seeing you soon.

look up to Admire He was a wonderful teacher and many studentslooked up to him.

lose out on/to Be unsuccessful / suffer a

loss I'm the one who'll lose out if our plan goes wrong.

make fun of Laugh at / make jokes about The old lady dresses so strangely that the children make fun

of her.

make off with Steal and hurry away He made off with my briefcase while I was checking the

timetable.

make up Invent (excuse, story) Some employees make up excuses when they arrive late for

work.

make up (with) End a quarrel It's time to shake hands and make up.

make up for Compensate for With hard work I can make up for the days

I was absent.

miss out (on) Lose an opportunity to do

something. If you leave before Saturday you'll miss outon the party.

mix up Mistake one thing or person for

another

I don't know the members' names yet.

I tend to mix them up

move in Arrive in a new home or office You've bought a new house? When are youmoving in?

move out Leave your home/office for

another one. My neighbour is leaving. He's moving outnext Saturday.

nail down Make someone say something

precisely He promised to come but we'll have to nailhim down to a date.

name after Give the same name as another

person William was named after his grandfather.

narrow down Reduce a list or a number of

options. The list of suspects has been narrowed downto three people.

nod off Fall asleep My grandfather often nods off in front of the television.

nose Try to discover by searching. I don't like people nosing around my desk.



Alphabetical List - R-S

reel off Recite without effort or pause She amazed everyone by reeling off all the phrasal verbs she

had learned.

rely on Count on / depend on / trust Don't worry. You can rely on me. I can keep

a secret.

rub out Erase Write it in pencil so that you can rub it out.

rule out Eliminate The police ruled out political motives.

run away Escape from a place or suddenly

leave He ran away from home at the age of fourteen.

run into

Meet by accident or

unexpectedly

(also : bump into)

Sophie ran into Maria at the shopping centre.

run out of Have no more of something What a nuisance! I've run out of coffee.

set off Start a journey Early Saturday morning we set off for the ski slopes.

set up Start a business She set up her own company 10 years ago.

shop around Compare prices It's always wise to shop around before buying anything.

show off Brag or want to be admired There's David showing off in his new sports car!

show up Appear / arrive We expected William to come but he didn't show up.

shut

up (impolite) Be silent, stop talking Oh shut up you idiot!

sign away Give up one's rights or

ownership He signed away his property and joined a religious community.

sign in Register (e.g. at a hotel) Let's go and eat as soon as we've signed in.

sign out Pay your bill and leave (e.g. a

hotel) He signed out and left for the airport.

sign over (to) Transfer ownership of something He signed over the house to his two children.

put

(something)

out

Leave/place something outside the

house. Don't forget to put out the dustbin.

put through Connect two people (on the

telephone) I'll put you through to Mr Brown.

put up Accommodate / give someone a

bed We can put you up if you'd like to come for the week-end.

put up with Tolerate I don't know how you can put up with all the noise.

pick up Collect somebody I'll pick you up at the station.

point out Indicate / direct attention to

something The teacher pointed out the mistake.



Alphabetical List - U-Z

tire out Exhaust completely The children tired out their grandmother.

touch down Land on the runway The plane touched down exactly on time.

toy with Think about, without serious intent I've been toying with the idea of starting to walk to work.

track down Find by searching The police finally tracked down the main suspect.

trade in Give as part payment for a new

article. I traded in my car for a new model.

try on Put on or wear something to see if it

suits or fits I'm not sure about the size. Can I try it on?

turn away Refuse entrance to someone Hundreds of fans were turned away from the football

stadium.

turn down

1)Lower the volume.

2)Refuse

1)Please turn down the music; it's too loud.

2) I couldn't turn down an offer like that!

turn off Stop by turning a switch, tap or

knob. Turn off the lights please before you leave.

turn up 1) Arrive, appear

2) Raise the volume

1) She turned up an hour late.

2) Could you turn up the radio please?

use up Finish a product ( so that there's

none left) The kids have used up all the toothpaste.

vie with Compete or rival with someone The athletes vied with each other for first place.

vouch for Express confidence in, or

guarantee something You can give the keys to Andy. I can vouch forhim.

ward off Keep away or repel (something

dangerous or unpleasant). I take plenty of vitamin C to ward off colds.

warm up

1) Reheat something.

2) Make more lively or more

relaxed.

1) She warmed up some left-over soup.

2) He told a few jokes to warm up the

atmosphere.

wash up Wash the dishes after a meal. Who's going to help me wash up?

watch out Be careful Watch out! There's a car coming.

water

down

1) Dilute or make weaker by adding

water

2) Make less severe

1) If you water down the medicine it will be

easier to take.

2) He watered down his remarks so as not

to offend anyone.

wear out 1) Become unusable

2) Become very tired

1) Julie wore out her shoes sightseeing.

2) At the end of the day Julie was worn out.

whip up Prepare quickly. I can whip up something to eat if you're hungry.

wolf Eat greedily and quickly. The boys wolfed down the whole cake in no time!



1. FIGURES OF SPEECH OBSERVED IN THE FOLLOWING POEMS:

ALLITERATION:

Repetition of the same consonant sound in several words in the same line. Also sound and sense go together

Example : So we must laugh and drink from the deep blue cup of the sky

SIMILE:

A comparison made between two objects of different kind which have some resemblance using words like ‘as’ and

‘like’.

Example : As humble plants by country hedgerows growing

How glad I was he had come like a guest in quiet

METAPHOR(OR)AN IMPLIED SIMILE(OR)A CONDENSED SIMILE:

No words like ‘as’ and ‘like’ are used. A simile states that one thing is like another, while a metaphor proceeds that

both the thing as one

Example: Life is but an empty dream!

IDIOMS:

Gives special meaning to words

Example : To sleep our life away

PERSONIFICATION:

It attributes life to inanimate objects abstract qualities/ representation of inanimate objects or abstract ideas as living

beings

Example : Till the bridge you will need be form’d, till the ductile anchor

HOMOPHONES:

Words that sound similar but have different spellings and meanings

Example : Know – No, Hour – our

ALLUSION:

A figure of speech that makes a reference to or, a representation of people, places, events either directly or by

implication

Example : 1. Catch 22 – No win situation

2. 15 minute of fame – when someone receives a great deal of media attention for a trivial issue

3. Dust thou art, to dust returnest

OXYMORON:

A figure of speech that combines contradictory term, a special form of Antithesis (a striking opposition or contrast of

words or sentiments made in the same sentence employed to secure emphasis.

Example : Not enjoyment, and not sorrow

ONOMATOPOEIA:

The sound of the word is made to suggest the sense

Example : A slender tinkling fall that made

ANAPHORA:

Where the successive phrases or lines begin with the same word building towards a climax, it creates a driving rhythm

Example : You bleached our souls soiled with impurities

You bathed our hearts amid tempestuous sea

2018 TNPSC GENERAL ENGLISH REVISED SYLLABUS PART - B LITERATURE



Art is long, and Time is fleeting,

And our hearts, though stout and brave,

Still, like muffled drums, are beating

Funeral marches to the grave.

In the world’s broad field of battle, (met)

In the bivouac of Life, (met)

Be not like dumb, driven cattle! (all)

Be a hero in the strife! 20

Trust no Future, how’er pleasant!

Let the dead Past bury its dead! (per) (rep)

Act, - act in the living Present! (rep)

Heart within, and God o’erhead!

Lives of great men all remind us 25

We can make our lives sublime,

And, departing, leave behind us

Footprints on the sands of time;(metaphor)

Footprints, that perhaps another,(ana)

Sailing o’er life’s solemn main, 30

A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,(met)

Seeing, shall take heart again.

Let us, then, be up and doing,

With a heart for any fate;

Still achieving, still pursuing, 35(rep)

Learn to labor and to walk.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882), the great American poet, was a professor at Harvard. His great

fame began with the publication of his first volume of poems ‘Voices of the Night’ in 1839, which included “A Psalm

of Life,” one of nineteenth century’s best-loved poems. His other collections include Ballads (1841), Evangeline

(1847), Hiawatha (1855), The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858) and Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863).

Longfellow was the most popular poet of his age and during his lifetime he became a ‘national institution’.

“His work was musical, mildly romantic, high-minded, and flavored with sentimental preachment” (Norton Anthology

of American Literature).

“This poem seems to give a great deal of good advice. It tells the reader not to waste his/her time but to be up

and going; not to be discouraged by failures but to have a heart for any fate; not to judge life by temporary standards

but to look to eternal reward.” (Brooks and Warren)



4) “For the soul is dead that slumbers,

And things are not what they seem”

a) What is the meaning of the word ‘slumbers’?

‘slumbers’ means sleep peacefully

b) Is the soul dead?

No, the soul is not dead

c) Is there any alliteration in these lines?

Yes, there is. The sound / s/ is repeated in the words ‘soul’ and ‘slumbers’

5) “Life is real! Life is earnest!

And the grave is not its goal;”

a) Is the speaker optimistic about life?

Yes, the speaker is optimistic about life.

b) What is the opinion of the speaker about life?

According to the speaker, life is real and earnest.

c) Bring out the alliteration in the second line.

The sound / g / gets repeated in the words ‘grave’ and ‘goal’

6) “Dust thou art, to dust returnest,

Was not spoken of the soul.”

a) Explain the word ‘Dust’?

Dust means ‘clay’ used by God to create man

b) Bring out the allusion in these lines?

The Bible is referred to in these lines. According to the Bible, God made the first man out of dust.

c) What is the message of this line?

Man is created out of dust. He returns to dust after death.

7) “Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,

Is our destined end or way;

But to act, that each tomorrow

Find us farther than today.

a) What is the meaning of the word ‘end’?

‘End’ means goal of life

b) What should one do in life?

One should perform his duties with devotion in life. Today’s work should naturally lead us forward.

c) What does the poet say about enjoyment and sorrow?

The poet says that one should not be carried away by enjoyment and sorrows in life.

8) Art is long, and Time is fleeting,

a) What is the figure of speech used in the above line?

Personification is the figure of speech used in the above line. ‘Art’ and ‘Time’ are personified.

b) Explain the passage.

Learning is endless. We have very little time left in life. We cannot learn everything in our life time.

9) And our hearts, though stout and brave,

Still, like muffled drums, are beating



15) “Still achieving, still persuing,

Learn to labour and to wait.”

a) Write out the words in alliteration in each of the above lines.

Still, still and learn, labour

16) “Footprints, that perhaps another

Sailing o’er life’s solemn main”

a) Write out the words in alliteration

Sailing, solemn

17) “A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,

Seeing, shall take heart again”

a) What does the phrase ‘take heart again’ mean?

It means regaining confidence after failures.

b) What is the image found in these lines?

The lines present the image of a lonely ship-wrecked sailor gaining hope at the sight of footprints in an unknown

island.

WOMEN’S RIGHTS

- Annie Louisa Walker

You cannot rob us of the rights we cherish,

Nor turn our thoughts away

From the bright picture of a “Woman’s Mission”

Our hearts portray.

We claim to dwell, in quiet and seclusion,

Beneath the household roof,

From the great world’s harsh strife, and jarring voices,

To stand aloof;

Not in a dreamy and inane abstraction

To sleep our life away,(Idiom)

But, gathering up the brightness of home sunshine,

To deck our way.(idiom)

As humble plants by country hedgerows growing,(sim)

That treasure up the rain,

And yield in odours, ere the day’s declining,

The gift again;

So let us, unobtrusive and unnoticed, (all)

But happy none the less,

Be privileged to fill the air around us

With happiness;

To live, unknown beyond the cherished circle,



b) Do you find any alliteration in the first line?

Yes, there is analliteration. The sound / r/ gets repeated in the words ‘rob’ and ‘rights’

c) What is the ‘picture’ about?

The picture is about the woman’s mission

d) Whose rights are referred to?

The women’s rights are referred to.

8) We claim to dwell, in quiet and seclusion,

Beneath the household roof,

a) Why does the speaker want to dwell in quiet and seclusion?

The speaker wants to withdraw from the bloody conflicts of the world. So she wants to dwell in quiet and

seclusion.

b) Where does the speaker want to dwell?

She wants to dwell at home doing her domestic chores.

9) Not in a dreamy and inane abstraction

To sleep our life away,

But, gathering up the brightness of home sunshine,

To deck our way

a) What is inane abstraction?

Inane abstraction means stupid in action

b) What is ‘sunshine’ compared to?

‘Sunshine’ is compared to domestic happiness

10) As humble plants by country hedgerows growing,

That treasure up the rain,

And yield in odours, ere the day’s declining,

The gift again;

a) What grows by the country hedgerows?

Small flowering plants grow near the country hedgerows

b) What do the humble plants treasure up?

The humble plants treasure up the rain

c) Why do they treasure up the rain?

They treasure up the rain because nobody waters the ordinary plants near the hedgerows.

d) What is the effect of rain on the humble plants?

The humble plants blossom and give out fragrance.

e) Who are compared to the humble plants?

Women are compared to the humble plants.

f) Why are they compared to the humble plants?

The women are compared to the humble plants because they spread the fragrance of happiness.

11) So let us, unobtrusive and unnoticed,

But happy none the less,

Be privileged to fill the air around us

With happiness;

a) Explain the phrase ‘unobtrusive and unnoticed’

It means that the good things done by women are not easily seen or noticed.

b) Is the speaker sad about remaining unobtrusive and unnoticed?



The first half of this poem describes the spider’s inimitable way of spinning its web. The second half of the

poem pictures the human soul reaching out into space and time, seeking something infinite and eternal to serve as the

anchor of hope.

GLOSSARY:

• promontory: high point of land standing out from the coastline

• launch’d: sent out

• ceaselessly: endlessly

• musing: contemplating

• venturing: entering

• fling: throw

APPRECIATION QUESTIONS:

1. Has the poet succeeded in conveying what he wanted to convey through this poem?

2. What does the spider symbolise?

3. What is the significance of the gossamer thread?

4. What do you think is the underlying theme of the poem?

1) A NOISELESS, patient spider,

I mark’d where on a little promontory it stood isolated,

Mark’d how to explore the vacant vast surrounding,

a) Who is the speaker?

Walt Whitman is the speaker

b) What does ‘it’ refer to?

It refers to the spider

c) What were the qualities of the spider?

The spider was noiseless and patient

d) Where did the spider stand?

It stood on a little promontory

e) What is a ‘promontory’?

‘Promontory’ is a high point of land standing out from the coastline

f) What surrounded the spider?

A vast empty space surrounded the spider

2) It launch’d forth filament, filament, filament, out of itself,

Ever unreeling them, ever tirelessly speeding them.

a) What activity is referred to in these lines?

A spider making its web is referred to in these lines.

b) Why does the poet repeat the word ‘filament’ thrice in a line?

The filament is flowing out of the spider continuously. This continuous action is described by the repetition of the

word ‘filament’

c) Where does the filament flow from?

The filament flows from the body of the spider



That hung like clustered stars.(per)

O winging words! (apo) Like homing bees you borrow (simile)

Grown murmurous, the honey of delight,

Pollened within our hearts the coming morrow,

Sweetened within our souls for aeons bright:

You kindle in the far corners of the earth

The music of an ever-deepening chant:

The burthen of a waneless, winterless spring, (all)

The gospel of an endless blossoming.(per)

Fathomless words, with Indo-Aryan blood

Tingling in your veins.

The spoils of ages, global merchandise

Mingling in your strains!

You pose the cosmic riddles:(per)

In the beginning was the Word

And the Word was God.(met)

The Word is in the middle

And the Word is Man.(met)

In the end will be the Word

And the Word will be God in Man.(met)

VK Gokak, a famous novelist and poet in Kannada and a professor of English, wrote and published poetry in English

as well. This poem expresses Gokak’s admiration for the English language. He brings out the efficacy of English

words in delightful and poignant similes. How the language across the seas changed our hearts is shown here.

GLOSSARY

• leech craft : ancient medical remedy of using leeches to remove the impure blood

• bleached : made white, (here) cleaned

• tempestuous : violent

• drearier : gloomier

• devouring : consuming large quantities

• enmesh : to catch, as if, in a net

• furrowed : deep and wavy

• nestle : settle comfortably

• nascent: beginning to develop

• homing: of the ability to find one’s way home

• aeons : ages, infinitely long periods

• burthen : burden

• gospel : good news

• waneless : not growing smaller

• fathomless : too deep to be measured or understood



a) Why does the poet call the seeds ‘winged seeds’?

The poet compares English words to matured seeds that were flown to India. He visualises them flying to India

with wings.

b) What are called winged seeds?

English words are called winged seeds

c) Why are the seas ‘furrowed’?

Strong winds make turbulent waves in the sea. So the poet calls it ‘furrowed seas’

6) Like a golden swarm of fireflies you came

Pining for a new agony, a new birth

a) What is compared to the swarm of fireflies?

The countless English words are compared to the swarm of fireflies.

b) Why are the winged seeds called ‘golden swarm of fireflies’?

The mature seeds are as yellowish as gold. They are so large in number that they look like swarm of fireflies.

c) Who came pining for a new birth?

The English words came to India pining for a new birth

7) You blossomed into a nascent loveliness

You ripened into nectar in fruit-jars

The hung like clustered stars

a) Explain the phrase ‘nectar in fruit-jars’

The poet compares English words to sweet fruits. The words are so sweet that they look like jars filled with honey.

b) Bring out the image in these lines.

These lines contain an image of a tree which is full of sweet fruits.

c) What is compared to the clustered stars?

The collection of English words is compared to the clustered stars.

8) O winging words! Like homing bees you borrow

Grown murmurous, the honey of delight,

Pollened within our hearts the coming morrow,

Sweetened within our souls for aeons bright

a) Explain the phrase ‘winging words’

The poet compares English words to honey bees which fly to different places. So he calls them ‘winging words’

b) Who borrow the honey of delight?

English words borrow the honey of delight

c) Where is the honey of delight stored?

The honey of delight is stored in the hearts of the speakers of English language

9) Fathomless words, with Indo-Aryan blood

Tingling in your veins

a) Why are the words claimed to be ‘fathomless’?

The meanings of English words are as deep as an ocean. They are immeasurably deep and so the words are

claimed to be ‘fathomless’

b) What is meant by Indo-Aryan blood?

English words have the characteristics of Indo-Aryan languages.

10) The spoils of ages, global merchandise

Mingling in your strains!



He lifted his head from his drinking, as cattle do,

And looked at me vaguely, as drinking cattle do,

And flickered his two-forked tongue from his lips, and mused a moment,

And stooped and drank a little more, (ana)

Being earth-brown, earth-golden from the burning bowels of the earth, (rep)

On the day of Sicilian July, with Etna smoking. (Allusion)

The voice of my education said to me:

He must be killed,

For in Sicily the black, black snakes are innocent, the gold are venomous. (rep)

And voices in me said: If you were a man

You would take a stick and break him now, and finish him off.

But must I confess how I liked him,

How glad I was he had come like a guest in quiet, to drink at my water-trough (sim)

And depart peaceful, pacified, and thankless, (alli)

Into the burning bowels of this earth? (metaphor)

Was it cowardice, that I dared not kill him?

Was it perversity, that I longed to talk to him? ( perverse-A disposition to oppose and contradict) (anaphora)

Was it humility, to feel so honoured?

I felt so honoured.

And yet those voices:

If you were not afraid, you would kill him.

And truly I was afraid, I was most afraid; (rep)

But even so, honoured still more

That he should seek my hospitality

From out the dark door of the secret earth. (metaphor)

He drank enough

And lifted his head, dreamily, as one who has drunken, (simile)

And flickered his tongue like a forked night on the air, so black, (simile)

Seeming to lick his lips,

And looked around like a god, unseeing, into the air, (simile)

And slowly turned his head,

And slowly, very slowly, as if thrice a dream, (rep)

Proceeded to draw his slow length curving round

And climb again the broken bank of my wall-face.

And as he put his head into that dreadful hole,

And as he slowly drew up, snake-easing his shoulders, and entered farther, (anaphora)

A sort of horror, a sort of protest against his withdrawing (rep)

Into that horrid black hole,



• Albatross: a sea-bird common in the Pacific and Southern Oceans. Here, the reference is to Samuel T

Coleridge’s ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’. The mariner shoots the albatross, a traditional symbol of good

luck.

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:

1. What was the poet on his way to do when he first became aware of the snake?

2. What was the snake doing?

3. What did the ‘voice of his education’ tell the poet he should do?

4. How did he actually feel about the snake when the voices told him to kill it?

5. What caused the poet’s horror towards the snake?

6. What did the poet do?

7. What does he feel after having done it?

8. What does the poet mean by “the voices of my accursed education.” Why are they accursed?

9. Why does the poet call the snake one of the ‘Lords of Life’?

10. Why does the poet call his sin a ‘pettiness’?

1) A snake came to my water-trough

On a hot, hot day, and I in pyjamas for the heat,

To drink there

a) What is the effect achieved by the repetition of the word ‘hot’?

It was extremely a hot summer. He suggests it through the repetition of the word ‘hot’

b) Why does the poet wear pyjamas?

The poet wears pyjamas to beat the heat

2) I came down the steps with my pitcher

And must wait, must stand and wait; for there he was at the

trough before me

a) Whom do ‘I’ and ‘he’ refer to?

‘I’ refers to the poet, DH Lawrence. The word ‘he’ refers to the snake

b) Why did the speaker come down?

He came down to fetch water from the trough

c) Who came first to drink water?

The snake came first to drink water

d) Why should the speaker wait?

He should wait because the snake had come before him

e) Why does the poet repeat the word ‘wait’ twice?

The poet has no other option but wait for his turn. So, he repeats the word “wait” twice

3) He reached down from a fissure in the earth-wall in the gloom

a) Whom does ‘he’ refer to?

‘He’ refers to the snake which came to drink water from the water trough



‘He’ refers to the snake

c) Which snakes are venomous in Sicily?

In Sicily, the yellow snakes are venomous.

9) And voices in me said: if you were a man

You would take a stick and break him now, and finish him off.

a) What is the significance of the phrase ‘if you were a man’?

The speaker is compelled to prove his manliness by killing the snake. It affects the self-image of the speaker

b) What did the voices urge the speaker to do?

The voices urged the speaker to kill the snake

10) But must I confess how I liked him,

How glad I was he had come like a guest in quiet, to drink at

my water trough

And depart peaceful, pacified, and thankless,

Into the burning bowels of this earth?

a) Who like whom?

The poet liked the snake

b) Why does the speaker call the snake, a guest?

The snake has come to the speaker’s place to drink water. So he calls him his guest

c) What did the speaker expect his guest to do?

The poet expected his guest to drink water peacefully. He wanted him to return pacified and thankless.

d) What is called the burning bowels of this earth?

The hot hole in which the snake lives is called the burning bowels of this earth.

e) Why does the poet use the word ‘burning’?

In the month of July, the snake hole is very hot. So, the poet uses the word ‘burning’

11) Was it cowardice, that I dared not kill him?

Was it perversity, that I longed to talk to him?

Was it humility, to feel so honoured?

I felt so honoured.

a) Whom did the speaker long to talk to?

The speaker longed to talk to the snake

b) Bring out the significance of the use of the word ‘perversity’

‘Perversity’ means unacceptable behavior. The poet wants to talk to the snake. He asks himself whether it is

acceptable.

c) What is the speaker honoured by?

The speaker is honoured by the visit of the snake

12) If you were not afraid, you would kill him

a) Whose words are these?

These are the words of the inner voices of the poet

b) What do these words suggest?

These words suggest a conflict in the mind of the poet

c) Was the poet afraid of the snake?

Yes, the poet was afraid of the snake

13) That he should seek my hospitality

From out of the dark door of the secret earth



The speaker curses the voices of human education. They have taken away his love for other creatures.

18) And I thought of the albatross,

And I wished he would come back, my snake

a) What is an albatross?

It is a sea-bird common in the Pacific and Southern oceans

b) Bring out the allusion in these lines.

Coleridge in his poem, ‘The Ancient Mariner’ speaks about the sufferings of a mariner who killed an albatross.

DH Lawrence alludes it to this poem

c) What is the relationship between the albatross and the snake?

The ancient mariner was unkind to the albatross. Likewise, the poet was unkind to the snake

19) And I have something to expiate;

A pettiness

a) What does the poet consider a pettiness?

The poet’s act of throwing a log at the snake is considered a pettiness.

b) Why does the poet call it pettiness?

The snake came to the poet’s place seeking his hospitality. But the poet was inhospitable to his guest. So he calls

it a pettiness.

c) What is the mood of the speaker?

The speaker is in the mood of self-reproach. He feels that he should make amends for his pettiness.

THE MAN HE KILLED

- Thomas Hardy

“Had he and I but met

By some old ancient inn,

We should have sat us down to wet

Right many a nipperkin!”

“But ranged as infantry, (sim)

And staring face to face,

I shot at him as he at me,

And killed him in his place.”

“I shot him dead because —-

Because he was my foe,

Just so: my foe of course he was;

That’s clear enough; although.”

“He thought he’d ’list, perhaps,

Off-hand like — just as I —

Was out of work — had sold his traps —

No other reason why.”



Two soldiers stared face to face. They belong to two different armies to war.

5) I shot at him as he at me,

And killed him in his place

a) Who are the two persons mentioned in the above stanza?

Two soldiers are mentioned in the above stanza. One soldier is the speaker. He has killed the other soldier.

b) Why did they shoot?

They belonged to two different armies involved in a war. So they shot at each other.

c) What does the phrase “killed him in his place” mean?

It means that he was killed on the spot

6) I shot at him dead because,

Because he was my foe,

a) What is the speaker trying to do?

The speaker is trying to justify his act of killing the other soldier.

b) Why is the word ‘because’ repeated?

The speaker is trying to justify his act of killing. So he repeats the word ‘because’

7) Just so: my foe of course he was;

That’s clear enough; although”

a) Comment on the use of the phrase ‘Just so’

The speaker tries to give a matter-of-fact explanation for his killing. He has killed the other soldier because he

belongs to the enemy camp.

b) Comment on the use of the word ‘although’

The speaker’s use of the word ‘although’ suggests a contradiction. He should not have killed the other soldier

though he belonged to the enemy camp. He tries to hide this feeling.

8) “He thought he’d ‘list, perhaps,

Off-hand like – just as I –

a) Whom does ‘he’ refer to?

‘He’ refers to the soldier who is killed by the speaker

b) What is the meaning of ‘list’?

‘List’ means getting enlisted in an army as a soldier

c) What does the word ‘perhaps’ suggest?

The poet is not sure of the reason for the enemy’s enlistment. So, he uses the word “perhaps”

9) Was out of work – had sold his traps –

No other reason why.”

a) What do ‘traps’ mean?

Traps is a two-wheeled horse carriage. It also means everything possessed by the person.

b) What is the implication of these lines?

The speaker implies that both he and the slain soldier had joined army for simple reasons. They were poor and

had no jobs. It was poverty that compelled them to join the army.

10) “Yes; quaint and curious war is!

