primary and secondary narcissism

8/11/2019 Primary and Secondary Narcissism

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PRIMA RY AND SECONDA RY NARCISSISM

BY LUDW IG EID ELB ERG , M.D., AND JA ME S 1~. P2kLM'ER~ M.D.

A c c o r d i n g t o F r e ~ d , 1 t h e n e w b o r n ' s r e l a t io n t o h i s m o t h e r o rf,a t h e r m a y b e r e f e r r e d t o a s a p r i m a r y n .a re is ,s is t~ e i d e n t i f ic a -t io n . * * A t t h i s , st ag e , t h e i n f a n t d o e s n~o,t d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n h i m -se l f a nd the e x t e r na l wo . r ld . C on se qu en t ly the en e r gy r'e:s,p.o.r~sible~o.r th is em ily relatio.n~ship i,s ea l te d p r im a r y rmreits.si~stie o.r .anto-ero .t~ e ~ b ~d o. a n d d e s t m d o . A f t e r t h e i n :r a n t b e g in s , t.o d i f f e r e n t i a t e

b e t w e e n h i m s e l f a n d t h e e x t e r n a l .o bje ct, t h e i m ag o , o.f t h e e x t e r n a lo b j e c t h e fra ees a n d i~s i n t e r e s t e d i n , is e a t h e e t e d b y o b j e e t l i b i d o. an d d e s t ru d o . , w h e r e ~ s t h e i m ~ g ' e o f t h e e x t e r n a l o b j e c t ~he r e m e m -be rs , , and of th e ~se lf ,t i~s ea . t~e e ted by se co nd ar y n ,are is~s is tie l ib i doa~ ad d es tr ud :o .. T h e w r i t e r s d o n o t k n,o w w h e t h e r t h e to .tM m n o u n to,f p r h n a . r y l i b i d o ~ n d d e s t r u d o ~s d i v i d e d a n d e h a ~ g e, d in to ~ s ec -o n d a r y n ,a r ci s. si st ie l i b i d o a n d d e s t r u d o ~ an d o b j e c t l~ b id .o a n d d e -.s .trudo., n o r ,doe,s F r e u d in di ca te w h e th e r a p a r t o~f th e ,orig~in~alp r im .a ry n~arei,s,sis.tie l~bi:d,o.~ and d e s t r u d o r e m a i n s u n e h ,a n g e d , w h e r e

i t i s :s to .red, an d h .ow it. be co m es v i s ib le in the . adu lt . S ec o nd ar yna rc i s s i s t i c 1,ibido~ an d des t ru :do m ay, u~ade ,r ce r t a in con d i t ion . s ,

~Published by arrangemellt with Trc~itd de Psyvh analyse(a new t~ndbc~ok of Frenchpeyehoanalysis)~ Dx'. S. Naeht, editor~ in whi ch this pap er appear s in French.

*~ But , whatever the character's capacity for resisting the influences of aba~ldonedobjeet-eathexes may tun1 out to be in aft er years) the effects of the first identifica-tions in earliest childhood will be profound and lasting. This leads us back to theorigin of the ego-ideal; fo r behind the latt er there lies the identification with thefa ther [ parents ] , which takes place in the prehisto ry of every person. This isappar entl y not in the first instance the consequence or outcome of aa ogjeet-eathexis,it is a dir ect and immedi ate iden*ificatlon and takes place earlier t han any object-

eathexis. But the ~)bjeet-ehoices belon ging to th e earlie st sexual perio d and r elat ingto the s and mothe r seem normall y to find thei r outcome in an identifiet~tion ofthe kind discussed, which would thus reinf oree the prim ary one. (Ref. 1.)

It appears that Freu d reserves the term, primm T identif icat ion, for what he callsthe prehisto ry ~ of t he individual, which is before the oral stage. Fenichel, however,uses the term pri'mary identification as a synonym of the so-called total oral narcis-sistic or melancholic identifications (Ref. 2).

tA_ceording te Eidelberg (Ref. 3), T h e ~on-qualitative narcissistic or ego libido haseatheeted the three psychic agencies in quantitative ly different amounts. tt art man n(Ref. 4) also assumes that the libido and destrudo eathect not only the ego but theself (total personali ty), t~owever, he suggests the presence of a neutral (autonomous)energy which seems to lack the dynamic quality of the id, and which is present in

secondary narcissistic libido and destrudo.S ones (Ref. 5) notes: But narcissisti c libido is still sex ual ...


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L U D W I G E I D E L B E R G t M . D .~ A N D J A M E S 1~ . PA L M E R ~ M . D . 481

c h a n g e par t ly i n t o o b j e c t liL bid o, a n d d e s t r u d o , a n dviae vers a. ~

A c c o r d i n g t o F r e u d , d yn a~ m ic f o r c e s c a l le d i n s t i n c t s ( T r i e b e ) ,a r e r e s~pons ib le fo r t he ma in t en . an , ce o,f hov neas t a t i c e q~ i l i b r im a .T h e s e i n s ti n ,c ts a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e e li ~ ni n .a ti on o f m e t a b o l i t e svch ioh ~acc .umu~ate in exc ess , an d t~ le : inco~rp .ova tion of m et~ bo l i t e sw~h ic.h , a re u s ed u ,p . A ac o r d i ng t o t h e f i r, st i n s t i n c t t h eo ry , s exin s t i nc t s a r e r es~pon .s ib le fo r t he su rv iv a l .o f t he h u m a n r~a,ee, . a~da r e d i f f e r en t i , a t ed f r om the ego i n~stinct.s , w~h ich t a ke ca r e o ,f t i lei n d i v i d u a l . A :n e ~ a m p ] e o f ,a f u n c t i o n o f t h e e g o i n s t i n c t s ifs u r i n a -t i on , wh i l e s exu , a l i n t e r cou r ; s e i s r e lo r e , s e~ t a t i ve o,f t he ac t i v i t y o fthe s,e~ i n s t i nc t s . A cc o r d i ng t o t h e f i r s.t i n . s t i nc t t~heo ry, eg o i n -s t i n c t s w e r e f r e e o f l ib M o . T h e f i r s t i r ~ st in c t t h e o r y w a s , a b ,a n d o n e dby F re u d i n f a v o r o,f t he s e co nd in~s ti nc t t heo , ry, ,a cco.rd in~g tow hic ] l th e ,sex in~stincYs .are ,sepaI~as f r o m th e .ag gr es si ve in~st incts ,an d t he eg:o i n s t in . et s a r e en do w ed w i th n~a re is s i' st ic l i b i do an dd e s t r u d o .

I n a g r e e , m e n t w i t h N ~ c ~ h t / t h e w r i t e r s d o n o t f e e l t h a t L e u b a ' , st e r m biolog ic~al n,al~ci~ssi.sm,'~ i s b e t