You shoot a fellow down

You’d treat if met where any bar is

Or help to half-a-crown”



• Count Down : the final moments counted backwards from 10 to 0 before the launch

• daylight will be on the switch : there will be a continuous switching over from day to night

• winter under lock : there will not be any changing seasons

• I’ll doze when I’m sleepy : as there are no fixed day/night hours, I’ll sleep when I feel sleepy

• in hail : within earshot; within hearing distance

• solitary : alone

• gaol : prison

• teacups circling round me : teacups circling because of lack of

• gravitational pull

• tracking : following

• But you needn’t think I’ll give a damn for you or what you are : don’t think I will have time to think about you

• trans-galactic : across galaxies

• blow your top : to explode in anger

APPRECIATION QUESTIONS

1. What is the place of repetition in this poem? Is it effectively used?

2. What is the overall tone/mood of the poem?

a) sadness b) jubilation

c) down-to-earth d) humorous e) nonchalance

3. Simile features twice in the poem. Can you find it?

4. Give the rhyme scheme of the poem.

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. Why does the poet say ‘you can take a last look;’ and ‘You can cross out my name in the telephone book –’?

2. What does, ‘There won’t be any calendar, there won’t be any clock;’ signify?

3. ‘Space’ and ‘confinement’ signify concepts that are opposite. Why does the poet choose to talk about ‘solit’ry

confinement’ in ‘Outer Space’?

4. Why does the poet say ‘I’ll give a damn ....... are’?

1) You can cross out my name in the telephone book

For I’m off to Outer Space tomorrow morning

a) Who is the speaker?

The speaker is the cosmonaut who is ready to go into the space in the space shuttle.

b) Why does the speaker want his name to be crossed out in the telephone book?

He is going away from the earth. So, nobody can contact him through phone. So he wants his name to be crossed

in the telephone book.

2) There won’t be any calendar, there won’t be any clock;

Daylight will be on the switch and winter under lock

a) What does ‘calendar’ signify?

‘Calendar’ signifies months and seasons. There will not be such classifications of time in the space.

b) What does ‘clock’ signify?

‘Clock’ signifies time. In the space, the concept of time does not exist.

3) I’ll be writing no letters; I’ll be posting no mail



the guiding factor; a star’s “height” (altitude) can be measured but the extent to which it controls the fate of man

(its “worth”) cannot be determined; similarly, the depth (“worth”) of true love cannot be measured

• love’s not...compass come : true love cannot be destroyed by Time; external beauty can be destroyed by time but

not true love; note the destructive power of time (“bending sickle”)

• edge of doom : day of the last judgement (on the last day of the world)


1. Give a suitable title to the poem. Give reasons for your choice.

2. Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound in several nearby words. Example: “Let me not to the true

marriage of true minds.”

3. What are the other instances of alliteration in this sonnet? Give two examples.

1) Let me not to the marriage of true minds

Admits impediments

a) Whom does the word ‘me’ refer to?

The word ‘me’ refers to William Shakespeare

b) What is the meaning of ‘impediments’?

Impediments means obstacles

2) O, no! it is an ever fixed mark,

That looks on tempests and is never shaken

a) Explain ‘ever fixed mark’?

Love is immortal. It remains solid like rock.

b) What is the meaning of ‘tempest’?

Tempest means misfortunes which try to destroy true love.

3) It is the star to every wandering bark

Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken

a) What does ‘wandering bark’ mean?

b) ‘Wandering bark’ means a boat which has lost its direction in the sea.

c) Which particular star is referred to here?

d) The pole star is referred to here. It is above the north pole in the sky.

4) Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks

Within his bending sickle’s compass come.

a) Explain ‘Love’s not Time’s fool’

Time cannot cheat true lovers. It cannot kill or destroy true love.

b) What is Time compared to?

Time is compared to a reaper

THE SOLITARY REAPER

-Wordsworth

Behold her, single in the field,

Yon solitary Highland Lass!

Reaping and singing by herself;

Stop here, or gently pass!



• sickle : a tool used for cutting grass and crops


1. When we make comparisons, we say “this is like ................”(something else)

e.g. “This child is gentle as a lamb.” These are called similes. An implied simile is a metaphor.

In the poem, what does the poet say about the reaper’s song and about her voice? What does he compare them to?

2. Poets and musicians generally believe that the most thrilling / beautiful songs are the saddest ones. Do you agree?

Discuss with your partner.

3. Which stanza of this poem did you like best? Learn it and recite it to your class.

4. Can you think of poems / songs in your mother-tongue that reapers sing? Share your information with your class.

Think about festive occasions too.

5. Have you seen reapers harvesting grain? Are they usually alone or in groups? See if you can find any similarities in

the reapers you have seen and the one mentioned in this poem. Do they sing or do they work silently?

COMPREHENSION

Indicate your choice by putting a tick mark :

1. The reaper is

a. cutting the grain and binding it b. singing a song c. cutting and binding the grain as well as singing

2. The reaper’s song

a. was sad b. joyous c. neither

3. The song was about

a. some recent tragedy b. a battle c. the poet is not sure

4. The poet stopped to listen because

a. he was tired b. the song was deeply touching c. he had heard the song before

1) Reaping and singing by herself;

Stop here, or gently pass!

a) Who was reaping and singing by herself?

A solitary woman was reaping and singing by herself.

b) Who does he ask them to pass gently?

The poet asks the passers-by to pass gently so that their movement may not disturb her.

2) No nightingale did ever chaunt

More welcome notes to weary bands

Of travellers in some shady haunt,

Among Arabian sands;

a) What is a nightingale?

A nightingale is a sweet singing bird

b) Who are welcomed by the nightingale?

The nightingale welcomes the tired travellers who go to the green oases in the Arabian desert for taking rest.

3) Will no one tell me what she sings?

a) Why does the poet make this request?

The solitary reaper was singing in a Scottish dialect. The poet does not know the dialect. So, he makes this

request.

b) To whom does the word ‘she’ refer to?

The word ‘she’ refers to the solitary reaper



5. Which structure gets repeated in the poem?

6. How is ‘repetition’ effectively made use of in this poem?

7. Some expressions in the poem bring vivid pictures to our minds. Can you identify some of them?

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:

1. Some lofty and lowly things are compared in this poem. What are they?

2. We can’t all be captains, we’ve got to be crew – Explain.

3. Is size important in life?

4. What should be our attitude towards work?

5. What is the message of the poem?

1) If you can’t be a muskie, then just be a bass-

But the liveliest bass in the lake!

a) What is a muskie?

It is a type of rose that smells like musk.

b) What is bass?

It is an edible fish that lives in fresh water lakes

2) We can’t all be captains, we’ve got to be crew,

There’s something for all of us here.

a) Explain the passage

Everybody cannot be a leader in this world. If there is one leader, there should be many followers under him.

b) What should one do if he cannot be a Captain?

He should be a loyal follower.

3) There’s big work to do and there’s lesser to do

And the task we must do is the near.

a) What is there for us?

There is either big responsibilities or small responsibilities for all of us.

b) What does the poet mean by ‘And the task we must do is the near’?

The poet means that one should give importance and care for the task that is assigned to him

4) If you can’t be a highway, them just be a trail,

If you can’t be the sun, be a star;

a) What is the relationship between a highway and a trail?

A highway is very broad and a trail is a narrow path that leads one to a highway.

b) What should one do if he cannot be a sun?

He should become a star

O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN!

- Walt Whitman

O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done,(rep)

The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won,

The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,

While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;(personification of victory)

But O heart! heart! heart! (rep)

O the bleeding drops o red!

Where on the deck my Captain lies,



1) O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done,

The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won,

a) Who is called the Captain?

Abraham Lincoln is called the Captain

b) What is compared to a ship?

The United States of America is compared to a ship

2) My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,

My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will;

a) Why doesn’t the Captain answer?

The Captain is dead. So, he does no answer

b) Who is called ‘my father’?

Abraham Lincoln who saved America from disintegration is called the father.

3) The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,

From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;

a) What is the victor ship?

The United States of America is the victor ship

b) What does the ‘voyage’ stand for?

Abraham Lincoln’s efforts to abolish slavery in America stands for the voyage

4) Exult, O shores! and ring, O bells!

But I, with mournful tread,

Walk the deck my Captain lies,

Fallen cold and dead

a) Who is called to exult?

The people on the shore are called to exult.

b) Why are bells rung?

Bells are rung in celebration of a victory. They also symbolize funeral bells.

LAUGH AND BE MERRY

-John Masefield



• Laugh, for the time is brief, a thread the length of a span.(personification of time)

• Made them, and filled them full with the strong red wine of (personification of gods happiness) His mirth

• So we must laugh and drink from the deep blue cup of the sky, (per of nature)

• Laugh, and battle, and work, and drink of the wine outpoured (per of joy)

• Guesting awhile in the rooms of a beautiful inn, (per of our stay on earth)

• Glad till the dancing stops, and the lilt of the music ends. (per of death)

• Laugh till the game is played; and be you merry, my friends. (metaphor)

• In the lines “a thread the length of a span” - Metaphor

• The strong red wine of his mirth - Metaphor

The poet compares the happiness of god to red wine.

• Deep blue cup of the sky - Metaphor

The poet compares the sky to a deep blue cup.

• Like brothers akin – simile

The poet compares fellow human beings to brothers.

• Guesting awhile in the rooms of a beautiful inn - Metaphor

He compares the Earth metaphorically to an inn and the people to guests.

• Till the dancing stops and till the lilt of the music ends – Metaphor

Till the activities of man come to end. Dancing and music are compared to the activities of man.

• Till the game is played

Metaphorically life is compared to a game which eventually comes to an end

• The device alliteration is used in the lines ‘drinks from the deep’ and Join the jubilant song’.

• Find out two more instances of alliteration in the poem.

“Better the world with a blow in the teeth of a wrong”

“Stars Sweeping by”

What is the rhyme scheme of the first stanza of the poem?

It is aabb



Explanation of lines:

• Lines 1 & 2 –The poet praises the earth being very beautiful and grand, and being perfect in her obedience to

light and noble in her submission to the great sun.

• Lines 3 to 6 – The poet says he was walked over her plains, climbed rocky mountains and climbed down into her

valley and entered her caves.

• Lines 7 to 10 – He finds the plains are mother Earth’s dream, and realises her presence in the mountains, in the

Valley he observes her serenity and in the caves he touches her mysteries in their depth.

• Lines 11 to 14 - He says that she is the mouth and lips of Eternity or Permanence, her fingers strum the strings of

time, she is the mystery and solutions of the cycle of birth and death, and admires her generosity and

bountifulness.

• Lines 15 & 18 -He says she is strong is her longing for her children who are lost between what they have attained

already and what they have not yet got.

• Lines 19 & 20 - We fight each other, wound with swords and spear. We trample the earth mercilessly. But earth

dresses our wounds with healing oil and balsam.

• Lines 21 & 22 –We litter mother earth with corpses and bury the dead in her fields. But she responds by giving us

cypress and willow trees.

• Lines 23 & 25 –We empty the human wastes into the soil, and she fills the soil with wheat and vineyards.

• Lines 26 & 28 – We dig up her ores and metals and create weapons of destruction like guns and bombs, but out

our elements she creates lilies and roses.

• Lines 29 to 32 -The poet explains how patient and merciful Mother Earth is towards humanity. He asks if she is

atom or speck of dust raised by God’s feet when He journeyed form the East to West of the Universe.

• Lines 33 & 34 –“The poet asks the earth who she is and identifies himself with her, saying he and she are the

same.

• Lines 35 to 38 – “He declares that she is his sight or vision and realisation, his knowledge, his dream his hunger

and thirst and his sorrow and joy.

• Lines 39 to 42 – He concludes that she is the beauty that lives in his eyes, the yearning of his heart and

everlasting life in is soul .He says that she and he are the same and if it had not been for his being she would not

have been.



Success is failure turned inside out—

(metaphor)(oxymoron)

The silver tint of the clouds of doubt, (metaphor)

And you never can tell how close you are,

It may be near when it seems so far,

So stick to the fight when you're hardest hit--

It's when things seem worst that you must not quit.

Figure of speech: Don't give up though the pace seems slow

The figure of speech used here is Assonance – repetition of vowel sound in the same line

Explanation:

This poem encourages us to work for progress. It motivates us not to give up or quit in times of odds and obstacles.

Lines 1 & 2 – The poet asks us not to quit when things go wrong and the job we have taken up is very difficult or our

life is fraught with difficulties. Second line is a Comparison – our life and its difficulties.

Lines 3 to 6 – He says not to quit when money is not sufficient and debts are heavy, when we want to be happy but

can only sigh, and when worries are pressing us down .He advises to take a break but not to give up.

Lines 7& 8 –He says that life is strange with many twists and turns and many of us learn it sometimes in our lives.

Lines 9 & 10 -Many failures do not remains so, but turn into success and a person who had been losing would have

won if he had not given up.

Lines 11 & 12 – He repeats not to give up though life may pass slowly and we might succeed with another attempt.

Lines 19 & 20 –He declares that success in nothing but failure previously experienced and the silver lining of a dark

cloud of doubt .Here doubts are compared to clouds which stop us from thinking clearly.

Lines 21&22 – We can never tell how close we are to success though it seems to be very far; it may be very close to

us.

Lines 23&24 – He says not to give up the fights even when we are hit the hardest, and when the things get worse one

must never give up.

THE APOLOGY



The this poem an apology is rendered by the poet to the people working hard in the fields

Lines 1& 2 – The poet asks the people not to think of him unkind and rude that he walks in groves and valleys.

Lines 3 & 4 – He says that he goes to the nature to convey what it says to others.

Lines 5 & 6 – He begs them not to scold him for his laziness, when he stands by the brook doing nothing but to fold

his hands.

Lines 7 & 8 – He says that each cloud that floats in the sky makes him become poetical and write poems in his note

book.

Lines 9 & 10 – He says the hardworking people not to scold him for the flower he had brought which are of no use to

him .The poet uses the word ’idle’ for it.

Lines 11& 12 – He says each aster flower he has in his hand inspires him to become poetical.

Lines 13& 16 – He says that flowers are mysterious in their own way .The way they bloom, and the chirping of birds is

a kind of history they tell in the garden.

Lines 17 & 18 – One harvest is done from the fields, and the strong oxen bring the harvested grain homeward.

Lines 19 & 20 – The second harvest that the fields is the poem that is written by the poet, in its humour.

BE GLAD YOUR NOSE IS ON YOUR FACE

- JACK PRELUTSKY

Be glad your nose is on your face, - a

not pasted on some other place, - a

for if it were where it is not, - b

you might dislike your nose a lot -.b

Imagine if your precious nose

were sandwiched in between your toes,

that clearly would not be a treat,

for you'd be forced to smell your feet.

Your nose would be a source of dread

were it attached atop your head,

it soon would drive you to despair,

forever tickled by your hair.

Within your ear, your nose would be

an absolute catastrophe,

for when you were obliged to sneeze

your brain would rattle from the breeze.

Your nose, instead, through thick and thin,(alli)



- F. JOANNA

I often contemplate my childhood, Mom.

I am a mother now, and so I know (ana)

Hard work is mixed together with the fun;

You learned that when you raised me long ago.

I think of all the things you gave to me:

Sacrifice, devotion, love and tears,

Your heart, your mind, your energy and soul–(rep)

All these you spent on me throughout the years.

You loved me with a never-failing love

You gave me strength and sweet security,(ana)

And then you did the hardest thing of all:

You let me separate and set me free.

Every day, I try my best to be

A mother like the mom you were to me.(sim)


Explanation of Lines:

This poem pictures the affection and admiration a daughter has for her mother. It is in a sonnet form.



The poem is about the achievements of the Wright Brothers when they invented the airplane. They had many

hardship and ups and downs but they never gave up and tried cheerfully till they achieved what they wanted.

Lines 1 to 4 – Orville Wright says to his brother Wilbur Wright that he is sick of hearing them talking about the fun of

flying (The birds motivated the brothers to fly)

Lines 5 to 6 – Orville continues to say that birds fly because they have feathers and it cannot be denied.

Lines 7 & 8 – Orville asks Wilbur if it should stop them from trying to fly and Wilbur says they shall not.

Lines 9 & 10 – So they built a gilder, and then built another.

Lines 11& 12 – These two brothers were very devoted to each other and they were without equal.

Lines 13 & 16 - They ran a bicycle – repairing shop for their living and lived frugally and economically and patted each

other for their daring.

Lines 17 & 18 – They tried gliding in various places and sometimes met with accidents and failures. They got hurt too.

Lines 19 & 20 – It is because to fly in the air was not an easy task to achieve.

Lines 21 & 24 – After each accident or mishap one brother would murmur to the other while tending to his bruises

whether they were discouraged. And the other would reply strongly that were not.

Lines 25 – 28 – At last in 1903, at kitty- Hawk, the brothers flew a real plane, with Orville steering the plane.

Lines 29 – 32 – Kingdom may forget their kings and dogs may forget to bite, the Wrights will never be forgotten as

long as Man is able to fly in the air.

Pick out the words in alliteration in the given lines

1) About the fun of flying .

2) – And kingdoms may forget their kings

Ans : 1) The letters ‘fun’ flying

2) ‘kingdoms’ and Kings are alliterated words.)

TO A MILLIONAIRE

- Archibald Lampman

PIANO

- DAVID HERBERT LAWRENCE

Softly, in the dusk, a woman is singing to me;

Taking me back down the vista of years, till I see

A child sitting under the piano, in the boom of the tingling strings

And pressing the small, poised feet of a mother who smiles as she sings.

In spite of myself, the insidious mastery of song

Betrays me back, till the heart of me weeps to belong

To the old Sunday evenings at home, with winter outside

And hymns in the cosy parlour, the tinkling piano our guide.(per) & (ona)



The present tense used by the poet helps him relieve those days of his past in his present days of maturity

7. Pick out two onomatoepic words from the poem

-the boom of the tingling strings

-the tingling piano

8. Pick out a line which contains alliteration.

Alliteration is used in:-

‘And pressing the small, poised feet of a mother who smiles as the sings

9.’-------------- my manhood is cast down in the flood of remembrance’

Choose the right answer:

The figure of speech in this line is----------------

A) Similie B) metaphor C) personification [Ans:B]

MANLINESS

- RUDYARD KIPLING

If you can dream and not make dreams your master;

If you can think and not make thoughts your aim;

If you can meet with triumph and disaster;(ana)

And treat those two impostors just the same;

If you can force your heart, and nerve, and sinew

To serve your turn long after they are gone;

And so hold on when there is nothing in you

Except the will which says to them, “Hold on”.

If you can fill the unforgiving minute

With sixty seconds’ worth of distant run, (idiom for ‘hold on’)

Yours is the earth and everything that’s in it,

And what is more, you’ll be a man, my son

GOING FOR WATER

- ROBERT FROST

The well was dry beside the door,

And so we went with pail and can

Across the fields behind the house

To seek the brook if still it ran;

Not loth to have excuse to go,



- ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING (1806–61)

“For oh,” say the children, “we are weary,

And we cannot run or leap;

If we car’d for any meadows, it were merely

To drop down in them and sleep.

Our knees tremble sorely in the stooping,

We fall upon our faces, trying to go;

And, underneath our heavy eyelids drooping,

The reddest flower would look as pale as snow.(sim)

For, all day, we drag our burden tiring

Through the coal-dark, underground,

Or, all day, we drive the wheels of iron

In the factories, round and round.

“For all day, the wheels are droning, turning;

Their wind comes in our faces,

Till our hearts turn, our heads with pulses burning,

And the walls turn in their places:

Turns the sky in the high window blank and reeling,

Turns the long light that drops adown the wall,

Turn the black flies that crawl along the ceiling,

All are turning, all the day, and we with all.

And all day, the iron wheels are droning,

And sometimes we could pray,

‘O ye wheels,’ moaning breaking out in a mad

‘Stop! be silent for to-day!’”(per)

Note on the poet & the poem:

Elizabeth Barrett Browning was a leading poet of the Victorian Age. She was a voracious reader from her

childhood days. Most of her poems portray the atrocities of child labour .She condemned slavery and helped bring

about child labour reforms through her poems.

The cry of the children is a 13 stanza poem. Stanzas 6 and 7 are chosen here for study. In these stanzas she reveals

the social strife of her times. Child labour was a major social injustice of the English society during the Industrial

Revolution. The poem is a powerful, emotional and touching expression of the terrible working conditions of the

children. It is full of pathos.

Answer the following:

1) What does the poet want the children to do?

The poet wishes the children to be free from the burden of work and to run and play about on the meadows.

2) What do the children do all the day?

The children turn the wheels of the machines all the day.

3) Why do they have drooping eyelids?

Their eyes are heavy with sleep, so their eyelids are drooping.

4) What would they do if they saw any meadow?



It is an autobiographical poem of a bird by Famida Y. Basheer .The poem conveys the joy of the bird’s

freedom with a subtle comparison of man’s self – imprisonment arising out of his own greed, ambition and fear.

Famida Y.Basheer’s poem on ‘Migrant Bird’ mocks at the narrow lives of man as seen by bird .The

monologue portrays the bird love for freedom. Yet it claims happiness to be far away from the un meaningful life of

man below on earth.

The bird, as the narrator, is happy that the whole world and the sky is its home and that the clouds are its

home and that the clouds are its relatives. In spite of the unpleasant noises made by man below it flies peacefully

above.

‘No walls for me, no vigil gates,

No flags.......’

The repeated ‘no’s suggest the negative attitude of man on earth. Man segregates himself from others by

narrow walls of caste, creed, race and has to keep vigil (awake) to protect himself from the dangers of his neighbours.

Man builds boundaries around himself on the grounds of nationality, race and religion. But birds are free they live in

flocks with no ill feelings .There are no bomb blasts between the borders .The sky has no borders, no maps, no

boundaries.

Birds fly wherever they like .They choose to migrate to distant lands to distant lands to distant water bodies to

breed where they please. But the migrant bird is determined not to look down and see the meaningless, unhappy life

of man. It doesn’t want to learn his awful ways of living. It enjoys the life of freedom. It chooses to ignore the bright sun

and dream its dreams peacefully in its flight.

Answer the following questions:

1) Who is the speaker in this poem?

The migrant bird is the speaker in the poem.

2) What kind of world is described in the poem?

(or)

How does the poet describe the world in the poem?

The world has been made narrow by man .He has divided it by walls of castle, creed and politics.

3) How are human relations described in this poem?

Man does not enjoy a free life. He has to stay alert to protect himself .he has to safeguard himself from guns

and bombs. He cannot cross boundaries like the birds .He has built a wall around him self

5) Where do you think the skies could begin for the bird?

The sky is a single vast expanse which has no beginning or end .The starting line ‘The globe’s my world’

supports this.

6) Bring out the meaning of the phrases:

a) ‘breed my brood’

The bird will choose any water body to expand its flock

b) ‘Citizens of those border states

Brother of her brother’s sons’

Man has segregated himself according to countries and with more division of states within the countries. More

divisions exist such as caste, creed and race.

c) ‘I won’t look down. No I will not’

The bird is resolute in not looking down at the ugly and hateful world of man. It does not want to be influenced

by the negative attitude of man.

7) Pick out rhyming words in the poem.



1) Bleary - not focussing

2) Fickle - changing

3) Harmonic cacophony -a sound that appears melodious but is at the same time noisy

4) Heirlooms of rich traditions - Inherited skills passed down through the ages

5) Mild judicious tap - a careful slight hit

6) Ooblivious ears - ears that are listening but not paying attention

7) Shilpi - sculptor, one who carves statues from stone or any hard material

8) Staccato - a series of short detached sounds

9) Sinews - muscles

10) Stark evidence - clearly obvious

11) Taut - tense

The poem “Shilpi” portrays the creation of exquisite art from a hard, rugged and lifeless mass of rock, a creation that

is a marvel and the symbol of man’s craftsmanship for generations to behold. The images made by man equal him to

his creator .While man is mortal his art remains immortal.

“Shilpi” is a poem that works which rhyme with the sculptor’s strokes. The poem begins with vibrant, abrupt, strong

enough to break a rough rugged stone .The beats become rhythmic. The cacophonies of disjointed strokes become

harmonious to the ears of the sculptor who is now used to his strokes.

The place first becomes inconstant and then it slowly steadies. The steady and unsteady beats reflect the

steady and unsteady thoughts of the sculptor. It echoes his changing moods.

The constant work makes his ears tried and exhausted. The muscles of his hands one with the striking

hammer and the other with the shaping chisel are taut. His strokes display his ’decades of practice’ his years of

experience. The skills have been passed on to him by his ancestors and his skilled craftsmanship is a proof of this.

The heavy strokes now soften into gentle taps. The rough hard virgin rock is slowly moulded the rugged lines are no

more rough. The rough sharp lines smoothen and soften merging into comfortable curves. The stone is moulded into a

beautiful piece of sculpture finally.

His work done the sculptor steps back to review it .With careful, critical judgement, very confident and decisive

in his craftsmanship, he critically analyses his sculptural expertise. The carved figure is the reward for his days of toil

and the result of a craftsmanship that has been passed down to him from his forefathers.

Very content the sculptor lays side his hammer and chisel. Yet his tried eyes betray his exhaustion – but only

for some time. Pride surmounts .He reveres the fruit of his labour, and man is the creator of his minds and heart’s

desires .Man carves out (chisels) beautiful forms from rugged rocks.

Answer the following:

1) What do the ‘throb’ and ‘rhythm’ refer?

‘Throb’ is the hard strokes by the Shilpi, using his hammer and chisel. ’Rhythm’ is when the abrupt, disjointed

strokes slowly become a harmonious sound.

2) How can cacophony be harmonic? Explain the contrast.

Cacophony is a harsh mixture of discordant sounds. Here it is the disjointed unrhythmic strokes .These

strokes when repeated gradually fall into a rhythm .The contrast blends.

3) There is variation in tempo. Why?

The tempo varies. Initially, the strokes by the Shilpi are vibrant and discordant (harsh). These strokes are to

break the rugged virgin rock. The repeated beats fall into a harmony when the rock is moulded into a shape as desired

by the Shilpi.



2.APPRECIATION QUESTIONS FROM POETRY:

To answer such questions get a complete understanding of the poem, the appreciation questions are only

samples, where else questions from TNPSC may differ.

FOR POEMS AND APPRECIATION QUESTIONS PLEASE REFER THE PREVIOUS SECTION [Part B(1)]

3. IMPORTANT LINES FROM POEMS:

Note: In this section, lines with powerful messages, quotes, can be taken as important lines. So a thorough and

complete study of the poem is necessary

WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR

-RABINDRANATH TAGORE

Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high

Where knowledge is free

Where the world has not been broken up into fragments(ana)

By narrow domestic walls

Where words come out from the depth of truth

Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection

Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way

Into the dreary desert sand of dead habit (alli)

Where the mind is led forward by thee

Into ever-widening thought and action

Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.(ana)



• When Gandhi boarded the first train of his journey at the Pietermaritzburg station, railroad officials told Gandhi

that he needed to transfer to the third-class passenger car. When Gandhi, who was holding first-class passenger

tickets, refused to move, a policeman came and threw him off the train.

• That was not the last of the injustices Gandhi suffered on this trip. As Gandhi talked to other Indians in South

Africa (derogatorily called "coolies"), he found that his experiences were most definitely not isolated incidents but

rather, these types of situations were common. During that first night of his trip, sitting in the cold of the railroad

station after being thrown off the train, Gandhi contemplated whether he should go back home to India or to fight

the discrimination. After much thought, Gandhi decided that he could not let these injustices continue and that he

was going to fight to change these discriminatory practices.

The Reformer:

• Gandhi spent the next twenty years working to better Indians' rights in South Africa. During the first three years,

Gandhi learned more about Indian grievances, studied the law, wrote letters to officials, and organized petitions.

On May 22, 1894, Gandhi established the Natal Indian Congress (NIC).

• Although the NIC began as an organization for wealthy Indians, Gandhi worked diligently to expand its

membership to all classes and castes. Gandhi became well-known for his activism.

• In a few short years, Gandhi had become a leader of the Indian community in South Africa.

• In 1896, after living three years in South Africa, Gandhi sailed to India with the intention of bringing his wife and

two sons back with him.

• While in India, there was a bubonic plague outbreak. Since it was then believed that poor sanitation was the

cause of the spread of the plague, Gandhi offered to help inspect latrines and offer suggestions for better

sanitation. Although others were willing to inspect the latrines of the wealthy, Gandhi personally inspected the

latrines of the untouchables as well as the rich. He found that it was the wealthy that had the worst sanitation

problems.

• On November 30, 1896, Gandhi and his family headed for South Africa. Gandhi did not realize that while he had

been away from South Africa, his pamphlet of Indian grievances, known as the Green Pamphlet, had been

exaggerated and distorted.

• When Gandhi's ship reached the Durban harbour, it was detained for 23 days for quarantine. The real reason for

the delay was that there was a large, angry mob of whites at the dock who believed that Gandhi was returning

with two shiploads of Indian passengers to overrun South Africa.

• When allowed to disembark, Gandhi successfully sent his family off to safety, but he himself was assaulted with

bricks, rotten eggs, and fists. Police arrived in time to save Gandhi from the mob and then escort him to safety.

Once Gandhi had refuted the claims against him and refused to prosecute those who had assailed him, the

violence against him stopped. However, the entire incident strengthened Gandhi's prestige in South Africa.

• When the Boer War in South Africa began in 1899, Gandhi organized the Indian Ambulance Corp in which

1,100 Indians heroically helped injured British soldiers. The goodwill created by this support of South African

Indians to the British lasted just long enough for Gandhi to return to India for a year, beginning at the end of 1901.

After travelling through India and successfully drawing public attention to some of the inequalities suffered by the

lower classes of Indians, Gandhi returned to South Africa to continue his work there.

A Simplified Life:

• Influenced by the Gita, Gandhi wanted to purify his life by following the concepts of aparigraha (non-

possession) and samabhava (equability). Then, when a friend gave him the book, Unto This Last by John



• In an attempt to travel more anonymously, Gandhi began wearing a loincloth (dhoti) and sandals (the average

dress of the masses) during this journey. If it was cold out, he would add a shawl. This became his wardrobe for

the rest of his life.

• Also during this year of observation, Gandhi founded another communal settlement, this time in Ahmadabad and

called the Sabarmati Ashram. Gandhi lived on the Ashram for the next sixteen years, along with his family and

several members who had once been part of the Phoenix Settlement.

Mahatma:

• It was during his first year back in India that Gandhi was given the honorary title of Mahatma ("Great Soul"). Many

credit Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore, winner of the 1913 Nobel Prize for Literature, for both awarding

Gandhi of this name and of publicizing it.

• The title represented the feelings of the millions of Indian peasants who viewed Gandhi as a holy man. However,

Gandhi never liked the title because it seemed to mean he was special while he viewed himself as ordinary.

• After Gandhi's year of travel and observance was over, he was still stifled in his actions because of the World

War. As part of satyagraha, Gandhi had vowed to never take advantage of an opponent's troubles. With the

British fighting a huge war, Gandhi could not fight for Indian freedom from British rule. This did not mean that

Gandhi sat idle.

• Instead of fighting the British, Gandhi used his influence and satyagraha to change inequities between Indians.

For example, Gandhi persuaded landlords to stop forcing their tenant farmers to pay increased rent and mill

owners to peacefully settle a strike.

• Gandhi used his fame and determination to appeal to the landlords' morals and used fasting as a means to

convince the mill owners to settle. Gandhi's reputation and prestige had reached such a high level that people did

not want to be responsible for his death (fasting made Gandhi physically weak and in ill-health, with the potential

for death).

Turning Against the British:

• As the First World War reached its end, it was time for Gandhi to focus on the fight for Indian self-rule (swaraj). In

1919, the British gave Gandhi something specific to fight against - the Rowlatt Act. This Act gave the British in

India nearly free-reign to root out "revolutionary" elements and to detain them indefinitely without trial. In response

to this Act, Gandhi organized a mass hartal (general strike), which began on March 30, 1919. Unfortunately,

such a large scale protest quickly got out of hand and in many places it turned violent.

• Even though Gandhi called off the hartal once he heard about the violence, over 300 Indians had died and over

1,100 were injured from British reprisal in the city of Amritsar. Although satyagraha had not been realized during

this protest, the Amritsar Massacre (1919) heated Indian opinion against the British.

• The violence that erupted from the hartal showed Gandhi that the Indian people did not yet fully believe in the

power of satyagraha. Thus, Gandhi spent much of the 1920s advocating for satyagraha and struggling to learn

how to control nationwide protests to keep them from becoming violent.

• In March 1922, Gandhi was jailed for sedition and after a trial was sentenced to six years in prison. After two

years, Gandhi was released due to ill-health following surgery to treat his appendicitis. Upon his release, Gandhi

found his country embroiled in violent attacks between Muslims and Hindus. As penance for the violence, Gandhi

began a 21-day fast, known as the Great Fast of 1924. Still ill from his recent surgery, many thought he would

die on day twelve, but he rallied. The fast created a temporary peace.



retired from politics in 1934 at age 64. However, Gandhi came out of retirement five years later when the British

viceroy brazenly announced that India would side with England during World War II, without having consulted any

Indian leaders. The Indian independence movement had been revitalized by this British arrogance.

• Many in the British Parliament realized that they were once again facing mass protests in India and began

discussing possible ways to create an independent India. Although Prime Minister Winston Churchill steadfastly

opposed the idea of losing India as a British colony, the British announced in March 1941 that it would free India

at the end of World War II. This was just not enough for Gandhi.

• Wanting independence sooner, Gandhi organized a "Quit India" campaign in 1942. In response, the British

once again jailed Gandhi.

• When Gandhi was released from prison in 1944, Indian independence seemed in sight. Unfortunately, however,

huge disagreements between Hindus and Muslims had arisen. Since the majority of Indians were Hindu, the

Muslims feared not having any political power if there was an independent India. Thus, the Muslims wanted the six

provinces in northwest India, which had a majority population of Muslims, to become an independent country.

Gandhi heatedly opposed the idea of a partition of India and did his best to bring all sides together.

• The differences between Hindus and Muslims proved too great for even the Mahatma to fix. Massive violence

erupted, including raping, slaughter, and the burning of entire towns. Gandhi toured India, hoping his mere

presence could curb the violence. Although violence did stop where Gandhi visited, he could not be everywhere.

• The British, witnessing what seemed sure to become a violent civil war, decided to leave India in August 1947.

Before leaving, the British were able to get the Hindus, against Gandhi's wishes, to agree to a partition plan. On

August 15, 1947, Great Britain granted independence to India and to the newly formed Muslim country of

Pakistan.

• The violence between the Hindus and Muslims continued as millions of Muslim refugees marched out of India on

the long trek to Pakistan and millions of Hindus who found themselves in Pakistan packed up their belongings and

walked to India. At no other time have so many people become refugees. The lines of refugees stretched for miles

and many died along the way from illness, exposure, and dehydration. As 15 million Indians became uprooted

from their homes, Hindus and Muslims attacked each other with vengeance.

• To stop this wide-spread violence, Gandhi once again went on a fast. He would only eat again, he stated, once he

saw clear plans to stop the violence. The fast began on January 13, 1948. Realizing that the frail and aged

Gandhi could not withstand a long fast, both sides worked together to create a peace. On January 18, a group of

more than a hundred representatives approached Gandhi with a promise for peace, thus ending Gandhi's fast.

Assassination:

• Unfortunately, not everyone was happy with this peace plan. There were a few radical Hindu groups who believed

that India should never have been partitioned. In part, they blamed Gandhi for the separation.

• On January 30, 1948, the 78-year-old Gandhi spent his last day as he had many others. The majority of the day

was spent discussing issues with various groups and individuals. At a few minutes past 5 p.m., when it was time

for the prayer meeting, Gandhi began the walk to Birla House. A crowd had surrounded him as he walked, being

supported by two of his grandnieces. In front of him, a young Hindu named Nathuram Godse stopped before him

and bowed. Gandhi bowed back. Then Godse rushed forward and shot Gandhi three times with a black, semi-

automatic pistol. Although Gandhi had survived five other assassination attempts, this time, Gandhi fell to

the ground, dead.



• Nehru joined the All India Home Rule League, founded by family friend Annie Besant, a British liberal and

advocate for Irish and Indian self-rule. The 70-year-old Besant was such a powerful force that the British

government arrested and jailed her in 1917, prompting huge protests. In the end, the Home Rule movement was

unsuccessful, and it was later subsumed in Gandhi's Satyagraha Movement, which advocated complete

independence for India.

• Meanwhile, in 1916, Nehru married Kamala Kaul. The couple had a daughter in 1917, who would later go on to

be Prime Minister of India herself under her married name, Indira Gandhi. A son, born in 1924, died after just two

days.

Declaration of Independence:

• The Indian nationalist movement leaders, including Jawaharlal Nehru, hardened their stance against British rule in

wake of the horrific Amritsar Massacre in 1919. Nehru was jailed for the first time in 1921 for his advocacy of

the non-cooperation movement. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Nehru and Gandhi collaborated ever more

closely in the Indian National Congress, each going to prison more than once for civil disobedience actions.

• In 1927, Nehru issued a call for complete independence for India. Gandhi opposed this action as premature,

so the Indian National Congress refused to endorse it.

• As a compromise, in 1928 Gandhi and Nehru issued a resolution calling for home rule by 1930, instead, with a

pledge to fight for independence if Britain missed that deadline. The British government rejected this demand in

1929, so on New Year's Eve, at the stroke of midnight, Nehru declared India's independence and raised the Indian

flag. The audience there that night pledged to refuse to pay taxes to the British, and to engage in other acts of

mass civil disobedience.

• Gandhi's first planned act of non-violent resistance was a long walk down to the sea to make salt, known as the

Salt March or Salt Satyagraha of March 1930. Nehru and other Congress leaders were skeptical of this idea,

but it struck a chord with the ordinary people of India and proved a huge success. Nehru himself evaporated some

sea water to make salt in April of 1930, so the British arrested and jailed him again for six months.

Nehru's Vision for India:

• During the early 1930s, Nehru emerged as the political leader of the Indian National Congress, while Gandhi

moved into a more spiritual role. Nehru drafted a set of core principles for India between 1929 and 1931, called

the "Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy," which was adopted by the All India Congress Committee.

Among the rights enumerated were freedom of expression, freedom of religion, protection of regional cultures and

languages, abolition of untouchable status, socialism, and the right to vote.

• As a result, Nehru is often called the "Architect of Modern India." He fought hardest for the inclusion of

socialism, which many other Congress members opposed. During the later 1930s and early 1940s, Nehru also

had almost sole responsibility for drafting the foreign policy of a future Indian nation-state.

World War II and the Quit India Movement:

• When the Second World War broke out in Europe in 1939, the British declared war against the Axis (Japan,

germany, Italy) on behalf of India, without consulting India's elected officials. Nehru, after consulting with the

Congress, informed the British that India was prepared to support democracy over Fascism, but only if certain

conditions were met. The most important was that Britain must pledge that it would grant complete independence

to India as soon as the war was over.



The Pandit's Legacy:

• Many observers expected Parliament member Indra Gandhi to succeed her father, even though he had voiced

opposition to her serving as Prime Minister for fear of "dynastism." Indra turned down the post at that time,

however, and Lal Bahadur Shastri took over as the second prime minister of India.

• Indira would later become the third prime minister, and her son Rajiv was the sixth to hold that title.

Jawaharlal Nehru left behind the world's largest democracy, a nation committed to neutrality in the Cold War, and

a nation developing quickly in terms of education, technology and economics.

SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE

Subhash Chandra Bose (1897-1945) revolutionised the freedom struggle with his ideas. He was born in 1897

Jan 23 at Cuttack in Orissa. He pursued higher studies in Calcutta and at the Cambridge University, after which he

passed the Indian Civil Service Examination in England. But he did not join the ICS. He returned home to join the Non-

Cooperation Movement.

From then onwards, he became an active member of the Congress. He was made the Chief Executive

Officer of the Calcutta Corporation in 1924. It was during his association with Congress volunteers at the Congress

session in Calcutta that communism had its impact on him. As a result, he developed thoughts and ideas of his own

which were unsupportive of Gandhi's programmes.

In spite of Gandhi's opposition, Subhash Chandra Bose was elected the Congress President in 1938 (at

Haripur) and 1939 (at Tripuri).

In 1938, he declared that the Indian freedom struggle ought to synchronise with the world war at the time.

Owing to political differences, he resigned from the Congress in 1939. After founding the Forward Bloc and the

Kisan Sabha, he left India in 1941 to intensify the freedom struggle by carrying out his revolutionary programmes.

After seeking the support of the Soviet Union in India's struggle and a meeting with Hitler, he made a major

impact on the Indian nationalist movement with his reorganisation of the Indian National Army in 1943. Also called

Azad Hind Fauj, the INA had been founded in Singapore in 1942 by Captain Mohan with Japan's support but then

had been left as good as dead.

Subhash Chandra Bose revived the INA by recruiting 60,000 Indian prisoners in Burma, Malaya and other

places as its soldiers. The organisation meant to internationalise the Indian freedom struggle through violent means.

He coined the slogans'Delhi Chalo' and 'Jai Hind' which proved to be a constant source of inspiration to INA men.

As supreme commander of the INA, he established a provisional Indian Government.

The INA was successful only in its initial phase. But the INA had achieved a unique distinction by succeeding

in uniting people of different religions and backgrounds under its head. Subhash Chandra Bose met a sudden end in a

plane crash in 1945.



the morning and continued all daylong. If others refused to talk to her, she wrote her spelling on into her own hand and

apparently carried on the liveliest conversation with herself. In 1894, when Helen Keller was 14, she undertook formal

schooling, first at the Wright Humason School for the Deaf in New York and then at the Cambridge School for

young ladies. With Miss.Sullivan at her side spelling words into her hand, Miss Keller prepared herself for admission

to Radcliffe, which she entered in 1900. Her performance was excellent in all the examinations. She got honours in

German and English, through sheer determination. When Keller was 36 years old, she fell in love with a 29 year old

socialist Peter Fagan, her secretary and a newspaper correspondent.

But the marriage did not take place. Crestfallen, she described that” the love, which had come, unseen and

unexpected, departed with the tempest on her wings”. “If I could see.” she said bitterly, “ I would many first of all.”

Helen Keller was developing a largeness of spirit on social issues, partly as a result of walks through industrial slums

and partly because of high incidence of blindness among the poor. In 1909 she joined the socialist party. For many

years, she was an active member, writing articles in defence of socialism, canvassing for the party and supporting

trade unions. Then she decided that her life’s chief work was to raise funds for the American Foundation for the Blind.

She made extensive fund- raising tours for this purpose. She sought to alleviate the misery and agony of the blind.

When die war clouds surrounded the world and descended upon a few nations, questions were raised about the war

in her tours. “Areyou a -eutral?” She replied in the positive, and said “I like die people of all nations, but not their

armies and navies. A heckler once asked,

“Which part of the brain do you use?”. “The whole of it,” she promptly answered. During World War II, she raised the

banner against Hitler and Mussolini. “What terrible deeds that man has committed”. She had her own personal

quarrels with the Nazis. One of her bolos had been thrown into a bonfire in Berlin.

Helen visited the injured soldiers during the First and Second World Wars. She rode horses and tandem bicycles. She

met many famous people - George Bernard Shaw, Charlie Chaplin, several US Presidents, Winston Churchill, Pandit

Nehru and Others. Helen Keller became an eminent writer. When she was still in Radcliffe, she wrote, on her

typewriter, her autobiography. It was published as a serial in the Ladies Home Journal and a few other books. In

1902 it was published in the form of a book, titled, “The Story of my Life”. She published, “The World I Live in”, in

1908.

She always emphasised on self-reliance and confidence to the visually challenged and hearing impaired. “I have

always looked upon the blind as a part of the whole society... Let everyman get off his fellowman’s back.” When she

was sixty–eight years old, a high school student asked her, “How do you approach old age?” Helen replied, “I cannot

help smiling - I have declared these many years that there is no age to the spirit. Age seems to be just another

physical handicap and it excites no dread in my mind - I have already lived so triumphantly with my limitations”.

In recognition of her work for the blind and the deaf, Helen Keller was honoured by a number of Universities and

Institutions from all over the world. The US President John F. Kennedy, received her in the White House. In spite

of becoming a celebrity, Helen Keller remained humble and modest. She was optimistic throughout her life. She

believed that through the dark and silent years, God had been using her life with a purpose.

Helen Keller died on the 1st of June 1968 (87 years). She was cremated and the urn containing her ashes is kept by

the side of the urn containing Anne Sullivan’s (the teacher who taught Helen Keller how to read Braille and

communicate with sign language) ashes. Even death could not separate them.



arranged for a screening of the movie: ‘Those magnificent men in their flying machines’. Her path to the ‘Milky

Way’ was laid then.

She had a single-minded determination to be an astronaut. Where did this grit come from? Surely from the

steely resolve of her father, Banarsi Dass Chawla who had to flee Pakistan during Partition. He had tried his hand at

odd jobs, and having practically no money to invest he had succeeded in building a thriving tyre business from

scratch. Rakesh Sharma, the first Indian to go into space, in the guest column of a cover story in ‘The Week’,

featuring Kalpana Chawla, said, “Often I have been asked if, as a child, I had ever dreamt of going into space. I

answered truthfully in the negative, explaining that India never had a manned space programme, and so dreaming

about it would have been futile. Kalpana, on the other hand, was a small-town girl who dreamt big and had the self-

belief to chase that dream. She chased it half way across the globe, caught up with it and then, lived it. That was the

difference between us.”

Don Wilson, her thesis guide at the University of Texas, Arlington, recalls her as a “quiet and shy girl who

was intimidated by her surroundings”. But this was not for long. She adapted well, showing a burning desire to be

an astronaut.“She just refused to take ‘no’ for an answer. And she was also an amazingly good student,” he was to

say later.

In 1988, Kalpana Chawla started work at NASA Ames Research Center. Meanwhile she married Jean-

Pierre Harrison, a flight instructor, drawn towards him probably because of her fascination for flying. In 1993, she

joined Overset Methods Inc., Los Altos, California, as Vice President and Research Scientist. In December

1994, she was selected by NASA out of 2962 applicants as an astronaut candidate in the 15th group of astronauts.

According to NASA, her academic accomplishments, intense physical fitness and experience as a pilot made her a

natural choice. She reported to the Johnson Space Centre in March 1995. Her path to the ‘Milky Way’ was paved

now. She had to undergo a year’s rigorous training and evaluation. The training was so arduous that it could deter an

average human being, but not Chawla. It was a training, which included experiencing the pull of gravity, which would

increase the pulse rate from 72 to 102 within seconds – a training where every movement could be a discovery of

pain. The training required immense levels of fitness.

In 1996, her dream became true. She started off on her path to the‘Milky Way’.She was assigned as mission

specialist on STS-87 Columbia, for a 16-day mission between November 19 to December 5, 1997, as part of a six

astronaut crew. She became the first Indian or Indian-American to fly in the US space shuttle. She made history by

becoming the first Indian born woman to achieve this feat, for she had sought American citizenship in the early

90’s. Though her dream became true, she was blamed for making mistakes that sent a science satellite tumbling out

of control. Other astronauts went on a spacewalk to capture it. However a post-flight NASA evaluation absolved her of

blame, rating her a ‘terrific astronaut’. Following her first space flight, in 1997, Chawla said, “The Ganges valley

looked majestic, mind-boggling”. “Africa looked like a desert and the Nile a vein in it”.

She said sunrises and sunsets defined her experience in space. “It is almost as if everything is in fast forward. Then

the moon races away from us and is lost in the glow of the earth’s curvature”.

She yearned for a second chance. The chance came in 2000, when she was assigned to the crew of STS-107

scheduled for launch in 2003. Once again she had succeeded. It was not only good fortune, but also her having

worked very, very hard.

On being selected again, she said, “Just looking at Earth, looking at the stars during the night part of Earth; just

looking at our planet roll by and the speed at which it goes by and the awe that it inspires; just so many such good



• Amazed at the unusual interest of the young boy, Millard took him to see many stuffed birds. When Salim finally

saw a bird similar to the child’s bird, he got very excited. After that, the young Salim started visiting the place

frequently.

• Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali was born on November 12, 1896. He attended college, but did not receive any

university degree. To assist his brother in wolfram mining, he went to Burma, but spent most of his time looking

for birds. Soon, he returned back to Bombay.

Contributions and Achievements:

• As soon as Salim returned, he studied zoology, and secured a position of a guide at the museum of the Bombay

Natural History Society. Only 20 years old, he conducted the visitors and instructed them about the preserved

birds. His interest in the living conditions of birds grew even more.

• Therefore, Salim visited Germany and saw Dr. Irvin Strassman. He came back to India after one year but his

post in the museum had been removed for financial reasons.

• Salim Ali, as a married man, required money to make a living, so he joined the museum as a clerk. The job

allowed him to carry on with his research. His wife’s house at Kihim, a small village near Mumbai, was a tranquil

place surrounded by trees, where Salim would spend most of his time researching about the activities of the

weaver bird.

• He published a research paper discussing the nature and activities of the weaver bird in 1930. The piece

made him famous and established his name in the field of ornithology. Salim also travelled from place to place to

find out more about different species of the birds.

• From what he had collected, he published “The Book of Indian Birds in 1941″ in which he discussed the kinds

and habits of Indian birds. The book sold very well for a number of years. He also collaborated with S. Dillon

Ripley,a world-famous ornithologist, in 1948. The collaboration resulted in the ‘Handbook of the Birds of

India and Pakistan’ (10 Volume Set); a comprehensive book that describes the birds of the subcontinent, their

appearance, habitat, breeding habits, migration etc. Salim also published other books. His work “The Fall of

Sparrow” included many incidents from his real life.

Later Life and Death:

• Salim not only researched about birds, but also contributed to the arena of protection of nature. For his

extraordinary efforts, he was given an international award of INR 5 lacs, but he donated all the money to Bombay

Natural History Society. In 1990, the Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON-

COIMBATORE) The Government of India honoured him with Padma Vibushan in 1976, Rajya sabha member

in 1985, padma bhushan 1958 died at the age of 90 on June 20, 1987.



Early Life:

• Nelson Mandela was born Rolihlahla Mandela on July 18, 1918, in the tiny village of Mvezo, on the banks of the

Mbashe River in Transkei, South Africa. "Rolihlahla" in the Xhosa language literally means "pulling the

branch of a tree," but more commonly translates as "troublemaker."

• At the suggestion of one of his father's friends, Mandela was baptized in the Methodist Church. He went on to

become the first in his family to attend school. As was custom at the time, and probably due to the bias of the

British educational system in South Africa, Mandela's teacher told him that his new first name would be Nelson.

• When Mandela was 9 years old, his father died of lung disease, causing his life to change dramatically. He was

adopted by Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo, the acting regent of the Thembu people—a gesture done as a favor

to Mandela's father, who, years earlier, had recommended Jongintaba be made chief.

• Mandela subsequently left the carefree life he knew in Qunu, fearing that he would never see his village again. He

traveled by motorcar to Mqhekezweni, the provincial capital of Thembu land, to the chief's royal residence.

Though he had not forgotten his beloved village of Qunu, he quickly adapted to the new, more sophisticated

surroundings of Mqhekezweni.

• Mandela was given the same status and responsibilities as the regent's two other children, his son and oldest

child, Justice, and daughter Nomafu.

• Mandela took classes in a one-room school next to the palace, studying English, Xhosa, history and geography. It

was during this period that Mandela developed his interest in African history from elder chiefs who came to the

Great Palace on official business. He learned how the African people had lived in relative peace until the coming

of the white people.

• In 1939, Mandela enrolled at the University College of Fort Hare, the only residential center of higher learning for

blacks in South Africa at the time. Fort Hare was considered Africa's equivalent of Oxford or Harvard,

drawing scholars from all parts of sub-Sahara Africa. In his first year at the university, Mandela took the required

courses, but focused on Roman Dutch law to prepare for a career in civil service as an interpreter or clerk—

regarded as the best profession a black man could obtain at the time.

• In his second year at Fort Hare, Mandela was elected to the Student Representative Council. For some time,

students had been dissatisfied with the food and lack of power held by the SRC. During this election, a majority of

students voted to boycott unless their demands were met.

• Aligning with the student majority, Mandela resigned from his position. Seeing this as an act of insubordination,

the university's Dr. Kerr expelled Mandela for the rest of the year, but gave him an ultimatum: He could return if he

agreed to serve on the SRC. When Mandela returned home, the regent was furious, telling Mandela unequivocally

that he would have to recant his decision and go back to school in the fall.

Mandela's Imprisonment:

• A few weeks after Nelson Mandela's return home, Regent Jongintaba announced that he had arranged a

marriage for his adopted son. The regent wanted to make sure that Mandela's life was properly planned, and the

arrangement was within his right, as tribal custom dictated. Shocked by the news, feeling trapped and believing he

had no other option, Mandela ran away from home. He settled in Johannesburg, where he worked a variety of

jobs, including as a guard and a clerk, while completing his bachelor's degree via correspondence courses. He

then enrolled at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg to study law.

• Mandela soon became actively involved in the anti-apartheid movement, joining the African National Congress

in 1942. Within the ANC, a small group of young Africans banded together, calling themselves the African National

Congress Youth League. Their goal was to transform the ANC into a mass grassroots movement, deriving



Prison Release and Presidency:

• Upon his release from prison, Nelson Mandela immediately urged foreign powers not to reduce their pressure on

the South African government for constitutional reform. While he stated that he was committed to working toward

peace, he declared that the ANC's armed struggle would continue until the black majority received the right to

vote.

• In 1991, Mandela was elected president of the African National Congress, with lifelong friend and

colleague Oliver Tambo serving as national chairperson. Mandela continued to negotiate with President F.W. de

Klerk toward the country's first multiracial elections. White South Africans were willing to share power, but many

black South Africans wanted a complete transfer of power. The negotiations were often strained and news of

violent eruptions, including the assassination of ANC leader Chris Hani, continued throughout the country.

Mandela had to keep a delicate balance of political pressure and intense negotiations amid the demonstrations

and armed resistance.

• In 1993, Mandela and President de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their work toward

dismantling apartheid. Due in no small part to their work, negotiations between black and white South Africans

prevailed: On April 27, 1994, South Africa held its first democratic elections.

• Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as the country's first black president on May 10, 1994, at the age of 77, with

de Klerk as his first deputy.

• Also in 1994, Mandela published his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, much of which he had secretly

written while in prison. The following year, he was awarded the Order of Merit.

• From 1994 until June 1999,Mandela worked to bring about the transition from minority rule and apartheid to black

majority rule. He used the nation's enthusiasm for sports as a pivot point to promote reconciliation between whites

and blacks, encouraging black South Africans to support the once-hated national rugby team. In 1995, South

Africa came to the world stage by hosting the Rugby World Cup, which brought further recognition and prestige to

the young republic.

• Mandela also worked to protect South Africa's economy from collapse during his presidency. Through his

Reconstruction and Development Plan, the South African government funded the creation of jobs, housing and

basic health care. In 1996, Mandela signed into law a new constitution for the nation, establishing a strong central

government based on majority rule, and guaranteeing the rights of minorities and the freedom of expression.

Retirement and Later Career:

• By the 1999 general election, Nelson Mandela had retired from active politics. He continued to maintain a busy

schedule, however, raising money to build schools and clinics in South Africa's rural heartland through his

Mandela Foundation, and serving as a mediator in Burundi's civil war. He also published a number of books on his

life and struggles, among them No Easy Walk to Freedom; Nelson Mandela: The Struggle is my Life;

and Nelson Mandela's Favorite African Folktales.

• Mandela was diagnosed and treated for prostate cancer in 2001. In June 2004, at the age of 85, he announced

his formal retirement from public life and returned to his native village of Qunu.

• On July 18, 2007, Mandela convened a group of world leaders, including Graca Machel, Desmond Tutu, Kofi

Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, Mary Robinson and Muhammad Yunus, to

address the world's toughest issues. Named "The Elders," the group is committed to working both publicly and

privately to find solutions to problems around the globe. Since its inception, the group has made an impact in Asia,

the Middle East and Africa, promoting peace and women's equality, demanding an end to atrocities, and

supporting initiatives to address humanitarian crises and promote democracy.



and then signed on as a private in the mounted Rangers. He then joined the Independent Spy Corps. He saw no

real action during his short stint in the military.

• Career Before the Presidency:

Lincoln worked as a clerk before joining the military. He ran for the state legislature and lost in 1832. He was

appointed as Postmaster of New Salem by Andrew Jackson (1833-36). He was elected as a Whig to the Illinois

legislature (1834-1842). He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1836. Lincoln served as a US

Representative (1847-49). He was elected to the state legislature in 1854 but resigned to run for the US Senate.

He gave his famous "house divided" speech after being nominated.

• Lincoln-Douglas Debates:

Lincoln debated his opponent, Stephen Douglas, seven times in what became known as theLincoln-Douglas

Debates. While they agreed on many issues, they disagreed over the morality of slavery. Lincoln did not believe

that slavery should spread any further but Douglas argued for popular sovereignty. Lincoln explained that while he

was not asking for equality, he believed African-Americans should get the rights granted in the Declaration of

Independence: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Lincoln lost the state election to Douglas.

• Bid for the Presidency - 1860:

Lincoln was nominated for the presidency by the Republican Party with Hannibal Hamlin as his running mate. He

ran on a platform denouncing disunion and calling for an end to slavery in the territories. The Democrats were

divided with Stephen Douglas representing the Democrats and John Breckinridge the National (Southern)

Democrats. John Bell ran for the Constitutional Union Party which basically took votes from Douglas. In the end,

Lincoln won 40% of the popular vote and 180 of the 303 electors.

• Re election in 1864:

The Republicans, now the National Union Party, had some concern that Lincoln wouldn't win but still re-nominated

him with Andrew Johnson as his Vice President. Their platform demanded unconditional surrender and the official

end to slavery. His opponent, George McClellan, had been relieved as the head of the Union armies by Lincoln.

His platform was that the war was a failure, and Lincoln had taken away too many civil liberties. Lincoln won

because the war turned in the North's favour during the campaign.

• Assassination of Abraham Lincoln:

On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.

Actor John Wilkes Booth shot him in the back of the head before jumping onto the stage and escaping to

Maryland. Lincoln died on April 15th. On April 26th, Booth was found hiding in a barn which was set on fire. He

was then shot and killed. Eight conspirators were punished for their roles. Learn about the details and the

conspiracies surrounding Lincoln's assassination.

• Historical Significance:

Abraham Lincoln is considered by many scholars to have been the best President. He is credited with holding the

Union together and leading the North to victory in the Civil War. Further, his actions and beliefs led to the

emancipation of African-Americans from the bonds of slavery.

• Events and Accomplishments of Abraham Lincoln's Presidency:

• The main event of Lincoln's presidency was the Civil War that lasted from 1861-65. Eleven states seceded from

the Union, and Lincoln firmly believed in the importance of not only defeating the Confederation but eventually

reuniting North and South.

• In September 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. This freed the slaves in all Southern

states. In 1864, Lincoln promoted Ulysses S. Grant to be Commander of all Union forces. Sherman's raid on

Atlanta helped clench Lincoln's re election in 1864. In April, 1865, Richmond fell and Robert E. Lee surrendered

at Appomattox Courthouse. During the Civil War, Lincoln curbed civil liberties including suspending the writ



DUKE : Antonio and old Shylock, both stand forth.

PORTIA : Is your name Shylock?

SHYLOCK : Shylock is my name.

PORTIA : Of a strange nature is the suit you follow;

Yet in such rule, that the Venetian law

Cannot impugn you as you do proceed.

(To Antonio) You stand within his danger, do you not?

ANTONIO : Ay, so he says.

PORTIA : Do you confess the bond?

ANTONIO : I do.

PORTIA : Then must the Jew be merciful.

SHYLOCK : On what compulsion must I? Tell me that.

PORTIA : The quality of mercy is not strain’d

It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven

Upon the place beneath. It is twice blessed:

It blesseth him that gives and him that takes:

’Tis mightiest in the mightiest; it becomes

The throned monarch better than his crown;

His sceptre shows the force of temporal power,

The attribute to awe and majesty,

Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings;

But mercy is above this sceptred sway,

It is enthroned in the hearts of kings,

It is an attribute to God himself;

And earthly power doth then show likest God’s

When mercy seasons justice. Therefore, Jew,

Though justice be thy plea, consider this

That, in the course of justice none of us

Should see salvation; we do pray for mercy,

And that same prayer doth teach us all to render

The deeds of mercy. I have spoke thus much

To mitigate the justice of thy plea,

Which if thou follow, this strict court of Venice

Must needs give sentence ’gainst the merchant there.

SHYLOCK : My deeds upon my head! I crave the law,

The penalty and forfeit of my bond.

PORTIA : Is he not able to discharge the money?

BASSANIO : Yes, here I tender it for him in the court;

Yea, twice the sum, if that will not suffice,

I will be bound to pay it ten times o’er,

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

PORTIA : I pray you, let me look upon the bond.

SHYLOCK : Here ’tis, most reverend Doctor, here it is.

PORTIA : Shylock, there’s thrice thy money offer’d thee.



For, as thou urgest justice, be assured

Thou shalt have justice, more than thou desir’st.

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL.

SHYLOCK : I take this offer then: pay the bond thrice,

And let the Christian go.

BASSANIO : Here is the money

PORTIA : Soft!

The Jew shall have all justice. Soft! No haste:

He shall have nothing but the penalty.

William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was born at Stratford-on-Avon and was educated at the free Stratford

Grammar School. There is no authentic documentation of his early life. He married Anne Hathaway in 1582 and

moved to London in 1586 to become an actor, poet, dramatist and theatre manager. His well-known comedies are A

Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice and Much Ado About Nothing, while his outstanding

tragedies are Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth, among many more.

Glossary:

•••• difference / 'dIfrEns/ : dispute

•••• Jew /dZu:/ : A race who presently live in Israel. During Shakespeare’s times, the Jews were ruthless

moneylenders and were hated by the Christians. They hated the Christians too.

•••• stand forth /stGndfC:T/ : come forward

•••• strange nature /streIndZ'neItLE/ : unusual because he demands a pound of flesh even when he is offered ten

times the original sum of money

•••• impugn /Im'pju:n/ : oppose or resist

•••• ay /aI/ : yes

•••• bond /bBnd/ : agreement

•••• strain’d / streInd/ : forced

•••• twice blessed / twaIs blest/ : Mercy has a double blessing. It blesses him that gives and him that receives

it.

•••• it becomes . . .. . .his crown : The King earns greater respect when he is merciful.

•••• temporal / 'tempErEl/ : worldly

•••• His sceptre . . .. . . fear of kings : The king’s sceptre (royal staff) isa symbol of his earthly power and he is feared.

•••• But mercy.. . . .God himself : But mercy is above this earthly power. It resides in the hearts of kings and is an

attribute of God.

•••• And earthly power. . seasons justice : Earthly power is revealed like God’s power when justice is tempered with

mercy.

•••• seasons /'si:znz/ : tempers, strengthens

•••• in the course of justice : if strict justice were to take its course

•••• mitigate /'mItIgeIt/ : lessen

•••• I crave the law: I pray for what the law entitles meto. . .

•••• forfeit /'fC:fIt/ : give up as penalty for doing something wrong

•••• suffice /sV'faIs/ : be sufficient

•••• beseech /bI'si:tL/ : earnestly ask for

•••• nominated /'nBmIneItId/ : mentioned

•••• tarry /'tGrI/ : wait



Note: This extract is known for the funeral orations of Brutus and Mark Antony.

Brutus: Be patient till the last.

Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my cause,

and be silent, that you may hear: believe me for mine

honour, and have respect to mine honour, that you may

believe: censure me in your wisdom, and awake your 5

senses, that you may the better judge. If there be any in this

assembly, any dear friend of Caesar’s, to him I say that

Brutus’ love to Caesar was no less than his. If, then, that

friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my

answer,—not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved

Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living, and die

all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live all free men?

As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate,

I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but, as he

was ambitious, I slew him. There is tears for his

love; joy for his fortune; honour for his valour; and death

for his ambition. Who is here so base that would be a

bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended.

Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any,

speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that 20

will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I

offended. I pause for a reply.

Citizens: None, Brutus, none.

Brutus: Then none have I offended. I have done no

more to Caesar than you shall do to Brutus. 25

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

Enter ANTONY and others, with CAESAR’S body

Here comes his body, mourned by Mark Antony, who,

though he had no hand in his death, shall receive the benefit

of his dying, a place in the commonwealth; as which of

you shall not? With this I depart,—that, as I slew my best

lover for the good of Rome, I have the same 30

dagger for myself, when it shall please my country

to need my death.

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

Antony:Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;

I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. 35

The evil that men do lives after them;

The good is oft interred with their bones;

So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus



Antony: But yesterday the word of Caesar might

Have stood against the world: now lies he there, 85

And none so poor to do him reverence.

O masters, if I were dispos’d to stir

Your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage,

I should do Brutus wrong and Cassius wrong,

Who, you all know, are honourable men: 90

I will not do them wrong; I rather choose

To wrong the dead, to wrong myself, and you,

Than I will wrong such honourable men.

But here’s a parchment with the seal of Caesar;

I found it in his closet,—’tis his will: 95

Let but the commons hear this testament,—

Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read,—

And they would go and kiss dead Caesar’s wounds,

And dip their napkins in his sacred blood;

Yea, beg a hair of him for memory, 100

And, dying, mention it within their wills,

Bequeathing it as a rich legacy

Unto their issue.

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG..

Antony: If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.

You all do know this mantle: I remember 105

The first time ever Caesar put it on;

’Twas on a summer’s evening, in his tent,

That day he overcame the Nervii:—

Look, in this place ran Cassius’ dagger through:

See what a rent the envious Casca made: 110

Through this the well-beloved Brutus stabb’d;

And, as he pluck’d his cursed steel away,

Mark how the blood of Caesar follow’d it,

As rushing out of doors, to be resolv’d

If Brutus so unkindly knock’d, or no; 115

For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar’s angel:

Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar lov’d him!

This was the most unkindest cut of all;

For when the noble Caesar saw him stab,

Ingratitude, more strong than traitors’ arms, 120

Quite vanquished him: then burst his mighty heart;

And, in his mantle muffling up his face,

Even at the base of Pompey’s statue,

Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell.

O, what a fall was there, my countrymen! 125

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG..



75 Mark’d ye his words? : Did you pay attention to his (Antony’s) words?

78 abide it : pay for it (someone will have to pay for Caesar’s death)

83 mark him : listen to him

86 so poor : lowly in rank; even in death the lowly placed citizen does not honour Caesar

88 mutiny : revolt

94 parchment : animal skin used as writing surface

95 his will : Caesar’s will

99 napkins : handkerchiefs

102 bequeathing : leave to a person by a will

102 legacy : gift left in a will

103 issue : children

105 mantle : cloak. Antony displays the blood stained cloak of Caesar.

108 Nervii :The battle of the Sambre, 57 B.C. Caesar defeated the Nervii, a tribe of Gaul.

108-123 : By uncovering the body of Caesar and revealing the stab wounds, Antony plays on the emotions of the

crowd and inflames them.

109-110 : Cassius and Casca - along with Brutus,Cassius and Casca stabbed Caesar.

110 rent : tear; cut (Note: Antony was not there when Caesar was murdered but he uses his imagination.)

112 pluck’d his cursed steel : pulled out the cursed away sword

114 as : as though

114 resolved : informed

118 unkindest cut: cruel, unnatural because Caesar loved Brutus and Brutus repaid his love by stabbing him. (Pay

attention to Shakespeare’s language—most unkindest cut)

120-121 Ingratitude, : Personification. more strong than traitors’ Ingratitude is personified arms/ Quite vanquished

him here.

121 vanquished : defeated

121-122 Then burst his : When Caesar saw Brutus mighty heart/And, in his with the sword, he did mantle muffling up

his face not resist; instead he covered his face with his mantle.

123 Pompey : the Roman general whom Caesar had defeated

126-128 : The crowd does not see the irony in Antony’s speech.

132 wit : intelligence

132 worth : reputation. Antony says that he does not have the skills needed for an orator.

134 to stir men’s blood : to stir up emotions

136 poor poor dumb mouths : as the wounds cannot speak Antony expresses their agony.

139 ruffle : disturb, upset

140-141 : Antony had all along said that he did not want to incite the crowd but his eloquent speech does just that.

SONNET 116 REFER PART B SECTION 1



Word Synonyms Antonyms

Amazing

Coarse

Cobbled

Crisp

Delightful

Extended

Forlorn

Freckled

Glum

Ineffectual

Miserable

Piteous

Popular

Profile

Ragged, tatters, battered

Stammered

Wizened

wrinkled

Wonderful

Roughmous, well-known

Mended

Fresh

Enjoyable

Stretched

Miserable

Dotted, speckled

Gloomy, depressed

Useless

Suffering, unhappy

Miserable

Famous, well-known

Outline

Torn, shredded

Stuttered

Shrunk, shrivelled, dried

creased

Commonplace

Smooth

New

Stale

Displeasing

Withdrew

Happy

Clear, unblemished

Happy, cheerful

Useful

Happy

Cheerful

Unknown

-

-

Articulated

New, fresh

Smooth



THE SELFISH GIANT

- OSCAR WILDE

Note: Oscar Wilde intended this story to be read to children

Every afternoon, as they were coming from school, the children used to go and play in the Giant's garden.

It was a large lovely garden, with soft green grass. Here and there over the grass stood beautiful flowers like stars,

and there were twelve peach-trees that in the spring-time broke out into delicate blossoms of pink and pearl, and

in the autumn bore rich fruit. The birds sat on the trees and sang so sweetly that the children used to stop their

games in order to listen to them. 'How happy we are here!' they cried to each other.

One day the Giant came back. He had been to visit his friend the Cornish ogre, and had stayed with him for

sevenyears. After the seven years were over he had said all that he had to say, for his conversation was limited,

and he determined to return to his own castle. When he arrived he saw the children playing in the garden.

'What are you doing here?' he cried in a very gruff voice, and the children ran away.

'My own garden is my own garden,' said the Giant; 'any one can understand that, and I will allow nobody to play in it

but myself.' So he built a high wall all round it, and put up a notice-board.

“TRESPASSERS WILL BE PROSECUTED”

He was a very selfish Giant.

The poor children had now nowhere to play. They tried to play on the road, but the road was very dusty and full of

hard stones, and they did not like it. They used to wander round the high wall when their lessons were over, and talk

about the beautiful garden inside.

'How happy we were there,' they said to each other.

Then the Spring came, and all over the country there were little blossoms and little birds. Only in the garden of the

Selfish Giant it was still Winter. The birds did not care to sing in it as there were no children, and the trees forgot to

blossom. Once a beautiful flower put its head out from the grass, but when it saw the notice-board it was so sorry for

the children that it slipped back into the ground again, and went off to sleep. The only people who were pleased were

the Snow and the Frost. 'Spring has forgotten this garden,' they cried, 'so we will live here all the year round.' The

Snow covered up the grass with her great white cloak, and the Frost painted all the trees silver. Then they

invited the North Wind to stay with them, and he came. He was wrapped in furs, and he roared all day about the

garden, and blew the chimney-pots down. 'This is a delightful spot,' he said, 'we must ask the Hail on a visit.' So the

Hail came. Every day for three hours he rattled on the roof of the castle till he broke most of the slates, and then

he ran round and round the garden as fast as he could go. He was dressed in grey, and his breath was like ice.



'You must tell him to be sure and come here to-morrow,' said the Giant. But the children said that they did not know

where he lived, and had never seen him before; and the Giant felt very sad.

Every afternoon, when school was over, the children came and played with the Giant. But the little boy whom the

Giant loved was never seen again. The Giant was very kind to all the children, yet he longed for his first little friend,

and often spoke of him. 'How I would like to see him!' he used to say.

Years went over, and the Giant grew very old and feeble. He could not play about any more, so he sat in a huge

armchair, and watched the children at their games, and admired his garden. 'I have many beautiful flowers,' he said;

'but the children are the most beautiful flowers of all.'

One winter morning he looked out of his window as he was dressing. He did not hate the Winter now, for he knew that

it was merely the Spring asleep, and that the flowers were resting.

Suddenly he rubbed his eyes in wonder, and looked and looked. It certainly was a marvellous sight. In the farthest

corner of the garden was a tree quite covered with lovely white blossoms. Its branches were all golden, and silver

fruit hung down from them, and underneath it stood the little boy he had loved.

Downstairs ran the Giant in great joy, and out into the garden. He hastened across the grass, and came near to the

child. And when he came quite close his face grew red with anger, and he said, 'Who hath dared to wound thee?' For

on the palms of the child's hands were the prints of two nails, and the prints of two nails were on the little feet.

'Who hath dared to wound thee?' cried the Giant; 'tell me, that I may take my big sword and slay him.'

'Nay!' answered the child; 'but these are the wounds of Love.'

'Who art thou?' said the Giant, and a strange awe fell on him, and he knelt before the little child.

And the child smiled on the Giant, and said to him, 'You let me play once in your garden, to-day you shall come

with me to my garden, which is Paradise.'

And when the children ran in that afternoon, they found the Giant lying dead under the tree, all covered with white

blossoms.



One of the first cultures to articulate how music really works were the ancient Greeks. And this is going to

fascinate you: the Greeks said that music and astronomy were two sides of the same coin. Astronomy was

seen as the study of relationships between observable, permanent, external objects, and music was seen as the

study of relationships between invisible, internal, hidden objects.

Music has a way of finding the big, invisible moving pieces inside our hearts and souls and helping us figure

out the position of things inside us. Let me give you some examples of how this works.

One of the most profound musical compositions of all time is the Quartet for the End of Time written by

French composer Olivier Messiaen in 1940. Messiaen was 31 years old when France entered the war against Nazi

Germany. He was captured by the Germans in June of 1940 and imprisoned in a prisoner-of-war camp.

He was fortunate to find a sympathetic prison guard who gave him paper and a place to compose, and

fortunate to have musician colleagues in the camp, a cellist, a violinist, and a clarinetist. Messiaen wrote his

quartet with these specific players in mind. It was performed in January 1941 for four thousand prisoners and

guards in the prison camp. Today it is one of the most famous masterworks in the repertoire.

Given what we have since learned about life in the Nazi camps, why would anyone in his right mind waste

time and energy writing or playing music? There was barely enough energy on a good day to find food and water, to

avoid a beating, to stay warm, to escape torture—why would anyone bother with music? And yet—even from the

concentration camps, we have poetry, we have music, we have visual art; it wasn't just this one fanatic Messiaen;

many, many people created art. Why? Well, in a place where people are only focused on survival, on the bare

necessities, the obvious conclusion is that art must be, somehow, essential for life. The camps were without money,

without hope, without commerce, without recreation, without basic respect, but they were not without art. Art is part of

survival; art is part of the human spirit, an unquenchable expression of who we are. Art is one of the ways in

which we say, "I am alive, and my life has meaning."

In September of 2001 I was a resident of Manhattan. On the morning of September 12, 2001 I reached a

new understanding of my art and its relationship to the world. I sat down at the piano that morning at 10 AM to

practice as was my daily routine; I did it by force of habit, without thinking about it. I lifted the cover on the keyboard,

and opened my music, and put my hands on the keys and took my hands off the keys. And I sat there and thought,



first communal response to that historic event, was a concert. That was the beginning of a sense that life might go on.

The US Military secured the airspace, but recovery was led by the arts, and by music in particular, that very night.

How did people express their grief?

From these two experiences, I have come to understand that music is not part of "arts and entertainment" as

the newspaper section would have us believe. It's not a luxury, a lavish thing that we fund from leftovers of our

budgets, not a plaything or an amusement or a pass time. Music is a basic need of human survival. Music is one of

the ways we make sense of our lives, one of the ways in which we express feelings when we have no words, a way

for us to understand things with our hearts when we can't with our minds.

Frankly, ladies and gentlemen, I expect you not only to master music; I expect you to save the planet. If there is a

future wave of wellness on this planet, of harmony, of peace, of an end to war, of mutual understanding, of equality, of

fairness, I don't expect it will come from a government, a military force or a corporation. I no longer even expect it to

come from the religions of the world, which together seem to have brought us as much war as they have peace.

If there is a future of peace for humankind, if there is to be an understanding of how these invisible, internal things

should fit together, I expect it will come from the artists, because that's what we do. As in the concentration camp and

the evening of 9/11, the artists are the ones who might be able to help us with our internal, invisible lives."

Dr. Karl Paulnack, a pianist has been an artiste, teacher, music, director and conductor for more than two

decades at the Boston Conservatory, Massachusetts. He has performed in many concerts and has been hailed as ‘a

firecracker of a pianist’ and ‘masters of his instrument’

The Boston Conservatory is a top musical school which provides students with technical skills and

performance experience in a variety of musical styles and settings to become musicians

GLOSSARY:

� Absurd -ridiculous

� Appreciated -valued, cherished

� Articulate -to express thoughts or feelings clearly in words; speak; express

� Communal -public

� Contemplated -reflected

� External -outside

� Fanatic -a person who is extremely enthusiastic about something

� Fascinate -attract, charm

� Figure out -make out, understand

� Focused -concentrated, defined (another spelling: focussed)

� Harmony -Amity; friendliness

� Hoops -basket ball rings through which players throw the ball to score points

� Internal -within, inside

� Invisible -unseen

� Irrelevant -unconnected

� Irreverent -not showing respect, impolite, impious

� Lavish - excessive, profuse, abundant

� Leftovers -remainders, remnants



Figure(v)

Focused(focussed)

Fortunate

Harmony

Hidden

Imprisoned

Invisible

Irrelevant

Lavish

Leftovers

Masters

Masterworks

Necessities

Observable

Organized

Overcome

Permanent

Profound

Purpose

Recreation

Remark(v)

Resident

Respect

Response

Routine

Survival

Sympathetic

Torture(v)

Unquenchable

Visual

Wave

Wellness

Make out; understand

Concentrated

Lucky

Unity, goodwill

Concealed

Confined

Unseen, unnoticeable

Unconnected

Plenty, unlimited

Remainders, remnants

Learn, understand, control

Masterpieces

Needs, wants

Noticeable

Arranged

Conquer, defeat, win

Long-lasting, unchanging

Deep, intense

Intention, aim

Entertainment

State, express

Dweller, inhabitant

Regard

Reaction

Habitual, regular

Life, existence

Kind; charitable

Give pains

Insatiable

Observable, can be seen

Surge

Goodness

-

Distracted

Unfortunate; unlucky

War, strife

Revealed, shown

Freed

Visible

Connected

Scarce, insufficient

Whole, complete

-

-

Luxuries

Obscure

Disorganized

Lose

Temporary; ephemeral

Superficial, slight

Aimlessness

-

-

Nomad

Disrespect

-

Irregular

Death

Un sympathetic; unkind

Comfort(v)

Satiated

-

Ebb

Wickedness

1. What was the author’s choice of career? How was this against his parents wish?

The author wanted to become a musician. But his parents were against his decision. He had secured very

good grades in school. He was good in Science and Maths. More over they felt he would be held in high esteem in

society if he became an engineer or a doctor or a research chemist.

2. Do you think music is different from entertainment? How?

Music isn’t just for entertainment. It heals a sick mind and body. It calms the nerves. It helps restore hope in

one self and trust in human beings. In fact “Music Therapy” is gaining momentum today in the field of medicine.

3. Two sides of the same coin would mean?

A) Similar in every way

B) Similar in approach but different in aim

C) Opposite in every way

Ans:- (B)similar in approach but different in aim



Acquiescence.



� prey -victim, affected person

� privilege -special right, benefit

� privileged (adj) -prestigious; enjoy special rights

� prosecute -continue, pursue, (study or work)

� redress(n) -compensation

� remedied -cured

� requisite -a need(n)

� reversed -returned to the normal position

� rising -replying (in this context), responding

� sheltered -protected, comfortable

� student hood -during one’s days as a student

� subordinated -treats something as of lesser importance

� suffice -be enough for, be adequate for

� tender -offer

� those who are struggling -the poor, the needy, the downtrodden

� truism -a statement that is obviously true

� unfit -does not suit

� unsophisticated -simple, natural

� utmost advantage -greatest advantage

� viz -namely (in Latin, ‘videlicet’)

Words Synonyms Antonyms

Acquiescence

Acquire

Appreciation

Assigned

Attitude

Authority

Cause(n)

Commences

Constantly

Co-operation

Definite

Depends

Devotion

Discharged

Distinguish

Earnestness

Exacting

Exercising

Firmer

Forces

Foundation

Founded

Acceptance

Get, receive, obtain

Value

Prescribed

Behaviour

Command, charge

Reason

Begins, starts

Continuously

Co-ordination, unity

Sure, certain

Relies

Dedication, commitment, Sincerity

Performed

Differentiate

Sincerity, seriousness

Demanding, commanding

Using

Stronger

Energy, power, strength

Basis, fundamentals

Established

Denial, refusal

Give, grant

Depreciation

-

-

-

-

Ends, terminates

-

-

Vague

Independent

Indifference

Neglected

-

Insincerity

Lenient; lax

-

Weaker

-

-

Disproved



5. How would it help you in later life?

Knowledge which is gained during one’s student days will not only help in the choice of one’s career but it will

also help one face the challengers of life.

6. What kind of character should you acquire while you are a student? (or) What quality of character is expected to be

inherent in a student?

A student need to acquire a character that will raise the whole life of the people amidst whom he moves and

for whom he is expected to work.

7. What is the two – fold duty to be acquired by students?

The two fold duty of student is

(i) to acquire strong knowledge of the society and the world,

(ii) to develop a character that will bring them success and to improve the life of the people.

8. Is character influenced by surroundings? How?

According to Gokhale, character is influenced by surroundings .Even if students acquire a good character, in

later life many forces act on them and it is difficult to retain the good character.

9. What are the two valuable qualities to be practised by you as students?

The two valuable qualities to be practised by students are:

(i) Co-operation with other students.

(ii) Obedience to parents and reverences for teachers.

10. When does one make one’s own decisions?

When education is completed, the student comes out of college or university. He stands on his own legs and

at the time he will make decisions of his own.

11. What is the precious virtue obtained out of reverence for to the teachers?

The precious virtue obtained out of reverence for teachers is appreciation of discipline.

12. How would you define the true spirit of discipline?

The true spirit of discipline means you should subordinate (sacrifice) your own judgement, convenience and

wishes to the welfare of other people.

13. What makes student give way to emotions easily?

Student young unsophisticated and simple (like children). So, they naturally become emotional and act

without serious thinking.

14. What should be the students’ attitude to the Government should be one of acquiescence – that is they must

accept the Government and honour its rules and regulations.

Phrasal Verbs Meanings

1) give up - abandon an attempt to do something

2) lay over - stop at a place on a journey

3) get back - return

4) stand – offish - aloof, reserved

5) stand back - move back

6) get on - have a friendly relationship (with), cope with

7) give in - yield

8) stand out - continue to resist

9) lay by - keep for future use



(1) Say “No” generally.

(2) Say “yes” very, very selectively

You simply concentrate your thought, time and effort on your one main goal. You cannot possibly do all of the things

you will be asked to do. So you are going to have to say ‘No’ to a lot of desirable and worth while things, simply

because they are “incompatible” with the necessary work you must do to reach your main goal. Don’t be afraid of

failure. Failure is an accepted procedure in experimenting, research, testing and all scientific forms of “finding out”.

Failure is simply the means of finding out what will not work so that it can be eliminated in the search for what will

work. So there is no need to think of failure as something to be feared and avoided.

Edison and his staff conducted 17,000 experiments which failed before they succeeded in the one experiment which

enabled them to extract latex insubstantial quantities from just one variety of plant, which was worth the 17,000

failures! Besides, failure is good for your character and personality. It is a challenging experience. The next step is to

develop proper self-concept. What you think about yourself is very important. Persons with high self-esteem feel

unique, competent, secure, empowered and connected to the people around them. Whereas people who have poor

self-concept feel insecure, lack self confidence and become withdrawn. To improve your self-esteem, become aware

of your hidden potentialities and activate them. Take note of your short comings and drawbacks and try to overcome

them. You can prepare a ‘Weed list’ and a ‘Seed list’. Believe firmly that you can improve. As the Bhagavad Gita

says, “One should lift oneself by one’s own efforts and should not degrade oneself; for one’s own self is

one’s friend, and one’s own self is one’s enemy”.

Another aspect of self-development is ‘Time Management’. Time is your most valuable resource. Successful

people are those who manage their time efficiently. They find time for everything; reading newspapers, jogging and

even occasional visits to the cinema. Since they have planned everything, they feel relaxed and do their work

efficiently. What about you? Do you make optimum use of your time? To know this, write down all you did yesterday

with the amount of time spent on each activity. Then you will realise how much time is being wasted on useless

activities and why you are not able to achieve your targets in time. Draw a time-table for your daily activities and try to

stick to it. Keeping a diary is another useful habit which you must cultivate. This will help you review and monitor your

progress.

Many people make themselves miserable by trying to imitate others. Mrs. Edith Allred was one such person. She

remained unhappy even after she married into a poised and self-confident family. A chance remark by her mother-in-

law transformed her life. While talking about how she brought her children up, her mother-in-law said, “No matter what

happened, I always insisted on their being themselves”. In a flash Mrs. Allred realised that she had brought misery on

herself by trying to fit herself into a pattern to which she did not conform. She changed overnight. She started being

herself. She tried to make a study of her own personality. Now she is the happiest person.

The renowned psychologist, William James was speaking of people who had never found themselves when he

declared that the average person develops only ten percent of his or her latent abilities.

You and I have such abilities. So, do not waste a second worrying because you are not like other people. Remember

you are unique. There never was and never will be anybody exactly like you. Make the most of what nature gave you.

For better or for worse, you must play your own instrument in the orchestra of life.

As Emerson says, “Envy is ignorance and imitation is suicide”. No real benefit will come to you except through

your own toil. Nature has given you the power. You only know what you can and cannot do. So, find yourself and be

yourself. There are people who keep on grumbling and complaining. For them here is the story of Harold Abbott who



Choose the antonyms of the italicised words from the options given:

1. The first step is to set yourself clear goals, to define precisely what you want to achieve.

(a) elaborately (b) simply (c) vaguely (d) exactly

2. Persons with high self-esteem feel unique.

(a) lonely (b) better (c) unnerved (d) common

3. She remained unhappy even after she married into a poised and self-confident family.

(a) poor (b) balanced (c) unbalanced (d) arrogant

4. The average person develops only ten percent of his or her latent abilities.

(a) acquired (b) apparent (c) early (d) inborn

5. One should lift oneself by one’s own efforts and should not degrade oneself.

(a) accuse (b) elevate (c) lower (d) deliver

Comprehension:

I. Level I

1. Is the road to success smooth? What is unique about winners?

2. What is the first step to success?

3. What is a ‘GOAL COMMAND’?

4. Why should we say ‘No’ generally?

5. How should we treat failure?

6. How can we improve our self-concept?

7. How do successful people manage their time?

8. Why was Mrs. Allred miserable?

9. What is the message of Emerson?

10. Which incident brought a turning-point in the life of Harold Abbott?

11. Why should we be grateful to God?

12. What are our assets?

13. How should we tackle our work?

II. Level II

1. Mention briefly the steps that we must take to achieve success in our lives.

2. How can we increase our happiness according to the author?

3. Which authors and books have been quoted in this essay?

4. What are the three biographical anecdotes mentioned in the essay?

5. What two practical suggestions are made, regarding goals and time management?

VISION FOR THE NATION – ABDULKALAM

India is a nation of a billion people. A nation’s progress depends upon how its people think. It is thoughts

which are transformed into actions. India has to think as a nation of a billion people. Let the young minds blossom –

full of thoughts, the thoughts of prosperity.

Nations are built by the imagination and untiring enthusiastic efforts of generations. One generation transfers

the fruits of its toil to another which then take forward the mission. As the coming generation also has its dreams and

aspirations for the nation’s future, it therefore adds something from its side to the national vision; which the next

generation strives hard to achieve. This process goes on and the nation climbs steps of glory and gains higher

strength.



referred to some special features of the Indian psyche which could partly explain this: greater tolerance, less

discipline, the lack of a sense of retaliation, more flexibility in accepting outsiders, great adherence to hierarchy, and

emphasis on personal safety over adventure. Some felt that a combination of many of these features has affected our

ability to pursue a vision tenaciously.

We believe that as a nation and as a people we need to shed our cynicism and initiate concrete action to

realise the second vision for the nation. The first vision, seeded around 1857, was for India to become politically

independent; the second one is to become a fully developed nation. Our successful action will lead to further action,

bringing the vision much closer to reality. Perhaps in a decade from now we may even be judged as having been

cautious and conservative! We will be happy if the action taken proves that they could have been still bolder in

advocating a faster march towards a developed India!

We had written this chapter before the nuclear tests on 11 May 1998. The details of the numbers

projected in the tables and figures may change but our belief in what we say there remains unchanged. In any case,

they are meant to be indicative of directions for change. We have seen the reactions to the tests within the country in

the Indian and foreign media. We have also had the benefit of private conversations with many Indians. In all these, I

observed one striking feature: a number of persons in the fifty-plus bracket and especially those who are in powerful

positions in government, industry, business and academia, seem to lack the will to face problems. They would like to

be supported by other countries in every action we have to take in the country. This is not a good sign after fifty years

of an independent India which has all along emphasised ‘self reliance’.

We are not advocating xenophobia nor isolation. But all of us have to be clear that nobody is going to hold our

hands to lead us into the ‘developed country club’. Nuclear tests are the culmination of efforts to apply nuclear

technology for national security. When we carried out the tests in May 1998, India witnessed issuing of sanctions by a

few developed countries. In the process, the same countries have purposely collapsed their own doctrine of global

marketing, global finance systems and global village. Hence India has to evolve its own original economic policy, as

well as development, business and marketing strategies.

It is not just that the Indian nuclear tests are resented. If tomorrow Indian software export achieves a sizable

share in the global market, becoming third or fourth or fifth in size, we should expect different types of reactions.

Today, we are a small percentage of the total trade in software or information technology. Similarly, if India becomes a

large enough exporter of wheat or rice or agro-food products to take it into an exclusive club of four or five top food

grain-exporting nations, various new issues would be raised couched in scientific and technical terms ranging from

phyto-sanitary specifications to our contribution to global warming. Multilateral regimes to these effects exist in terms

of General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs-1948 (GATT) and other environment-related multilateral treaties. India

cannot afford not to sign these treaties, though we could have done our homework a little better during the

negotiations. We have to face what we have with us. We need to play the multilateral game, attract foreign

investments, have joint ventures and be an active international player. Still, we have to remember that those who aim

high, have to learn to walk alone too, when required. There are economic and social problems in South-East Asia and

Japan. Each country is trying to tackle them in its own way. There is a variety in the approaches. Some may overcome

the difficulties and some may not.

We believe India can still emerge a major developed country and all its people can contribute to and share in

the prosperity. Our hope lies in the fact that even in the older generation, there are a number of persons who are

ready to face the challenges. Most of the people are proud to see an India that is bold. In addition, the younger

generation is ready to take action in such a complex environment. Many of them have to contend with difficult

hierarchical structures in the Indian systems, whether in the private or public sector, in government or in academia.

They are ready to rough it out. That is where our hopes lie for the realisation of the Second Vision.



4. It is not just that the Indian nuclear tests are resented.

a) criticised b) refused c) hailed d) accepted

5. Only people with many embodied skills and knowledge and with ignited minds can be ready for such a long term

vision.

a) encouraged b) extinguished c) subdued d) ignored

Comprehension:

Level I

1. Why are visions necessary for a nation?

2. What does a developed nation mean?

3. ‘This is not a good signL..’ Why does the author make such a remark?

4. What is a nation without vision compared to?

5. What is the key to reaching the status of a developed nation?

6. What type of people can achieve a long term vision?

7. What is ‘xenophobia’?

8. What does the author mean by ‘multilateral game’?

Level II

1. What was our ‘first vision’?

2. What was the second vision conceived for?

3. What should a nation do to achieve the status of a developed nation?

4. What were the special features of our nation that affected our ability to pursue a vision tenaciously?

5. Why should India evolve its own original economic policy and adopt original strategies?

6. “Those who aim high, have to learn to walk alone too”. Explain

7. Where, according to the author do our hopes lie for the realisation of the second vision?



HOPE SPENCER’S ‘KEEP YOUR SPIRITS HIGH’



immediate right the Nanda Pal glacier slopes down sharply. It could easily have been built up as a very

challenging ski slope except, of course, for the fact that it ends in a cold and menacing snout with icy waters flowing

beneath. I feel as if I have trespassed on some hidden and forbidden world of beautiful peaks and ominous glaciers.

For the locals the glaciated region is one to be feared - a land of demons and spirits waiting to devour the unholy, but

for the avid trekker, a journey into what is literally a no man’s land can be the experience of a lifetime.

To see the cold snowy peaks coming to life with the first rays of the sun is simply magical. Getting to Suraj

Kund is now the task at hand. Entire slopes have, well, slid down, taking with them the centuries old path. To my

untrained eye, the glacier looks impossible to walk on. Luckily, Khem Nam thinks otherwise – he has done a recce the

previous evening and is now sure of our route. After a big breakfast, we set off on the final leg of our pilgrimage to

Suraj Kund. It is not an easy path - we hop over stones on landslides and delicately tread on the glacier rubble. The

majestic mountains towering all around still look surreal, offering distraction from the fretful path. In all, nine smaller

glaciers feed the Milam glacier system, each with its own set of peaks from which they emerge.

Crevasses dot our route as Khem Nam lines it with dark stone markers to help us return. As we walk dead

centre of the glacier, the 80m icefall starting from the base of the Hardeoli and Trishuli peaks comes into fuller view.

The last leg is up a land slide.I turn a corner and there below, in a hidden nook sandwiched between two glaciers,

stand the twin ponds of Dudh and SurajKund with the stunning icefall forming a magnificent backdrop. I greedily

bend down to drink some water from the holy pond - it is the sweetest I have ever tasted. It is a long haul back and we

reached our camp at Ragash Kund only after nightfall.

The following morning we return to Milam; by afternoon, the skies are showering down snowflakes the size of

my palm. It snows continuously for the next three days and nights, leaving us stranded in the ‘civilisation’ of Milam.

Patience is an art well learnt when one is at the mercy of nature. Just when mine is beginning to wear thin, the skies

clear. The autumn landscape is turning wintry.

I am out on the path by six¾ there is something I am keen to see. Three kilometres down from Milam lie the ruins of

Bilju. Icicles hang from abandoned roofs, and fields of creamy snow line the tops. Facing the ghost village stand

the twin peaks of Nanda Devi main and Nanda Devi east. I am transfixed. It is like the view you get from Binsar,

but with an 800mm zoom lens attached to your eyes!

I look deeply into its visage, trying to etch in my mind every detail of the vast expanse of the valley and the

forlorn abandoned village, blessed by a goddess no less than Nanda Devi herself. I pay my obeisance, Khem Nam

and Laxmi arrive, and we head back towards Munsiyari and traffic.

[Adapted from Outlook traveller special Issue February 2004]

GLOSSARY:

• pursuit/pE'sju :t/ : act of trying to achieve something in a determined way

• entrepot/'BntrepEO/ : warehouse, commercial centre where goods are received for distribution, transhipment or

repackaging

• trail/'treIl/ : rough path

• mosey/'mEOzI/ : walk somewhere in a slow relaxed way

• gorge/'gC:dZ/ : a deep narrow valley with steep sides

• recourse/ r I 'k C : s / : something that is used to help in a difficult situation



(a) intermediate (b) alternately (c) intermittently (d) regularly

C. Read the statements given below. Then look at the passage

and say whether these statements are true or false.

i) The hardy Bhutia traders migrated to other towns and cities on their own.

ii) Every traveller who takes a route through Suraj Kund is invariably killed.

iii) One can see volcanoes in the Milam region.

iv) Nanda Pal glacier is used as a skiing ground.

v) The author patiently waited till the skies cleared in Milam.

vi) A ghost village is a place where ghosts live.

vii) In the year 1977, heavy snowfall caused a lot of damage to the terrain.

Comprehension:

Level I:

1. What was the purpose of the author’s journey to the ‘Land of Snow’?

2. Who are the five mythological Pandavas from the writer’s point of view?

3. What are the remains of the deserted village of Milam?

4. Give reasons as to why it is difficult to keep warm in the Tibetan mountain range.

5. What is meant by?

a. ‘The sun plays truant for most of the day’

b. ‘You gotta be dead first’

c. ‘His confidence is heartening’

6. Why does the writer feel that he has trespassed on some hidden or forbidden world of beauty?

Level II:

1. ‘Patience is an art well learnt when one is at the mercy of

nature’. Why does the author make this observation?

2. Why does the author say Milam has the dubious distinction of

being the highest abandoned village in the world?



BRIHADEESVARAR TEMPLE



Motorway highway, freeway,

expressway, interstate

highway, interstate

Nappy diaper

naughts and crosses tic-tack-toe

pants, underpants underpants, drawers

Pavement sidewalk

pet hate pet peeve

Petrol gas, gasoline

The Plough Big Dipper

pocket money allowance

Post mail

Post box mailbox

Postcode zip code

Postman mailman, mail carrier,

letter carrier

Pub bar

public toilet rest room, public

bathroom

Railway railroad

return (ticket) round-trip

reverse charge collect call

ring road beltway,

freeway/highway loop

road surface pavement, blacktop

roundabout traffic circle,

roundabout

rubber eraser

rubbish garbage, trash

rubbish-bin garbage can, trashcan

saloon (car) sedan

shop shop, store

silencer (car) muffler

single (ticket) one-way

solicitor lawyer, attorney

spanner wrench

sweets candy

taxi taxi, taxi cab

tea towel dish towel

third-party insurance liability insurance

timetable schedule

tin can

toll motorway toll road, turnpike

torch flashlight

trousers pants, trousers

tube (train) subway

underground (train) subway

Vest undershirt

Waistcoat vest

Whisky whisky/whiskey

Windscreen windshield

Zero Naught

Zip zipper

Aeroplane Airplane



Clothes peg Clothes pin

Corn flour Corn starch

Camp bed Cot

Candy floss Cotton candy

Caravan Motor home

Cooker Oven, stove

Casualty Emergency room

Car park Parking lot

Curriculum vitae Resume

Consultant Specialist

Cotton reel Spool

Deal in Handle

Dialling code Area code

Dressing table Dresser, vanity table

Draughts Checkers

De-ice Defrost

Dipped headlights Low beams (car)

Drawing pin Thumb tack

Eleato plast Band aid

Engine driver Locomotive engineer

Exercise book Composition book

Excited Bold, impudent

Eccentric Bad – tempered

Film Movie

First floor Second floor

Flat Apartment

Fortnight Two week

Full stop Period

Fly- post Fly – over

Foot stool Hassock

Firefly Lightning bug

Timber Lumber

Timetable Schedule

Tin Can

Torch Flash light

Trousers Pants

Tube Subway

Tick Checkmark

Tissues Kleenix

Teat Nipple (baby bottle)

Tights Panty hose

Tailback Traffic jam

Traffic light Stop light

Underground railway Subway

Railway railroad

Garden party Lawn party

Goods train Freight train

Ground floor First floor

Guard (goods train) Brake man

Guard (passenager train) Conductor

Grill Broil

Goose pimples Goose bumps



Round about Traffic circle

Shoe – lace Shoe – string

Shop Store

Shop assistant Clerk

Shop walker Floor walker

Single ticket One-way-ticket

Solicitor, barrister Barrister

Stand for office Run

Station master Station agent

Street beggar Panhandler

Stupid Dumb

Sub way Underpass

Sun rise Sunup

Sunset Sun down

Sweets Candy

Skipping rope Jump rope

Sellotape Scotch tape

Secateurs Pruning shears

Skillet Frying pan

Sportsman Athlete

Taxi Cab

Terminus terminal

Veranda Porch

Vest Waistcoat

Visiting card Calling card

Water tap Faucet

Windscreen Windshield

Working class Blue collar

Washing Laundry

Zip Zipper

Chopping board Cutting board

Dustbin Garbage

Power cut Power outage

Return journey Round trip

Vacuum flask Vacuum bottle

Watch strap Watch band

To know coaching details, sms from your mobile

1) IAS ur city2) TNPSC ur city 3) BANK ur city4) TRB ur city5) SI ur city 6) SSC ur city

Example : TNPSC MADURAI to 98404-00825 / 99627-00505.

RADIAN IAS ACADEMYCHENNAI-9840400825 MADURAI-9840433955, For other branches call/message to 9840398093 ( 315 )


Swept away - Sussane Hicckling

A close encounter - Rex Coker

Caught sneezing - Oscar Wilde

The wooden bowl - Leo Tolstoy

Swami and the sum - R. K.Narayanan

4. Whose Auto biography / Biography is this?

AUTOBIOGRAPHIES

• Abdul kalam - Turning Points

-Wings of Fire

• My Story is an autobiographical book written by Indian author and poetess Kamala Das (also known as Kamala

Surayya or Madhavi kutty). The book was originally published in Malayalam, titled Ente Katha.

• The Test of My Life: From Cricket to Cancer and Back is the Autobiography of the Indian cricketer Yuvraj

Singh. It was released on 19 March 2013.

• The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian is the autobiographical work of one of India's most controversial

writers -- Nirad C Chaudhuri

• Majya Jalmachi Chittarkatha (Marathi) is an autobiography of Shantabai Kamble published in 1983. This is

considered the first autobiographical narrative by a Dalit woman writer. This book shows the life of Indian

woman who was from lower class of the caste

• How I Became a Hindu is an autobiography by Sita Ram Goel, which he published in 1982 and enlarged in 1993

under his Voice of India imprint.

• Jakhan Choto Chilam is an autobiographical book by the famed film director Satyajit Ray. In this book, Ray

discusses his childhood days in the city of Kolkata (then Calcutta), India. The book was published in 1982.

• Living Shadows is an autobiographical book authored by Aribam Syam Sharma

• Matters of Discretion: An Autobiography is an autobiography by the Former Indian Prime Minister Inder Kumar

Gujral and the only one to be written by a former Indian Prime Minister.

• My Country My Life is an autobiographical book by L. K. Advani, an Indian politician who served as the Deputy

Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004, and was the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha.

• My Years with the IAF is the title of the autobiography of Air Chief Marshal Pratap Chandra Lal. ACM Lal was the

chief of the Indian Air Force during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. He is considered one of the best chiefs the

IAF ever had. He died while working on his book and his wife, Ela Lal, completed the work.

• A Shot at History: My Obsessive Journey to Olympic Gold is 2011 autobiography of Indian Olympic Gold

medalist Abhinav Bindra. Abhinav Singh Bindra (born 28 September 1982, in Dehradun) is an Indian shooter and

is a World and Olympic champion in the 10 m Air Rifle event. By winning the gold in the 10 m Air Rifle event at the

2008 Beijing Olympic Games, he became the first Indian to win an individual gold medal at the Olympic Games.

• Churchill in His Own Words by Winston S Churchill

• No Higher Honour by Condoleezza Rice

• Julian Assange: The Unauthorised Autobiography by Julian Assange

• Total Recall: My Unbelievably True Life Story By Arnold Schwarzenegger

• Impatient Optimist: Bill Gates in his Own Words Edited By Lisa Rogak

• Sounding Off: The Memoirs of an Oscar- winning Sound Designer Resul Pookutty By Baiju Natarajan

• Yours in Music a Graphic Autobiography By Pandit Ravi Shankar

• An Autobiography Or The Story Of My Experiments With Truth By M K Gandhi



5.Which Nationality the Poet belongs to?

America England India Others

Robert frost

Edgar A.Guest

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Jack Prelutsky

F Joanna

Stephen Vincent Benet

H W Longfellow

Walt Whitman

Shakespeare

D H Lawrence

Rudyard Kipling

Elizabeth Barret

Browning

Thomas Hardy

William wordsworth

Annie Louisa Walker

Famida Y. Basheer

Kamala Das

V.K.Gokak

Ashwin parthiban

Archibald Lampman-Canada

Ghalil Gibran - lebanon

6.Characters, Quotes, Important Lines from the following works of Indian Authors:

Sahitya Akademi Award winner: Thakazhi Sivasankaran Pillai – ‘Farmer’

Characters:

• Kesavan Nair (Small farmer)

• Outhakutty (Big farmer)

• Kutti chovan (Kesavan Nair’s friend)

• Kutty Mappila (Kesavan Nair’s friend)

• Land lord

That fifty-para paddy field is owned by someone in Vaikom. Kesavan Nair has been cultivating it for the last forty

years. Before that, Kesavan Nair’s uncle was its cultivator.

Some ten years ago, when paddy prices were as high as five to seven rupees a bushel, rich people from

Changanassery and Thiruvalla, had come there for paddy cultivation. They got on lease, groups of paddy fields.

They used a tractor for deep-ploughing and new fertilisers, to produce bumper crops. And they made huge profits.

Kesavan Nair’s fifty Para was in the centre of such groups of fields. Big – time farmer, Outhakkutty, met Kesavan

Nair one day, on the mud-bund of the field. The crop in the “fifty” was poor when compared to those around it.

Outhakkutty broke in, by way of exchanging civilities: “Why is the paddy not lush and robust enough? Didn’t you use

fertilisers?”

That question struck Kesavan Nair’s heart. The neighbouring farmer insinuates that the paddy he cultivates is inferior

in growth!

“After you big guys came, can we drain out the water at the right times?

No time is convenient enough for you. We can do farm work only at your convenience”.

Outhakkutty, an arch diplomat, said, “Why do you say that, Uncle Kesavan?

I had specifically arranged with my people to pay heed to your convenience.”



“The shoots are properly sunned, aren’t they, Uncle Kesavan?

Kesavan Nair turned around. It was Outhakutty. Suddenly Kesavan Nair’s obsession about the adharma upset him.

Outhakutty stood there as if he had caught the culprit. He, Kesavan Nair, should give him a proper explanation. He

had to establish his innocence in the matter. With a troubled smile, Kesavan Nair said, “Upon my grand-uncle! Upon

this ‘puncha-kandam’ which is true to its tradition, it is not I who breached the bund, Outhakutty! I am a true farmer. A

farmer worth his name would never do such an adharma.”

Outhakutty watched Kesavan Nair’s anxiety. “Why do you swear by your ancestors, Uncle Kesavan? It is not you who

breached the bund. It’s I who did it. I did it because I saw your paddy submerged.”

Kesavan Nair was relieved. His eyes shone. “Is it true? Tell me the truth!

Oh, it’s such a relief! May you do well in life, my boy! I feared I would have to carry the weight of this infamy with me till

my death.”

Outhakutty once more said emphatically. “Yes, Uncle Kesavan. It’s I who did it. Although you hate me, can I hate you?

When I saw that sight, my heart nearly stopped. I opened the breach. Let my paddy perish, if it has to, I said to

myself”.

Outhakutty said, glancing all over the “fifty”. “If you could sprinkle a little manure, the crop would be excellent, Uncle

Kesavan.”

“I was thinking of that just now.”

“Then you have to do it.”

“One should have money for that. Money! I don’t have money”.

“If you want a good crop, you should spend money.”

“The times are such.”

Outhakutty said, as if because of his fondness for Kesavan Nair: “Uncle Kesavan! May I say something?”

“Why are you taking all this trouble, Uncle Kesavan? I’ll give you the lease-rent for the landlord at Vaikom and

fifty bushels of paddy extra. Hand over the field to me. Why toil so much in your old age?”

Kesavan Nair suddenly became another person altogether. He was furious.

Yet, controlling his anger, he said: “No, no. Keep that thought to yourself Outhakutty. We have cultivated this field right

from the times of our ancestors.

No one else shall cultivate it.”

“That’s all right. You are the lessee of the Vaikom landlord. And I will be your lessee”.

“No. That won’t do. I was born a farmer. Farming is my occupation. And I have five heads of cattle, besides. They

need the hay. No. It won’t work, OuthakuttyL.”

No manure was put in the “fifty”. The crop was bad. Dismal, that is. During the harvest season, Kesavan Nair could

not get hold of reapers. All around,

Outhakutty’s first-rate crop was there; if they reaped that the reapers would get two bushels of paddy as percentage

wage.

The paddy was getting overripe. At last, the members of KuttyMappila’s and Kuttichovan’s families, and Kesavan

Nair’s family members together reaped the field.

The crop was very, very bad. It was doubtful whether there would be sufficient paddy to pay the lease-rent. Kutty

Mappila, Kuttichovan and Kesavan Nair conferred together. Kutty Mappila’s opinion was that the lease-rent need only

be proportionate to the crop output. Till that moment, there wasn’t even a grain of paddy as outstanding payment of

rent. “You can give more, if next year’s crop is better.”

Kesavan Nair couldn’t agree to that.



sold. She didn’t like the idea, though. Kesavan Nair sold a cow without the consent of his wife. The money the cow’s

sale brought in was sufficient only for ten bushels of seed-paddy and ten rupees for the labour charges. Kesavan Nair

tied up the seed-paddy and put it in water. He took out the seed the following day. Not even half of it had germinated.

And he was supposed to sow that day itself. KuttyMappila advised him to sow it as it was. It will germinate, lying in the

soil!

That’s the only way out, besides. He did just that.

The paddy was growing robustly in the neighbouring fields. In the “fifty”, weeds had grown thickly. Not even a single

shoot was to be seen. The harvest that year was over. There was no need to reap the “fifty”. The date of handing over

the lease-rent paddy had expired. Thirumulpad reached the spot. Kesavan Nair was in hiding. For three days,

Thirumulpad went about looking for him. He was not to be found.

The next day, Outhakkutty’s men got into the “fifty” and ploughed the field. Thirumulpad stood on the mud-bund,

looking on. The sowing of the next crop was over. Early every morning, Kesavan Nair would go out to the fields, like a

farmer who had a crop to look after. On watching him go, one would think that he really had a crop somewhere. He

returned home only after the day had progressed. It was the habit of forty years.

The paddy in the “fifty” was growing high, as if challenging Kesavan Nair.

He’d go there everyday. When once he spotted a slight yellowing of the plants, his heart burned. He sought out

Outhakkutty and reported the matter. Not only that; he stood by and had the necessary remedial measures carried

out.

- Translated by A J Thomas

Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, (1912 - 1999) popularly referred to as ‘Thakazhi’, is the most celebrated contemporary

Malayalam writer. He is, without doubt, the most well-known Malayalam novelist and his short novel“Chemmeen”

was given international reception.Thakazhi was the recipient of many awards and honours – the Bharatiya Jnanpith

Award, (1984). TheSoviet Land Nehru Award (1975), The Sahitya Akademi Award (1957) and Vayalar Rama Varma

Award (1980).Though a ‘Vakil’ by profession, Thakazhi’s heart was not in his profession and after twenty years of

working as a ‘Pleader’, he took to full-time writing. Thakazhi wrote in Malayalam, his mother tongue, and was an active

writer for 65 years. He wrote over 35 novels and many short stories.

Glossary:

bushel /'bOLl/ : a unit for measuring grain = 8 gallons

lease /li:s/ : contract where land / property is rented

parched /pA:tLt/ : dry

wilted /wIltId/ : having lost freshness

jostled /'dZBsld/ : pushed roughly

submerged /sEb'mE:dZd/ : under the surface of water

culminated /'kVlmIneItId/ : reached the final stage

consternation /kBnstE'neILn/ : feeling of anxiety

breaches /bri:tLIz/ : openings

soliloquising /sE'lIlEkwaIzIN/ : speaking to oneself

perpertrated /'pE:pItreItId/ : did something wrong

infamy /'InfEmI/ : a bad and shocking act or event

spillage /spIlIdZ/ : amount spilt

relinquish /rI'lINkwIL/ : give up

prodigally /'prBdIgElI/ : spending money wastefully without thinking of the consequences



MY GRANDMOTHER’S HOUSE (Poem)

-KAMALA DAS

R K NARAYAN - SWAMI AND THE SUM

Characters:

1) Swaminathan

2) Swaminathan’s Father

3) Shankar, the most brilliant boy in swami’s class

4) Samuel, swami’s classmate

5) Rama and Krishna – characters in the sum



DR APJ ABDUL KALAM - VISION FOR THE NATION

- REFER PART B SECTION 8

INDRA ANANTHA KRISHNA- THE NEEM TREE



Characters

•Malar, Malar's Grandmother

•Malar's teacher

•Dance teacher

•Nila, Malar's friend

•Principal

LAKSHMI MUKUNTAN- THE ANT EATER AND THE DASSIE



Important characters:

Tendai – The small boy who listened to a story from his grandmother

Dassie – The African rat

The Ant eater or the pangolin

Important lines and quotes: ‘There is more than one way to do a thing’



7. Drama Famous lines, characters, quotes from JULIUS CAESAR - THE MERCHANT OF VENICE

Refer Part B Section 5

THE MERCHANT OF VENICE

- William Shakespeare

Identify the characters:

1) The quality of mercy is not strain’d

It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven

Upon the place beneath. It is twice blessed:

2) Yes, here I tender it for him in the court;

Yea, twice the sum, if that will not suffice, I will be bound to pay it ten times o’er,

3) It is an attribute to God himself;

And earthly power doth then show likest God’s

When mercy seasons justice.

4) Most heartily I do beseech the court

To give the judgment.

5) Take then thy bond, take thou thy pound of flesh;

But, in the cutting it, if thou dost shed

One drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods

Are, by the laws of Venice, confiscate

Unto the state of Venice.



SOLUTION:

1) Portia

2) Bassanio

3) Portia

4) Antonio

5) Portia

6) Portia

7) Portia

8) Shylock

9) Portia

10) Portia

11) Shylock

12) Portia

13) Portia

14) Portia

15) Shylock

16) Portia

17) Portia

18) Portia

19) Shylock

20) Shylock

21) Shylock

22) Portia

23) Shylock

24) Portia

Identify the characters given from the extract known for the funeral orations of Brutus and Mark Antony:

1) If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend of Caesar’s, to him I say that

Brutus’ love to Caesar was no less than his.

2) Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;

3) I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him.

4) Methinks there is much reason in his sayings.

5) The evil that men do lives after them;

6) Here comes his body, mourned by Mark Antony, who,

though he had no hand in his death, shall receive the benefit

of his dying, a place in the commonwealth; as which of

you shall not?

7) Poor soul! his eyes are red as fire

with weeping.

8) The good is oft interred with their bones;

9) The noble Brutus

Hath told you Caesar was ambitious:

If it were so, it was a grievous fault;

10) not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved

Rome more.

11) For Brutus is an honourable man;

So are they all; all honourable men,—

12) When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept:

Ambition should be made of sterner stuff:

13) Romans, countrymen, and lovers!

14) You all did see that on the Lupercal

I thrice presented him a kingly crown,

Which he did thrice refuse

15) My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar,

And I must pause till it come back to me.

16) If thou consider rightly of the matter, Caesar has had great wrong.

17) This was the most unkindest cut of all;

18) Has he, masters?

I fear there will a worse come in his place.

19) Mark’d ye his words? He would not 75

take the crown;

Therefore ’tis certain he was not ambitious.

20) Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar lov’d him!



8. MATCH THE PLACES, POET, DRAMATIST, PAINTER WITH SUITABLE OPTION:

• Pieros : - paintings by Italian painter Piero della Francesca (1410 or 1420 - 1492)

• Baldovinetti : - painting by Florentine painter Allessio Baldovinetti (1425 - 1499)

• Cassoni : - name of a painting by Francesco Pesellino, an Italian Renaissance painter

• Virgil : - Classical Roman Poet (70-19 B.C.)

• Moliere : - French dramatist (1622-1673)

• Botticelli : - Italian Renaissance painter (1445-1510)

• John Julius Angerstein (1732 – 22 January 1823), a London businessman and Lloyd’s under-writer, was a patron

of the fine arts and a collector.

• Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375), Italian Renaissance writer

• Giovanni Boldini (1842–1931), Italian painter

• Giovanni Bellini (c. 1430 – 1516), Italian Renaissance painter

• Christopher Anstey (31 October, 1724 – 3 August, 1805) was an English writer and poet.

• Giovanni da Empoli - a fictional painter

• Quattrocento : - the fifteenth century

• The cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento (from the

Italian for the number 400, or from "millequattrocento," 1400). Quattrocento encompasses the artistic styles of the

late Middle Ages (most notably International Gothic) and the early Renaissance.

• Sandro Botticelli's Annunciation, painted from 1489-1490, is an example of Quattrocento art.

9. MATCH THE FOLLOWING FOLK ARTS WITH THE INDIAN STATE / COUNTRY:

LIST OF INDIAN FOLK DANCES

Andhra Pradesh

• Kolattam

• Kuchipudi

• Bathakamma

• Perini

• Thapetta gullu

Arunachal Pradesh

• Bardo Chham

Assam

• Bihu dance

• Jhumur Nach of Tea

Garden workers

• Bagurumba of Bodo

Community

• Ali Ai Ligang of Mishing

Community

• Tubal choubi

Bihar

• Natanatini

• Jatra

• Lagui

Chhattisgarh

• Panthi

• Raut Nacha

• Saila Dance

• Karma Dance

Goa:

• Ghode modni

• Tarangmel

Gujarat

• Garba

• Padhar

• Raas

• Tippani Dance

• Dandiya dance

Himachal Pradesh

• Kinnauri Nati

• Namgen

• Hikar

• Keryata

Haryana

• Dhamyal

• swang

Karnataka

• Yakshagana

• Bayalata

• Dollu Kunitha

• Veeragaase dance

Kashmir

• Dumhal

• Rauf



INDIAN FOLK PAINTINGS

Phad

Paintings

• Painted by Joshis of Shahpura, they have been used for centuries as a backdrop by the bards

(bhopas) of Rajasthan who go from village to village singing about the exploits of legendary

heroes.

Tanjore

paintings

• Tanjore paintings are famous folk art from south Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

• These paintings represent an important form of classical South Indian painting style which is

native to the town of Thanjavur (also know as Tanjore) in Tamil Nadu.

Warli

Paintings

• Maharashtra

Madhubani

Paintings

• Madhubani or Mithila art is persistent in some areas of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

Pata Chitra

Paintings

• Pata Chitra paintings have paintings that are inspired by the Bhakti movement.

• They are mainly based on the religious subjects that revolve around Lord Jagannathat Puri's

famous Jagannath Temple.

• Patachitra painting is a distinct art form that originated in Orissa.

Pichwai

Paintings

• Pichwai paintings are cloth paintings that depict the scenes from the life of lord Krishna and are

used as the backdrop for his idol in the Nathdwara temple, near Udaipur.

Gond

Paintings

• popular among most tribes in Madhya Pradesh

• Gond paintings are made by Gondi people who live in parts of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,

Chattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.

Kalamkari

Paintings

• Kalamkari painting is a beautiful art form of Andhra Pradesh.

• Kalamkari literally means, Kalam (pen) and kari (work), which means art work done using a

pen.

• Masulipatnam and Kalahasti are the two main areas where this art is practiced.

Kalighat

Paintings

• Kalighat in Kolkata, West Bengal, is famous as a Hindu pilgrimage.

• Kalighat is the place where the temple in honor of the goddess Kali is built.

• These paintings originated in the 19th century, in the vicinity of Kalighat Kali Temple, Kalighat,

Kolkata.

Santhal

Paintings

• The Santhal tribe, one of the eminent tribes belonging to the state of Bihar (India), has a

distinctive technique of painting, which is well-known as Santhal paintings.

Others:

Kolam • Tamil Nadu

• Floor decoration is one of the most popular forms of art in any culture all over the world.

• This is also to be found in every part of India in different medium like Alpana, Rangoli, Kolam,

Sanjhi etc. Kolam is the most important part in the cultural and religious festivals of South India.

• During Pongal and other festivals, this decorative art work is done on the floor in front of the house

and on the space before the alter of the deity.

• Kolam, like other floor decorative arts of India, is a symbol of fortune

Phulkari • Phulkari actually means “flowered work”. This term is used for a type of embroidery practised by folk

women in Punjab



10. MATCH THE AUTHOR WITH THE RELEVANT TITLE/CHARACTER

Note: Refer to all the authors and their works in the syllabus in all relevant sections

11. MATCH THE CHARACTERS WITH RELEVANT STORY TITLE

THE SELFISH GIANT

REFER PART B SECTION 6

Important Characters: The giant, the little boy

HOW THE CAMEL GOT ITS HUMP

- RUDYARD KIPLING

Rudyard Kipling of “East is East and West is West, and Never the Twain Shall Meet” fame was born in Bombay

in 1865. His “Jungle Book” stories were made into hugely successful Walt Disney films. Kipling was awarded the

Nobel Prize in 1902 and he was the first Englishman to win the prize. A prolific writer, even of barrack room

ballads and popular poems like “If”, he became a recluse after the death of his son. Kipling died in 1936.

In the beginning of years, when the world was so new and all, and the Animals were just beginning to work for Man,

there was a Camel, and he lived in the middle of a Howling Desert because he did not want to work; and besides, he

was a Howler himself. So he ate sticks and thorns and tamarisks and milkweed and prickles, most 'scruciating idle;

and when anybody spoke to him he said 'Humph!' Just 'Humph!' and no more.

Presently the Horse came to him on Monday morning, with a saddle on his back and a bit in his mouth, and said,

'Camel, O Camel, come out and trot like the rest of us.'



The Djinn sat down, with his chin in his hand, and began to think a Great Magic, while the Camel looked at his own

reflection in the pool of water.

The Djinn makes the beginnings of the Magic that brought the Humph to the Camel. First he drew a line in the air with

his finger, and it became solid: and then he made a cloud, and then he made an egg and then there was a magic

pumpkin that turned into a big white flame. Then the Djinn took his magic fan and fanned that flame till the flame

turned into a magic by itself. It was a good Magic and a very kind Magic really, though it had to give the Camel a

Humph because the Camel was lazy. The Djinn in charge of All Deserts was one of the nicest of the Djinns, so he

would never do anything really unkind.

'You've given the Three extra work ever since Monday morning, all on account of your 'scruciating idleness,' said the

Djinn; and he went on thinking Magics, with his chin in his hand.

'Humph!' said the Camel.

'I shouldn't say that again if I were you,' said the Djinn; 'you might say it once too often. Bubbles, I want you to work.'

And the Camel said 'Humph!' again; but no sooner had he said it than he saw his back, that he was so proud of,

puffing up and puffing up into a great big lolloping humph.

HERE is the picture of the Djinn in charge of All Deserts guiding the Magic with his magic fan. The camel is eating a

twig ofacacia, and he has just finished saying "humph" once too often (the Djinn told him he would), and so the

Humph is coming. The long towelly-thing growing out of the thing like an onion is the Magic, and you can see the

Humph on its shoulder. The Humph fits on the flat part of the Camel's back. The Camel is too busy looking at his own

beautiful self in the pool of water to know what is going to happen to him.

Underneath the truly picture is a picture of the World-so-new-and-all. There are two smoky volcanoes in it, some other

mountains and some stones and a lake and a black island and a twisty river and a lot of other things, as well as a

Noah's Ark. I couldn't draw all the deserts that the Djinnn was in charge of, so I only drew one, but it is a most deserty

desert.

'Do you see that?' said the Djinn. 'That's your very own humph that you've brought upon your very own self by not

working. To-day is Thursday, and you've done no work since Monday, when the work began. Now you are going to

work.'

'How can I,' said the Camel, 'with this humph on my back?'

'That's made a-purpose,' said the Djinn, 'all because you missed those three days. You will be able to work now for

three days without eating, because you can live on your humph; and don't you ever say I never did anything for you.

Come out of the Desert and go to the Three, and behave. Humph yourself!'

And the Camel humphed himself, humph and all, and went away to join the Three. And from that day to this the Camel

always wears a humph (we call it 'hump' now, not to hurt his feelings); but he has never yet caught up with the three

days that he missed at the beginning of the world, and he has never yet learned how to behave.



Looking at his wife, Ivan Dmitritch gave a broad, senseless smile, like a baby when a bright object is shown it. His wife

smiled too; it was as pleasant to her as to him that he only mentioned the series, and did not try to find out the number

of the winning ticket. To torment and tantalize oneself with hopes of possible fortune is so sweet, so thrilling!

"It is our series," said Ivan Dmitritch, after a long silence. "So there is a probability that we have won. It's only a

probability, but there it is!"

"Well, now look!"

"Wait a little. We have plenty of time to be disappointed. It's on the second line from the top, so the prize is seventy-

five thousand. That's not money, but power, capital! And in a minute I shall look at the list, and there -- 26! Eh? I say,

what if we really have won?"

The husband and wife began laughing and staring at one another in silence. The possibility of winning bewildered

them; they could not have said, could not have dreamed, what they both needed that seventy-five thousand for, what

they would buy, where they would go. They thought only of the figures 9,499 and 75,000 and pictured them in their

imagination, while somehow they could not think of the happiness itself which was so possible.

Ivan Dmitritch, holding the paper in his hand, walked several times from corner to corner, and only when he had

recovered from the first impression began dreaming a little.

"And if we have won," he said -- "why, it will be a new life, it will be a transformation! The ticket is yours, but if it were

mine I should, first of all, of course, spend twenty-five thousand on real property in the shape of an estate; ten

thousand on immediate expenses, new furnishing . . . travelling . . . paying debts, and so on. . . . The other forty

thousand I would put in the bank and get interest on it."

"Yes, an estate, that would be nice," said his wife, sitting down and dropping her hands in her lap.

"Somewhere in the Tula or Oryol provinces. . . . In the first place we shouldn't need a summer villa, and besides, it

would always bring in an income."

And pictures came crowding on his imagination, each more gracious and poetical than the last. And in all these

pictures he saw himself well-fed, serene, healthy, felt warm, even hot! Here, after eating a summer soup, cold as ice,

he lay on his back on the burning sand close to a stream or in the garden under a lime-tree. . . . It is hot. . . . His little

boy and girl are crawling about near him, digging in the sand or catching ladybirds in the grass. He dozes sweetly,

thinking of nothing, and feeling all over that he need not go to the office today, tomorrow, or the day after. Or, tired of

lying still, he goes to the hayfield, or to the forest for mushrooms, or watches the peasants catching fish with a net.

When the sun sets he takes a towel and soap and saunters to the bathing-shed, where he undresses at his leisure,

slowly rubs his bare chest with his hands, and goes into the water. And in the water, near the opaque soapy circles,

little fish flit to and fro and green water-weeds nod their heads. After bathing there is tea with cream and milk rolls. . . .

In the evening a walk or vint with the neighbours.

"Yes, it would be nice to buy an estate," said his wife, also dreaming, and from her face it was evident that she was

enchanted by her thoughts.



with oily, hypocritical smiles. Wretched, detestable people! If they were given anything, they would ask for more; while

if they were refused, they would swear at them, slander them, and wish them every kind of misfortune.

Ivan Dmitritch remembered his own relations, and their faces, at which he had looked impartially in the past, struck

him now as repulsive and hateful.

"They are such reptiles!" he thought.

And his wife's face, too, struck him as repulsive and hateful. Anger surged up in his heart against her, and he thought

malignantly:

"She knows nothing about money, and so she is stingy. If she won it she would give me a hundred roubles, and put

the rest away under lock and key."

And he looked at his wife, not with a smile now, but with hatred. She glanced at him too, and also with hatred and

anger. She had her own daydreams, her own plans, her own reflections; she understood perfectly well what her

husband's dreams were. She knew who would be the first to try and grab her winnings.

"It's very nice making daydreams at other people's expense!" is what her eyes expressed. "No, don't you dare!"

Her husband understood her look; hatred began stirring again in his breast, and in order to annoy his wife he glanced

quickly, to spite her at the fourth page on the newspaper and read out triumphantly:

"Series 9,499, number 46! Not 26!"

Hatred and hope both disappeared at once, and it began immediately to seem to Ivan Dmitritch and his wife that their

rooms were dark and small and low-pitched, that the supper they had been eating was not doing them good, but lying

heavy on their stomachs, that the evenings were long and wearisome. . . .

"What the devil's the meaning of it?" said Ivan Dmitritch, beginning to be ill-humoured. "Wherever one steps there are

bits of paper under one's feet, crumbs, husks. The rooms are never swept! One is simply forced to go out. Damnation

take my soul entirely! I shall go and hang myself on the first aspen-tree!"

THE LAST LEAF

– O’HENRY

Important Characters: Suedie Johnsy (the sick), Old Bherman (painter)

In a little district west of Washington Square the streets have run crazy and broken themselves into small strips

called "places." These "places" make strange angles and curves. One Street crosses itself a time or two. An artist

once discovered a valuable possibility in this street. Suppose a collector with a bill for paints, paper and canvas

should, in traversing this route, suddenly meet himself coming back, without a cent having been paid on account!

So, to quaint old Greenwich Village the art people soon came prowling, hunting for north windows and eighteenth-

century gables and Dutch attics and low rents. Then they imported some pewter mugs and a chafing dish or two from

Sixth Avenue, and became a "colony."

At the top of a squatty, three-story brick Sue and Johnsy had their studio. "Johnsy" was familiar for Joanna. One was



"Twelve," she said, and little later "eleven"; and then "ten," and "nine"; and then "eight" and "seven", almost

together.

Sue look solicitously out of the window. What was there to count? There was only a bare, dreary yard to be seen, and

the blank side of the brick house twenty feet away. An old, old ivy vine, gnarled and decayed at the roots, climbed

half way up the brick wall. The cold breath of autumn had stricken its leaves from the vine until its skeleton

branches clung, almost bare, to the crumbling bricks.

"What is it, dear?" asked Sue.

"Six," said Johnsy, in almost a whisper. "They're falling faster now. Three days ago there were almost a hundred. It

made my head ache to count them. But now it's easy. There goes another one. There are only five left now."

"Five what, dear? Tell your Sudie."

"Leaves. On the ivy vine. When the last one falls I must go, too. I've known that for three days. Didn't the doctor

tell you?"

"Oh, I never heard of such nonsense," complained Sue, with magnificent scorn. "What have old ivy leaves to do with

your getting well? And you used to love that vine so, you naughty girl. Don't be a goosey. Why, the doctor told me this

morning that your chances for getting well real soon were - let's see exactly what he said - he said the chances were

ten to one! Why, that's almost as good a chance as we have in New York when we ride on the street cars or walk past

a new building. Try to take some broth now, and let Sudie go back to her drawing, so she can sell the editor man with

it, and buy port wine for her sick child, and pork chops for her greedy self."

"You needn't get any more wine," said Johnsy, keeping her eyes fixed out the window. "There goes another. No, I

don't want any broth. That leaves just four. I want to see the last one fall before it gets dark. Then I'll go, too."

"Johnsy, dear," said Sue, bending over her, "will you promise me to keep your eyes closed, and not look out the

window until I am done working? I must hand those drawings in by to-morrow. I need the light, or I would draw the

shade down."

"Couldn't you draw in the other room?" asked Johnsy, coldly.

"I'd rather be here by you," said Sue. "Beside, I don't want you to keep looking at those silly ivy leaves."

"Tell me as soon as you have finished," said Johnsy, closing her eyes, and lying white and still as fallen statue,

"because I want to see the last one fall. I'm tired of waiting. I'm tired of thinking. I want to turn loose my hold on

everything, and go sailing down, down, just like one of those poor, tired leaves."

"Try to sleep," said Sue. "I must call Behrman up to be my model for the old hermit miner. I'll not be gone a minute.

Don't try to move 'til I come back."

Old Behrman was a painter who lived on the ground floor beneath them. He was past sixty and had a Michael



"Dear, dear!" said Sue, leaning her worn face down to the pillow, "think of me, if you won't think of yourself. What

would I do?"

But Johnsy did not answer. The lonesome thing in all the world is a soul when it is making ready to go on its

mysterious, far journey. The fancy seemed to possess her more strongly as one by one the ties that bound her to

friendship and to earth were loosed.

The day wore away, and even through the twilight they could see the lone ivy leaf clinging to its stem against the wall.

And then, with the coming of the night the north wind was again loosed, while the rain still beat against the windows

and pattered down from the low Dutch eaves.

When it was light enough Johnsy, the merciless, commanded that the shade be raised.

The ivy leaf was still there.

Johnsy lay for a long time looking at it. And then she called to Sue, who was stirring her chicken broth over the gas

stove.

"I've been a bad girl, Sudie," said Johnsy. "Something has made that last leaf stay there to show me how wicked I

was. It is a sin to want to die. You may bring a me a little broth now, and some milk with a little port in it, and - no;

bring me a hand-mirror first, and then pack some pillows about me, and I will sit up and watch you cook."

And hour later she said:

"Sudie, some day I hope to paint the Bay of Naples."

The doctor came in the afternoon, and Sue had an excuse to go into the hallway as he left.

"Even chances," said the doctor, taking Sue's thin, shaking hand in his. "With good nursing you'll win." And now I must

see another case I have downstairs. Behrman, his name is - some kind of an artist, I believe. Pneumonia, too. He

is an old, weak man, and the attack is acute. There is no hope for him; but he goes to the hospital to-day to be made

more comfortable."

The next day the doctor said to Sue: "She's out of danger. You won. Nutrition and care now - that's all."

And that afternoon Sue came to the bed where Johnsy lay, contentedly knitting a very blue and very useless woollen

shoulder scarf, and put one arm around her, pillows and all.

"I have something to tell you, white mouse," she said. "Mr. Behrman died of pneumonia to-day in the hospital.

He was ill only two days. The janitor found him the morning of the first day in his room downstairs helpless with pain.

His shoes and clothing were wet through and icy cold. They couldn't imagine where he had been on such a dreadful

night. And then they found a lantern, still lighted, and a ladder that had been dragged from its place, and some

scattered brushes, and a palette with green and yellow colours mixed on it, and - look out the window, dear, at the last



As soon as they recognized each other they shook hands cordially, affected at the thought of meeting in such

changed circumstances.

Monsieur Sauvage, with a sigh, murmured: ‘These are sad times.’ Morissot shook his head mournfully.

‘And such weather! This is the first fine day of the year.’

The sky was, in fact, of a bright, cloudless blue. They walked along, side by side, reflective and sad. ‘And to think of

the fishing!’ said Morissot. ‘What good times we used to have!’

‘When shall we be able to fish again?’ asked Monsieur Sauvage.

They entered a small café, took an absinthe together, and then resumed their walk along the pavement.

Morissot stopped suddenly.

‘Shall we have another absinthe?’ he said.

‘If you like’, agreed Monsieur Sauvage.

And they entered a wine shop.

They were quite unsteady when they came out, owing to the effect of the alcohol on their empty stomachs. It was a

fine, mild day, and a gentle breeze fanned their faces.

The fresh air completed the effect of the alcohol on Monsieur

Sauvage. He stopped suddenly, saying. ‘Suppose we go there?’

‘Where?’

‘Fishing.’

‘But where?’

‘Why, to the old place. The French outposts are close to Colombes. I know Colonel Dumoulin, and we shall easily

get leave to pass.’

Morissot trembled with desire.

‘Very well. I agree.’

And they separated, to fetch their rods and lines.

An hour later they were walking side by side on the highroad.

Presently they reached the villa occupied by the colonel. He smiled at their request, and granted it. They resumed

their walk, furnished with a password.

Soon they left the outposts behind them, made their way through deserted Colombes, and found themselves on the

outskirts of the small vineyards which border the Seine. It was about eleven o’clock.

Before them lay the village of Argenteuil, apparently lifeless.

The heights of Orgement and Sannois dominated the landscape.

The great plain, extending as far as Nanterre, was empty, quite empty - a waste of dun-coloured soil and bare cherry

trees.

Monsieur Sauvage, pointing to the heights, murmured: ‘The Prussians are up yonder!’

And the sight of the deserted country filled the two friends with vague misgivings.

The Prussians! They had never seen them as yet, but they had felt their presence in the neighbourhood of Paris for

months past ruining France, pillaging, massacring, and starving the people.

And a kind of superstitious terror was added to the hatred they already felt towards this unknown, victorious nation.

‘Suppose we were to meet any of them?’ said Morissot.

‘We’d offer them some fish,’ replied Monsieur Sauvage, with that Parisian light-heartedness which nothing can

wholly quench.

Still, they hesitated to show themselves in the open country overawed by the utter silence which reigned around them.

At last Monsieur Sauvage said boldly: ‘Come, we’ll make a start; only let us be careful!’



And behind the house they had thought deserted were about a score of German soldiers.

A shaggy-looking giant, who was bestriding a chair and smoking a long clay pipe, addressed them in excellent French

with the words:

‘Well, gentlemen, have you had good luck with your fishing?’

Then a soldier deposited at the officer’s feet the bag full offish, which he had taken care to bring away. The Prussian

smiled.

‘Not bad, I see. But we have something else to talk about, Listen to me, and don’t be alarmed.

‘You must know that, in my eyes, you are two spies sent to report my movements. Naturally, I capture you and I shoot

you.

You pretend to be fishing, the better to disguise your real errand.

You have fallen into my hands, and must take the consequences.

Such is war.

‘But as you came here through the outposts you must have a password for your return. Tell me that password and I

will let you go.’

The two friends, pale as death, stood silently side by side, as light fluttering of the hands alone betraying their

emotion.

‘No one will ever know’, continued the officer. ‘You will return peacefully to your homes, and the secret will disappear

with you. If you refuse, it means death – instant death. Choose!’

They stood motionless, and did not open their lips.

The Prussian, perfectly calm, went on, with hand out stretched towards the river. ‘Just think that in five minutes you

will be at the bottom of that water. In five minutes! You have relations, I presume?’

Mont-Valerien still thundered.

The two fishermen remained silent. The German turned and gave an order in his own language. Then he moved his

chair a little way off, that he might not be so near the prisoners, while a dozen men stepped forward, rifle in hand, and

took up a position twenty paces off.

‘I give you one minute’, said the officer; ‘not a second longer.’

Then he rose quickly, went over to the two Frenchmen, took

Morissot by the arm, led him a short distance off, and said in a low voice. ‘Quick! The password! Your friend will know

nothing. I will pretend to relent.’

Morissot answered not a word.

Then the Prussian took Monsieur Sauvage aside in like manner, and made him the same proposal.

Monsieur Sauvage made no reply.

Again they stood side by side.

The officer issued his orders; the soldiers raised their rifles.

Then by chance Morissot’s eyes fell on the bag full of gudgeon lying in the grass a few feet from him.

A ray of sunlight made the still quivering fish glisten like silver. And Morissot’s heart sank. Despite his efforts at self-

control his eyes filled with tears.

‘Goodbye, Monsieur Sauvage’, he faltered.

‘Goodbye, Monsieur Morissot’, replied Sauvage.

They shook hand, trembling from head to foot with a dread beyond their mastery.

The officer cried: ‘Fire!’

The twelve shots were as one.

Monsieur Sauvage fell forward instantaneously. Morissot, being the taller, swayed slightly and fell across his friend

with face turned skyward and blood oozing from a rent in the breast of his coat.



were ten times as many as could be used, because the refugees were trying to earn something thus. Even the usual

pullers of rickshaws, who followed this as their profession, cursed the refugees because, being starving they would

pull for anything given them, and so fares were low for all, and all suffered. With the city full of refugees, then, begging

at every door, swarming into every unskilled trade and service, lying dead on the streets at every frozen dawn, why

should one look at this fresh horde coming in now at twilight of winter’s day?

But these were no common men and women, no riff-raff from some community always poor and easily starving in a

flood time. No, these were men and women of which any nation might have been proud. It could be seen they were all

from one region, for they wore garments woven out of the same dark blue cotton stuff, plain and cut in an old-

fashioned way, the sleeves long and the coats long and full. The men wore smocked aprons, the smocking done in

curious, intricate, beautiful designs. The women had bands of the same plain blue stuff wrapped like kerchiefs about

their heads.

But men and women were tall and strong in frame, although the women’s feet were bound. There were a few lads in

the throng, a few children sitting in baskets slung upon a pole across the shoulders of their fathers, but there were no

young girls, no young infants. Every man and every lad bore a burden on his shoulder. This burden was always

bedding, quilts made of the blue cotton stuff and padded. Clothing and bedding were clean and strongly made. On top

of every folded quilt, with a bit of mate between, was an iron cauldron. These cauldrons had doubtless been taken

from the earthen ovens of the village when the people saw the time had come when they must move. But in no basket

was there a vestige of food, nor was there a trace of food having been cooked in them recently.

This lack of food was confirmed when one looked closely into the faces of the people. In the first glance in the twilight

they seemed well enough, but when one looked more closely, one saw they were the faces of people starving and

moving now in despair to a last hope. They saw nothing of the strange sights of a new city because they were too

near death to see anything. No new sight could move their curiosity. They were men and women who had stayed by

their land until starvation drove them forth. Thus, they passed unseeing, silent, alien, as those who know themselves

dying are alien, to the living.

The last one of this long procession of silent men and women was a little wizened old man. Even he carried a load of

a folded quilt, a cauldron. But there was only one cauldron. In the other basket it seemed there was but a quilt,

extremely ragged and patched, but clean still. Although the load was light it was too much for the old man. It was

evident that in usual times he would be beyond the age of work, and was perhaps unaccustomed to such labour in

recent years. His breath whistled as he staggered along, and he strained his eyes to watch those who were ahead of

him lest he be left behind, and his old wrinkled face was set in a sort of gasping agony.

Suddenly he could go no more. He set his burden with great gentleness, sank upon the ground, his head sunk

between his knees, his eyes closed, panting desperately. Starved as he was, a little blood rose in dark patches on his

cheeks. A ragged vendor selling hot noodles set his stand near, and shouted his trade cry, and the light from the stand

fell on the old man’s drooping figure. A man passing stopped and muttered, looking at him:

“I swear I can give no more this day if I am to feed my own even nothing but noodles – but here is this old man. Well, I

will give him the bit of silver I earned today against tomorrow and trust to tomorrow again. If my own old father had

been alive, I would have given it to him.”



He took up his load again, his old legs trembling, and straining his eyes down the long straight street, he staggered

on.

OPEN WINDOW

- ‘SAKI’

Hector Hugh Munro wrote a number of stories under the pen-name ‘Saki’. He was born in 1870 in Burma. After

working as a teacher and then as a police officer, he took to writing seriously. His stories make interesting reading.

Important Characters:

1. Mr.FramtonNuttel (undergoing treatment for nervous disorder),

2. Mrs Sappleton (who has suffered great tragedy)

3. Vera

4. Roonie

5. Spaniel

“My aunt will be down presently, Mr.Nuttel,” said a very self-possessed young lady of fifteen, “in the meantime you

must try and put up with me.”

Framton Nuttel endeavoured to say the correct something which should duly flatter the niece of the moment without

unduly discounting the aunt that was to come. Privately he doubted more than ever whether these formal visits on a

succession of total strangers would do much towards helping the nerve cure which he was supposed to be

undergoing.

“I know how it will be”, his sister had said when he was preparing to migrate to this rural retreat, “you will bury yourself

down there and not speak to a living soul, and your nerves will be worse than ever from moping. I shall just give you

letters of introduction to all the people I know there. Some of them, as faras I can remember, were quite nice.”

Framton wondered whether Mrs.Sappleton, the lady to whom he was presenting one of the letters of introduction,

came into the nice division.

“Do you know many of the people round here?” asked the niece, when she judged that they had had sufficient silent

communion.

“Hardly a soul, “ said Framton, “My sister was staying here, at the rectory, you know, some four years ago, and she

gave me letters of introduction to some of the people here.”

He made the last statement in a tone of distinct regret.

“Then you know practically nothing about my aunt?” pursued the self-possessed young lady.

“Only her name and address,” admetted the caller.

He was wondering whether Mrs Sappleton was in the married or widowed state. An indefinable something about the

room seemed to suggest masculine habitation.

“Her great tragedy happened just three years ago,” said the child, “that would be since your sister’s time.”

“Her tragedy?” asked Framton, somehow in this restful country spot tragedies seemed out of place.



In the deepening twilight three figures were walking across the lawn towards the window; they all carried

guns under their arms, and one of them was additionally burdened with a white coat hung over his shoulders.

A tired brown spaniel kept close at their heels. Noiselessly they neared the house, and then a hoarse young voice

chanted out of the dusk; “I said, Bertie, why do you bound?”Framton grabbed wildly at his stick and hat; the hall-door,

the gravel-drive, and the front gate were dimly-noted stages in his headlong retreat. A cyclist coming along the road

had to run into the hedge to avoid an imminent collision.

“Here we are, my dear,” said the bearer of the white mackintosh, coming in through the window, fairly muddy, but

most

of it’s dry. Who was that who bolted out as we came up?”

“A most extraordinary man, a Mr.Nuttel,” said Mrs.Sappleton, “could only talk about his illnesses, and dashed off

without a word of good-bye or apology when you arrived. One would think he had seen a ghost.”

“I expect it was the spaniel,” said the niece calmly, “he told me he had a horror of dogs. He was once hunted into a

cemetery somewhere on the banks of the Ganges by a pack of mongrel dogs, and had to spend the night in a newly

dug grave with the creatures snarling and grinning and foaming just above him. Enough to make anyone lose their

nerve.”

Romance at short notice was her speciality.

REFLOWERING

-Sundara Ramaswamy


1). Rowther and Gomathi his guide

2).Kollapan –An aide in the shop

Amma was lying on the cot and I was curled up on the floor right next to it. Amma and I were free to get up as late as

we pleased. We had made it our habit over the years. We had to put up a battle of sorts to win it. Ours is a family that

takes pride in the fact that we safeguard the dharma of the early-riser. For generations now, we’ve all bathed before

sunrise. But then, Amma and I were invalids. Amma had asthma and I suffered from joint pains. Both could create

problems early in the morning.

Outside, there was sounds of the horse shaking its mane, of its bells jangling. The horse buggy was ready. This meant

that Appa had picked upthe bunch of keys for his shop. It also meant that the clock was inching towards eight–thirty.

He would now put on his slippers. Kweech.Kweech.

Then, once downstairs, the abrupt impatient sound of the umbrella opening, closing. The daily umbrella–health–test,

that.

The door opened slightly. A thin streak of sunlight pranced into the room, a shifting glass–pipe of light, dust swirling

inside it. Appa! I see him in profile–one eye, spectacles, half a forehead streaked with vibhuti and a dot of chandanam

paste, golden–yellow, topped by a vivid spot of red kunkumam.

‘Boy!Ambi! Get up!’Appa said.

I closed my eyes. I did not move a limb. As if I were held captive by deep sleep.

‘Ai! Get up. You good-for-nothing,’Amma said. ‘Appa’s calling.’

On the sly I looked at Appa. He looked affectionate, even gentle. As if I were being roused from heavy slumber, I

opened my eyes with pretended difficulty.



‘Kolappa, wrap up the clothes and give me the bill,’ said Rowther. How dare he take the things before permission had

been granted?

Appa’s face reddened. ‘It is not possible for me to give you credit this time,’ he said.

‘So, you’re saying you don’t want our relationship to continue, no,

Ayyah? All right. Girl, take me home.’

Rowther stood up. Gomathi took his right arm placed it on her left shoulder. They went down the steps. When the

shop closed in the evening, he would usually look in the direction of my father and take permission to leave. That

particular evening he did not take permission. That is, he had taken leave.

I thought I would first pick up Gomathi and take her with me to Rowther’s house. That would perhaps lessen his hurt.

But Gomathi was not at home. ‘Rowther had sent word that he was not coming. She’s just left for the shop,’ her

mother said.

I took a shortcut through the grove, and reached Rowther’s house through a narrow lane. A tiled house, the roof low.

In the front yard there was a well on the right hand side, its parapet wall, stark, unpainted, broken.

Velvet moss sprang around it in bright patches. Stone steps led to the house.

A strip of gunny bag hung from the main door.

‘It’s me, Ambi!’ I announced my arrival loudly.

A little girl came out followed by another who was obviously her twin. ‘Who is it, child?’ came Rowther’s voice from

inside the house. ‘It’s me. Ambi,’ I said. ‘Come! Come! said Rowther. His voice bubbled with happiness. I pushed

aside the sack curtain and went inside. The floor had been swabbed smooth with cow dung. Rowther was sitting

cross-legged, like alord. His arms reached out for me. ‘Come, come,’ his mouth kept saying. I went and knelt in front

of him. He put his arms around me. His eyes stared and stared, as if trying to recapture the vision they had lost long

ago. He pressed me down by my shoulders, dragged me towards him and sat me down beside him. His emotions

seemed to overwhelm him.

‘Ah!You seem to be wearing a dhoti today!’ he said.

‘Just felt like it.’

‘What’s the border like?’

‘Five–striped.’

‘Just like Ayyah, uhn? The boys in the shop tell me that you look just like your father, too. It is my misfortune that I

can’t see you.’ He ran his fingers over my face, my nose, my mouth, my neck, my eyes, my ears, my forehead.

‘Everything in place, thank the Lord.’ He laughed. I thought that this was the right moment to tell him why I had come.

But words stuck in my throat, as if held there by an unseen hand.

‘AmmaL.’ I started to say, making a tentative start. Rowther interrupted me. ‘ How is madam’s health now?’

‘As usual.’

‘I have Thuthuvalai, Khandankattrileghiyam. No better medicine for asthma. Only, Ayyah likes to see English labels

on his medicine bottles. I don’t have English here. Only medicines,’ he said, enjoying his own joke hugely. This was

the right moment to tackle him.

‘Amma wants me to take you to the shop. She wants me to tell you that she is very sorry if Appa has said anything to

hurt you. You are not to misunderstand him. She says please don’t turn down her request.’

Rowther’s face visibly brightened. He raised his hands in salute.

‘Mother, you are a great woman,’ he called out, ‘Get up, let’s go to the shop at once,’ he said.



‘Have they transformed Rowther’s brain into a machine?’ asked my mother.

That whole day I kept trying out the calculator. That night, I kept it by my side when I slept. I gave it the most difficult

sums I could think of. Its every was right. I remembered something Gomathi had once told me.

‘Thatha! How can you do sums in a nimet?’ she had asked Rowther, mixing up as she always did, the Tamil and the

common English word. It seems Rowther had said, ‘Child, I have three extra nerves in my brain. ‘Now, how did those

extra nerves get inside this machine? I couldn’t control my excitement.

I showed the calculator to Gomathi. She also worked out many many sums.

‘Even I am getting it all right,’ she said, ‘ this machine is more cunning than Thatha!’

One evening Rowther was totalling up for the day. Gomathi was sitting there, the calculator balanced on her lap,

checking out his calculations. Atone point, very impulsively she said, ‘You are correct, Thatha.’

‘Are you telling me I am right?’ asked Rowther.

‘I have worked it out,’ said Gomathi.

‘Hmm,’ said Rowther. ‘I’ll give you a sum. Answer.’

Rowther gave her a sum. Gomathi gave the right answer. He tried sum after sum on her. She had the correct answer

each time. Rowther turned pale. ‘Dear God. I am so dumb I cannot understand anything,’ hem uttered.

‘I’m not doing the sums, Thatha,’ said Gomathi. ‘It’s the machine.’

She stuffed the calculator into his hands. Rowther’s hands shook as he took the calculator. His fingers trembled. He

touched the whole front portion of the calculator, the whole back.

‘Is this doing the sums?’ he asked again.

‘Yes,’ said Gomathi.

‘You keep it yourself,’ he said as he thrust it back at her.

After this, Rowther was a very quiet man indeed. Words failed him. He remained in a state of stupor, leaning against

the wall. That day, Goamthiand I took care of all the billing. After a long time, Gomathi dug her finger into his thigh and

asked, ‘ Thatha, why don’t you say something, Thatha?’

But he said nothing even to that. He kept coming to the shop regularly but he looked and acted like a walking corpse.

It seemed as if all the laughter, happiness, backchat, teasing, sarcasm, had dropped off him. His voice was slow,

hesitant. Even his body looked thinner. Appa had stopped asking him to do the bills. One afternoon, it was a busy time

in the shop. Murugan had a pile of cut pieces with him. I was working out the cost. Suddenly, Rowther interrupted him,

‘What did you say was the price of poplin?’

Murugan stopped calling out and looked at Rowther’s face, ‘15 rupees and 10 paise per metre.’

‘Wrong. Get the material out and look–it is 16 rupees and 10 paise per metre.’

Appa got up. He came and stood next to Rowther. Murugan’s face fell as he checked the price. ‘You are right,’ he

mumbled.

‘You have sold ten metres. You could have lost ten rupees. Are you here to give away Ayyah’s money to everyone

who comes in from the street?’

‘So, you know the price?’Appa asked Rowther.

‘Only a memory,Ayyah.’

‘Do you remember all the prices?’

‘It is God’s will,’ said Rowther.

‘What is the price of the smallest towel then?’ asked Appa.

‘Four rupees and 10 paise.’



THE NECKLACE

-Guy de Maupassant


1) Mr & Mrs Matilda Loisel

2) Madame George Ramponneau – The invitiees of the function.

3) Madame Forestier-Who lend the necklace to Mrs.Loisel

She was one of those pretty, charming young ladies, born as if through an error of destiny, into a family of clerks. She

had no dowry, no hopes, no means of becoming known, appreciated, loved, and married by a man either rich or

distinguished; and she allowed herself to marry a petty clerk in the office of the Board of Education.

She was simple, not being able to adorn herself; but she was un happy, as one out of her class; for women belong to

no caste, no race; their grace, their beauty, and their charm serving them in the place of birth and family. Their inborn

fineness, their instinctive elegance, their suppleness of wit are their only aristocracy, making some daughters of the

people the equal of great ladies.

She suffered incessantly, feeling herself born for all delicacies and luxuries. She suffered from the poverty of her

apartment, the shabby walls, the worn chairs, and the faded stuffs. All these things, which another woman of her

station would not have noticed, tortured and angered her. The sight of the little Breton, who made this humble home,

awoke in her sad regrets and desperate dreams. She thought of quiet antechambers, with their Oriental hangings,

lighted by high, bronze torches, and of the two great footmen in short trousers who sleep in the large armchairs, made

sleepy by the heavy air from the heating apparatus. She thought of large drawing–rooms, hung in old silks, of graceful

pieces of furniture carrying bric–a–brac of inestimable value, and of the little perfumed coquettish apartments, made

for five o’clock chats with most intimate friends, men known and sought after, whose attention all women envied and

desired.

When she seated herself for dinner, before the round table where the table cloth had been used three days, opposite

her husband who uncovered the tureen with a delighted air, saying: ‘Oh! the good potpie! I know nothing better than

that-’ she would think of the elegant dinners, of the shining silver, of the tapestries peopling the walls with ancient

personages and rare birds in the midst of fairy forests; she thought of the exquisite food served on marvellous dishes,

of the whispered gallantries, listened to with the smile of the sphinx, while eating the rose–coloured flesh of the trout or

a chicken’s wing.

She had neither frocks nor jewels, nothing. And she loved only those things. She felt that she was made for them. She

had such a desire to please, to be sought after, to be clever, and courted.She had a rich friend, a school mate at the

convent, whom she did not like to visit, she suffered so much when she returned. And she wept for whole days from

chagrin, from regret, from despair, and disappointment.

One evening her husband returned elated bearing in his hand a large envelope.

‘Here,’ he said, ‘ here is something for you.’

She quickly tore open the wrapper and drew out a printed card on which were inscribed these words:

The Minister of Public Instruction and Madame George Ramponneau ask the honor of M. and Madame.Loisel’s

Company Monday evening, January 18, at the Minister’s residence.

Instead of being delighted, as her husband had hoped, she threw the invitation spitefully upon the table murmuring:



She saw at first some bracelets, then a collar of pearls, then a Venetian cross of gold and jewels of admirable

workmanship. She tried the jewels before the glass, hesitated, but could neither decide to take them nor leave them.

Then she asked:

‘Have you nothing more?’

‘Why, yes. Look for yourself. I do not know what will please you.

’ Suddenly she discovered, in a black satin box, a superb necklace of diamonds, and her heart beat fast with an

immoderate desire. Her hands trembled as she took them up. She placed them about her throat against her dress,

and remained in ecstasy before them. Then she asked, in a hesitating voice, full of anxiety:

‘Could you lend me this? Only this?’

‘Why, yes, certainly.’

She fell upon the neck of her friend, embraced her with passion, then went away with her treasure.

The day of the ball arrived. Mme.Loisel was a great success. She was the prettiest of all, elegant, gracious, smiling,

and full of joy. All the men noticed her, asked her name, and wanted to be presented. All the members of the Cabinet

wished to waltz with her. The Minister of Education paid her some attention.

She danced with enthusiasm, with passion, intoxicated with pleasure, thinking of nothing, in the triumph of her beauty,

in the glory of her success, in a kind of cloud of happiness that came of all this homage, and all this admiration, of all

these awakened desires, and this victory so complete and sweet to the heart of a woman.

She went home toward four o’ clock in the morning. Her husband had been half asleep in one of the little salons since

midnight, with three other gentlemen whose wives were enjoying themselves very much. He threw around her

shoulders the wraps they had carried for the coming home, modest garments of everyday wear, whose poverty

clashed with the elegance of the ball costume. She felt this and wished to hurry away in order not to be noticed by the

other women who were wrapping themselves in rich furs.

Loisel detained her: ‘wait,’ said he. ‘You will catch cold out there. I am going to call a cab.’

But she would not listen and descended the steps rapidly. when they were in the street, they found no carriage; and

they began to seek for one, hailing the coachmen whom they saw at a distance.

They walked along toward the Seine, hopeless and shivering. Finally they found on the dock one of those old,

nocturnal coupes that one sees in Paris after nightfall, as if they were ashamed of their misery by day.

It took them as far as their door in Martyr street, and they went wearily up to their apartment. It was all over for her.

And on his part, he remembered that he would have to be at the office by ten o’ clock.

She removed the wraps from her shoulders before the glass, for a final view of herself in her glory. Suddenly she

uttered a cry. Her necklace was not around her neck.

Her husband, already half undressed, asked: ‘What is the matter?’

She turned towards him excitedly:

‘I have–I have–I no longer have Mme.Forestier’s necklace.’

He arose in dismay: ‘What! How is that? It is not possible.’

And they looked in the folds of the dress, in the folds of the mantle, in the pockets, everywhere. They could not find it.

He asked: ‘you are sure you still had it when we left the house?’

‘Yes, I felt it in the vestibule as we came out.’



She learned the heavy cares of a household, the odious work of a kitchen. She washed the dishes, using her rosy

nails upon the greasy pots and the bottoms of the stew pans. She washed the soiled linen, the chemises and

dishcloths, which she hung on the line to dry; she took down the refuse to the street each morning and brought up the

water, stopping at each landing to breathe. And, clothed like a woman of the people, she went to the grocer’s, the

butcher’s and the fruiterer’s, with her basket on her arm, shopping, haggling to the last sou of her miserable money.

Every month it was necessary to renew some notes, thus obtaining time, and to pay others.

The husband worked evenings, putting the books of some merchants in order, and nights he often did copying at five

sous a page.

And this life lasted for ten years.

At the end of ten years, they had restored all, all, with interest of the usurer, and accumulated interest besides.

Mme.Loisel seemed old now. She had become a strong, hard woman, the crude woman of the poor household. Her

hair badly dressed, her skirts awry, her hands red, she spoke in a loud tone, and washed the floors with large pails of

water. But sometimes, when her husband was at the office, she would seat herself before the window and think of that

evening party of former times, of that ball where she was so beautiful and so flattered.

How would it have been if she had not lost the necklace? Who knows?

Who knows? How singular is life, and how full of changes! How small a thing will ruin or save one!

One Sunday as she was taking a walk in the Champs–Elysees to rid herself of the cares of the week, she suddenly

perceived a woman walking with a child. It was Mme.Forestier, still young, still pretty, still attractive.

Mme.Loisel was affected. Should she speak to her? Yes, certainly. And now that she had paid, she would tell her all.

Why not?

She approached her. ‘Good morning, Jeanne.’

‘Her friend did not recognize her and was astonished to be so familiarly addressed by this common personage, she

stammered:

‘But, Madame – I do not know – You must be mistaken-’

‘No, I am Matilda Loisel.

Her friend uttered a cry of astonishment: ‘Oh! my poor Matilda!

How you have changed -’

‘Yes, I have had some hard days since I saw you; and some miserable ones – and all because of you-’

‘Because of me? How is that?’

‘You recall the diamond necklace that you loaned me to wear to the Commissioner’s ball?’

‘Yes, very well.’

‘Well, I lost it.’

‘How is that, since you returned it to me?’

‘I returned another to you exactly like it. And it has taken us ten years to pay for it. You can understand that it was

not easy for us who have nothing.

But it is finished and I am decently content.’

Madame Forestier stopped short. She said:

‘You say that you bought a diamond necklace to replace mine?’

‘Yes. You did not perceive it then? They were just alike.’

And she smiled with a proud and simple joy. Madame Forestier was touched and took both her hands as she replied:

‘Oh! my poor Matilda! Mine were false. They were not worth over five hundred francs!’



‘Dädä!’ said Phatik’s mother, overwhelmed with surprise and joy.

‘When did you come?’ She bent down and took the dust of his feet.

Many years previously her elder brother had gone to the west of India to work, and in the meantime she had had

two children; they had grown, her husband had died–but all this time she had never seen her brother. At long last

Bishvambhar Babu had returned home, and had now come to see his sister.

There were celebrations for several days. At length, a couple of days before his departure, Bishvambhar questioned

his sister about the schooling and progress of her two sons. In reply, he was given a description of Phatik’s

uncontrollable wildness and inattention to study; while Makhan, by contrast, was perfectly behaved and a model

student. ‘Phatik drives me mad,’ she said.

Bishvambhar then proposed that he take Phatik to Calcutta, keep him with him and supervise his education. The

widow easily agreed to this.

‘Well, Phatik,’ he asked the boy, ‘how would you like to go to Calcutta with your uncle?’ ‘I’d love to,’ said Phatik,

jumping up and down.

His mother did not object to seeing her son off, because she always lived in dread that Makhan might be pushed into

the river by him or might split his head open in some terrible accident; but she was a little cast down by the eagerness

with which Phatik seized the idea of going. He pestered his uncle with ‘When are we going? When are we going?’ –

and couldn’t sleep at night for excitement.

When at last the day to leave came, he was moved to a joyous display of generosity. He bestowed on Makhan his

fishing–rod, kite and reel, with permanent right of inheritance.

When he arrived at his uncle’s house in Calcutta, he first had to be introduced to his aunt. I cannot say she was over–

pleased at this unnecessary addition to her family. She was used to looking after her house and three children as they

were, and suddenly to loose into their midst an unknown, uneducated country boy would probably be most disruptive.

If only.

Bishvambhar had insight commensurate with his years! Moreover, there is no greater nuisance in the world than a boy

of thirteen or fourteen. There is no beauty in him, and he does nothing useful either. He arouses no affection; nor is

his company welcome. If he speaks modestly he sounds false; if he speaks sense he sounds arrogant; if he speaks at

all he is felt to be intrusive.

He suddenly shoots up in height so that his clothes no longer fit him–which is an ugly affront to other people. His

childish grace and sweetness of voice suddenly disappear, and people find it impossible not to blame him for this.

Many faults can be forgiven in a child or a young man, but at this age even natural and unavoidable faults are felt to

be un bearable. He himself is fully aware that he does not fit properly into the world; so he is perpetually ashamed of

his existence and seeks forgiveness for it. Yet this is the age at which a rather greater longing for affection develops in

him. If he gets at this time love and companionship from some sympathetic person, he will do anything in return. But

no one dares show affection, in case others condemn this as pampering. So he looks and behaves like a stray street-

dog.

To leave home and mother and go to a strange place is hell for a boy of this age. To live with loveless indifference all

around is like walking on thorns. This is the age when normally a conception forms of women as wonderful, heavenly

creatures; to be cold– shouldered by them is terribly hard to bear. It was therefore especially painful to Phatik that his



A whole day later, in the evening, a carriage drew up outside Bishvambhar’s house. Rain was still thudding down

relentlessly, and the street was flooded to a knee’s depth. Two policemen bundled Phatik out of the carriage and put

him down in front of Bishvambhar. He was soaked from head to foot, covered with mud, his eyes and cheeks were

flushed, he was trembling violently. Bishvambhar virtually had to carry him into the house.

‘You see what happens,’ snapped his wife, ‘when you take in someone else’s child. You must send him home.’ But in

fact the whole of that day she had hardly been able to eat for worry, and had been unreasonably tetchy with her own

children.

‘I was going to go to my mother,’ said Phatik, weeping, ‘but they brought me back.’

The boy’s fever climbed alarmingly. He was delirious all night. Bishvambhar fetched the doctor. Opening his bloodshot

eyes for a moment and staring blankly at the ceiling joists, Phatik said, ‘Uncle has my holiday–time come?’

Bishvambhar, dabbing his own eyes with a handkerchief, tenderly took Phatik’s thin, hot hand in his and sat down

beside him. He spoke again, mumbling incoherently: ‘Mother, don’t beat me, Mother. I didn’t do anything wrong,

honest!’

The next day, during the short time when he was conscious, Phatik kept looking bewilderedly round the room, as if

expecting someone. When no one came, he turned and lay mutely with his face towards the wall.

Understanding what was on his mind, Bishvambhar bent down and said softly in his ear, ‘Phatik, I’ve sent for your

mother.’

Another day passed. The doctor, looking solemn and gloomy, pronounced the boy’s condition to be critical.

Bishvambhar sat at the bedside in the dim lamplight, waiting minute by minute for Phatik’s mother’s arrival.

Phatik started to shout out, like a boatman, ‘More than one fathom deep, more than two fathoms deep!’ To come to

Calcutta they had had to travel some of the way by steamer. The boatman had lowered the hawser into the stream

and bellowed out its depth. In his delirium, Phatik was imitating them, calling out the depth in pathetic tones; except

that the endless sea he was about to cross had no bottom that his measuring–rope could touch.

It was then that his mother stormed into the room, bursting into loud wails of grief. When, with difficulty, Bishvambhar

managed to calm her down, she threw herself on to the bed and sobbed, ‘Phatik, my darling, my treasure.’

‘Yes?’ said Phatik, seemingly quite relaxed.

‘Phatik, darling boy,’ cried his mother again.

Turning slowly on to his side, and looking at no one, Phatik said softly,‘Mother, my holiday has come now. I’m going

home.’



ANNIE LOUISA WALKER

Anna Louisa Walker (Staffordshire, 23 June 1836 - Bath, Somerset, 7 July 1907) was an English and

Canadian teacher and author. She authored five novels and two collections of poetry, as well as editing one

autobiography. Her poem, The Night Cometh, serves as the lyrics in the popular hymn Work, for the night is

coming.

Anna Louisa was born to Robert and Anna Walker on 23 June 1836 in Staffordshire, England. She was the

last of her father's nine children, although only her brothers Thomas Andrew, and Charles were full siblings, her older

siblings being from her father's two previous marriages. Her father was a civil engineer, and brought the family to

Pointe-Lévy, Lower Canada around 1853, where he was employed with the Grand Trunk Railroad. In 1858, the family

relocated again, to Sarnia, Canada West. Soon after the family's arrival in Sarnia, Anna Louisa founded a private

girl's school with her sisters Frances and Isabella. The school was only open a few years before the deaths of

Frances and Isabella forced its closure.

Poems by Walker had been published in newspapers and periodicals beginning when she was a teenager.

She published an anonymous collection of poems entitled Leaves from the backwoods in 1861. The volume was

printed in Montreal by John Lovell. From this volume the poem The Night Cometh was taken and set to music by

Ira D. Sankey, who published it as a hymn Work, for the night is coming in the collection Sacred Songs and Solos. As

the poem was published anonymously, Walker received no credit in the volume for the lyrics, which were commonly

misattributed to Sidney Dyer. The poem is based on John 9:4. Most poems in the collection concern religious or

natural themes. In 1863 or 1864, her parents returned to England, and she accompanied them.

In September 1864, Walker's father died. Soon afterward, her mother died as well. She secured a place in the

house of her second cousin, Margaret Oliphant, in 1866, as her companion-housekeeper. Oliphant was a successful

writer, and encouraged Walker to write fiction rather than poetry, and recommended her works to publishers, with

which she already had contact.

Walker's first novel, A Canadian heroine, was published in 1873. It tells the story of a 16-year-old woman

living in a small town along the St. Lawrence, courted by a Canadian man, who has her suitor almost driven off when

she becomes enamoured on a visiting English aristocrat. The English aristocrat's interest turns out to be fleeting, and

the story is an allegory for what Walker perceived as the naivety of the new world and the corruption of the old.

Walker's second novel, Hollywood, was published in 1875.

In 1876, Walker published a collection entitled Plays for Children.

Walker's third novel, Against her will, was published in 1877. The novel tells the story of how a young

woman copes with her father's illness. The protagonist's competence and strength of character evoke the

contemporaneously developing idea of the new woman.

Walker's fourth novel, Lady's Holm., was published in 1878 by Samuel Tinsey& Company. A contemporary

review in The Spectator praised the novel for its "picturesque descriptions and good incisive delineation of

character".W.W. Tulloch's review in The Academy praised the story for its character development, descriptive

language, and wholesomeness; while criticising the book for its somewhat stale and outdated style.

Walker's fifth novel, Two rival lovers, was published in 1881

On 29 January 1884, Walker married Harry Coghill a wealthy widower whose fortune was made

manufacturing chemicals. The family settled in Staffordshire.

In 1890, her volume Oak and maple: English and Canadian verses was published under her married name,

Anna Louisa Coghill. More than half of the poems in the collection were reprinted from Leaves from the backwoods.

As with her first collection, most poems concern religious or natural themes. The Night Cometh is reprinted, and

Coghill remarks that she discovered the poem's use in hymn, and it being improperly attributed in the hymnbook. After



DOUGLAS MALLOCH

(May 5, 1877 – July 2, 1938) was an American poet, short storywriter and Associate editor of American

Lumberman, a trade paper in Chicago. He became known as a "Lumberman's poet" both locally and nationally. He

is noted for writing Round River Drive and Be the Best of Whatever You Are besides many other creations. He

was commissioned to write Michigan State Song. He was born in Muskegon, Michigan which was known as a centre

of Lumbering Industry.

13. ABOUT THE DRAMATISTS

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

[26 April 1564 (baptised) – 23 April 1616] was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the

greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's

national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His extant works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays,

154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, two epitaphs on a man named John Combe, one epitaph on Elias

James, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are

performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway,

with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamlet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a

successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's

Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died

three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation

about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him

were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly

comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He

then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some

of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and

collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, John

Heminges and Henry Condell, two friends and fellow actors of Shakespeare, published the First Folio, a collected

edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's. It was prefaced

with a poem by Ben Jonson, in which Shakespeare is hailed, presciently, as "not of an age, but for all time."

Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present

heights until the 19th century. The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed Shakespeare's genius, and the Victorians

worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence that George Bernard shaw called "bardolatry". In the 20th century, his

work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain

highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts

throughout the world vile.



Laugh and be Merry -John Masefield (FOR POEM REFER PART B SECTION 1)

The Apology - Ralph Waldo Emerson (FOR POEM REFER PART B SECTION 1)

The Flying Wonder - Stephen Vincent Benet (FOR POEM REFER PART B SECTION 1)

RADIAN IAS ACADEMY( UPSC,TNPSC,BANK,SSC,RAILWAYS,TRB EXAMS) [email protected] ( 389 )


SHAKESPEARE

COMEDIES

� All's Well That Ends Well

� As You Like It

� The Comedy of Errors

� Love's Labour's Lost

� Measure for Measure

� The Merchant of Venice

� The Merry Wives of Windsor

� A Midsummer Night's Dream

� Much Ado About Nothing

� Pericles, Prince of Tyre

� The Taming of the Shrew

� The Tempest

� Twelfth Night

� The Two Gentlemen of Verona

� The Two Noble Kinsmen

� The Winter's Tale

HISTORIES

� King John

� Richard II

� Henry IV, Part 1

� Henry IV, Part 2

� Henry V

� Henry VI, Part 1



� Richard III

� Henry VIII

TRAGEDIES

� Romeo and Juliet

� Coriolanus

� Titus Andronicus

� Timon of Athens

� Julius Caesar

� Macbeth

� Hamlet

� Troilus and Cressida

� King Lear

� Othello

� Antony and Cleopatra

� Cymbeline



o "The Kitten At Play"

� Poems, in Two Volumes (1807)

o "Resolution and Independence"

o "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" Also known as "Daffodils"

o "My Heart Leaps Up"

o "Ode: Intimations of Immortality"

o "Ode to Duty"

o "The Solitary Reaper"

o "Elegiac Stanzas"

o "Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802"

o "London, 1802"

o "The World Is Too Much with Us"

� Guide to the Lakes (1810)

� " To the Cuckoo "

� The Excursion (1814)

� Laodamia (1815, 1845)

� The Prelude (1850)

H. W. LONGFELLOW

Novels:

� Outre-Mer: A Pilgrimage Beyond the Sea (Travelogue) (1835)

� Hyperion, a Romance (1839)

� The Spanish Student. A Play in Three Acts (1843)

� Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie (epic poem) (1847)

� Kavanagh (1849)

� The Golden Legend (poem) (1851)

� The Song of Hiawatha (epic poem) (1855)

� The New England Tragedies (1868)

� The Divine Tragedy (1871)

� Christus: A Mystery (1872)

� Aftermath (poem) (1873)

� The Arrow and the Song (poem)

Poetry collections:

� Voices of the Night (1839)

� Ballads and Other Poems (1841)

� Poems on Slavery (1842)

� The Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems (1845)

� Birds of Passage (1845)

� The Seaside and the Fireside (1850)

� The Courtship of Miles Standish and Other Poems (1858)

� Tales of a Wayside Inn (1863)

� Household Poems (1865)

� Flower-de-Luce (1867)



� The Importance of Being Earnest (performed 1895, published 1898; play)

� De Profundis (written 1897, published variously 1905, 1908, 1949, 1962; epistle)

� The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898, poem)

PEARL S BUCK

� Autobiographies:

� My Several Worlds: A Personal Record. (New York: John Day, 1954).

� A Bridge For Passing (New York: John Day, 1962)

� Biographies:

� The Exile (1936)

� Fighting Angel (1936)

� Novels:

� East Wind: West Wind (1930)

� The House of Earth

o The Good Earth (1931)

o Sons (1933)

o A House Divided (1935)

� The Mother (1933)

� All Men Are Brothers (1933) A translation of the Chinese classical prose epic Water Margin.

� This Proud Heart (1938)

� The Patriot (1939)

� Other Gods (1940)

� China Sky (1941)

� Dragon Seed (1942)

� The Promise (1943)

� China Flight (1943)

� The Townsman (1945) – as John Sedges

� Portrait of a Marriage (1945)

� Pavilion of Women (1946)

� The Angry Wife (1947) – as John Sedges

� Peony (1948)

� The Big Wave (1948)

� A Long Love (1949) – as John Sedges

� The Bondmaid (1949) First Published in Great Britain

� Kinfolk (1950)

� God's Men (1951)

� The Hidden Flower (1952)

� Come, My Beloved (1953)

� Voices in the House (1953) – as John Sedges

� Imperial Woman (1956)

� Letter from Peking (1957)

� Command the Morning (1959)



� Mrs. Stoner and the Sea and Other Stories (1978)

� The Woman Who Was Changed and Other Stories (1979)

� The Good Deed (1969)

� "Christmas Day in the Morning"

� "The Refugee"

� "The Chinese Children Next Door" (for children)

� ″The Enemy"

� "The Frill"

� "The Golden Flower"

16. WHAT IS THE THEME OBSERVED IN THE LITERARY WORKS?

SNAKE – D H LAWRENCE

UNITY CO-EXISTENCE BETWEEN MAN & ANIMAL

THE MARK OF VISHNU-KUSHWANT SINGH

THE ULTIMATE PAY FOR IGNORANCE IS DEATH AND FAILURE (OR) SUPERSTITION

GREEDY GOVIND

LIFE IS PRECIOUS THAN MONEY

OUR LOCAL TEAM–RUSKIN BOND

HOW CRICKET SHOULD NOT BE PLAYED

WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR–RABINDRANATH TAGORE

PEOPLE MUST LIVE THIS BY THE WAY OF SELF RESPECT

KEEP YOUR SPIRITS HIGH-HOPE SPENCER

SOLUTION TO FACE THE CONFUSING PROBLEMS, FEARS AND SORROWS

BAT-RANDALL JARRELL

NATURAL LIFE OF MAMMALS

THE PIANO- D H LAWRENCE

MEMORY ITSELF IS PERSONIFIED AS A PERSON HOLDING THE POETS HAND TO LEAD HIM DOWN THE

MEMORY LANE

THE MODEL MILLIONAIRE-OSCAR WILDE

CHARITY FLOWS FROM ONE WHO LOVES HIS FELLOW MEN

THE CRY OF THE CHILDREN-ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING

CHILD LABOUR

MIGRANT BIRD-FAMIDA Y BASHEER

BIRDS HAVE NO BOUNDARIES TO MOVE FREELY



'A shilling an hour'

'And how much do you get for your picture, Alan?'

'Oh, for this I get two thousand Pounds!'

'Well, I think the model should have a share,' cried Hughie, laughing, 'they work quite as hard as you do.'

'Nonsense nonsense! Why, look at the trouble of laying on the paint alone, and standing all day long at one's easel! It's all

very well, Hughie, for you to talk, but I assure you that there are moments when Art almost attain to the dignity of manual

labour. But you mustn't chatter I'm very busy.'

After some time the servant came in, and told Trevor that the frame maker wanted to speak to him.

'Don't run away, Hughie,' he said, as he went out, 'I will be back in a moment'

The old beggar-man took advantage of Trevor's absence to rest for a moment on a wooden bench that was behind him,

He looked so forlorn and wretched that Hughie could not help pitying him and felt in his pocket to see what money he had

All he could find was a sovereign and some coppers. 'Poor old fellow,' he thought to himself, he wants it more than I

do,' and he walked across the studio and slipped the sovereign into the beggar's hand.

The old man started, and a faint smile flitted across his withered lips. 'Thank you, sir,' he said,' Thank you'.

Then Trevor arrived, and Hughie took his leave, blushing a little at what he had done. He spent the day with Laura, got a

charming scolding for his extravagance, and had to walk home.

That night he strolled into the Palette Club about eleven o'clock and found Trevor sitting by himself.

'Well, Alan, did you get the picture finished all right?”, he said.

'Finished and framed, my boy!' answered Trevor, 'and, by-the-bye, you have made a conquest, The old model you saw is

quite devoted to you. I had to tell him all about you who you are, where you live, what your income is, what prospects you

have.”

'My dear Alan,' cried Hughie, 'I shall probably find him waiting for me when I go home. But of course you are only joking.

Poor old wretch! I wish, I could do something for him. I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so miserable. I have got

heaps of old clothes at home- do you think he would care for any of them? Why, his rags were falling to bits.'

But he looks splendid in them, said Trevor. 'I wouldn't paint him in a frock coat for anything.

However, I'll tell him of your offer. And now tell me how Laura is. The old model was quite interested in her.'

'You don't mean to say you talked to him about her?', said Hughie.

'Certainly I did. He knows all about the relentless colonel, the lovely Laura, and the ten thousand pounds.'

'You told that old beggar all my private affairs?' cried Hughie, looking very red and angry.

'My dear boy', said Trevor, smiling, 'that old beggar, as you call him, is one of the richest men in Europe. He could buy all

London tomorrow without overdrawing his account.

'What on earth do you mean?', exclaimed Hughie.

'What I say,' said Trevor. 'The old man you saw today in the studio was Baron Hausberg. He is a great friend of mine,

buys all my pictures and gave me a commission a month ago to paint him as a beggar. And I must say he made a

magnificent figure in his rags, or perhaps I should say in my rags, they are an old suit I got in Spain'.

'Baron Hausberg!' cried Hughie.' 'Good heavens! I gave him a sovereign!' and he sank into an armchair the picture of

dismay.

'Gave him a sovereign!' shouted Trevor, and he burst into a roar of laughter. 'My dear boy, you'll never see it again.'

'I think you might have told me, Alan,' said Hughie sulkily, 'and not have let me make such a fool of myself.'



• sovereign - old British gold-coin

• coppers - change; copper coins that do not have much value

• withered - shrunk; very dry

• extravagance - reckless spending

• stroll - a slow, relaxed walk

• conquest - victory

• frock-coat - a long coat worn in the past by men

• commission - a formal request

• magnificent - extremely attractive and impressive

• sulkily - disapprovingly

• duffer - stupid

• chuckling - laughing quietly

• apology - request for forgiveness

• stammered - spoke with difficulty, repeating words, stopping beforesaying things correctly

• Best-man - a male friend of the bridegroom at a wedding who helps himduring the wedding.

17. FAMOUS QUOTES – WHO SAID THIS?

� Such as thy words are, such will thin affections be esteemed; and such as thin affections, will be thy deeds, and such

as they deeds will be thy life - SOCRATES.

� The heights by great men reached and kept were not attained by sudden flight, But they, will their companions slept,

were toiling upward in the night’ - HW LONGFELLOW

� “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind - NEIL ARMSTRONG

� Under the wide and starry sky, dig the grave and let me lie’ - RL STEVENSON

� ‘I was not born for one corner. The whole world is my native land’ - KALPANA CHAWLA

� “L..the journey matters as much as the goal. Listen to the sounds of natureLLLTake good care of our fragile

planet” - KALPANA CHAWLA

� “The ganges valley looked majestic, mind-boggling”. Africa looked like a desert and the Nile a vein in it” - KALPANA

CHAWLA.

� The most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen (or) even touched, but just felt in the heart - HELEN KELLER

� It rains, because there are some good people in that place, but it benefits everyone who lives there - AVVAIYAR

� Success is not something to wait for; it is something to work for - JESSICA COX

� I may have been affected by polio, but education has helped me to realize my dreams - RAJALAKSHMI

� It is simply service that measures success - ANONYMOUS

� The highest result of education is tolerance - HELEN KELLER

� If I can’t carry forests on my back, neither can you crack a nut - RALPH WALDO EMERSON.

� When you have encouragement you begin to believe in yourself - ANDREY HELLEN

� Keep up your hopes, believe in your dreams one day, it will all come true - ANDREY HELLEN

� Expanding like the petals of young flowers I watch the gentle opening of your minds -HENRY LOUIS VIVIAN

DEROZIO

� The squirrel said to the mountain, I can’t carry forests on my back neither, can you crack a nut -RALPH WALDO

EMERSON

� Good luck is round the corner, so having smiling face - HOPE SPENCER

� You win or you fail Be the best of whatever you are - DOUGLAS MALLOCH



� A women thought runs before her actions - SHAKESPEARE

� “Think big” always aim for the best - AMBANI

� Never accept defeat - AMBANI

� Right or wrong, the customer is always right - TOM PETERS

� The customer is the boss - TOM PETERS

� One should not avoid change - D.M.MONK

� All think of flow, nothing abides - D.M. MONK

� Of the people; by the people, for the people -ABRAHAM LINCOLN

� He has right to criticize who has a heart to help ABRAHAM LINCOLN

18. TO WHICH PERIOD THE POETS BELONG

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE 26 APRIL 1564 23 APRIL 1616 VICTORIAN ERA

WALT WHITMAN MAY 31, 1819 MARCH 26, 1892 ROMANTIC ERA

WILLIAM WORD WORTH APRIL 7, 1770 APRIL 23, 1850 ROMANTIC ERA

H W LONGFELLOW FEBRUARY 27, 1807 MARCH 24, 1882 ROMANTIC ERA

ANNIE LOUISA WALKER JUNE 23,1836 7 JULY 1907 MODERN ERA

D H LAWRENCE SEP 11,1885 MARCH 2, 1930 MODERN ERA

19. MATCHING THE POETS AND POEMS

DISCOVERY- GAYATRI PAHLAJANI

BIKING - JUDITH NICHOLS

INCLUSION - DIPTI BHATIA

GRANNY, GRANNY, PLEASE COMB MY HAIR-GRACE NICHOLS

(PART C SECTION 14)

WITH A FRIEND- VIVIAN GOULD (PART C SECTION 14)

TO COOK AND EAT- EMMA RICHARDS (PART C SECTION 14)

BAT- RANDALL JARREL (PART C SECTION 16)

TO INDIA – MY NATIVE LAND- HENRY LOUIS VIVIAN DEROZIO

(PART C SECTION 14)

A TIGER IN THE ZOO- LESLIE NORRIS (PART C SECTION 14)

NO MEN ARE FOREIGN - JAMES KIRKUP (PART C SECTION 14)

LAUGH AND BE MERRY- JOHN MASEFIELD (PART B SECTION 1)

EARTH- KHALIL GIBRAN (PART B SECTION 1)

THE APOLOGY- RALPH WALDO EMERSON (PART B SECTION 1)

THE FLYING WONDER- STEPHEN VINCENT BENNETT (PART B SECTION 1)

OFF TO OUTER SPACE TOMORROW MORNING- NORMAN NICHOLSON

(PART B SECTION 1)

BE THE BEST- DOUGLAS MALLOCH (PART B SECTION 1)

WOMEN’S RIGHTS - ANNIE LOUISA WALKER (PART B SECTION 1)

THE NATION UNITED - WALT WHITMAN (PART B SECTION 1)

ENGLISH WORDS - V K GOKAK (PART B SECTION 1)

SNAKE – D H LAWRENCE ` (PART B SECTION 1)

THE MAN HE KILLED - THOMAS HARDY (PART B SECTION 1)



20. NATURE CENTERED LITERARY WORKS AND GLOBAL ISSUE ENVIRONMENT AND

CONSERVATION

FLYING WITH THE MOON ON THEIR WINGS



POEM AUTHOR

Punishment in Kinder garden Kamala Das (or) Kamala Surrayah

My Grandmother’s house Kamala Das

Swami and the sum R.K.Narayan

Kari- the Elephant Dhan Gopal Mukherji

Vision for the nation Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

The Neem tree Indra Anantha Krishna

The Ant Eater and the Dassie Lakshmi Mukundan

The Sun Beam Dr. Neeraja Ragavan

POET NATIONALITY

Rudyard Kipling England

D H Lawrence England - Nottinghamshire

Rudyard Kipling England - Mumbai

Elizabeth Barret browning England

Thomas hardy England

William Shakespeare England

William Wordsworth England

Annie Loiusa Walker England

Edgar A. Guest English born American poet

Hector Hugh Munro (Saki) England

Ralph Waldo Emerson American

Robert Frost American

F. Joanna American

Jack prelutsky American

Stephen Vincent Benet American

H.W. Long fellow American

Walt Whitman American

Pearl S.Buck American

O’Henry American

Kamala Das India

Famida Y Basheer India

Rabindranath Tagore India

R.K. Narayan India

V.K. Gokak India-Karnataka

Khalil Gibran Lebanon

Archibald Lampman Canadian

Oscar wilde Dublin, Ireland

Anton Chekhov Russia

Guy de Maupassant French

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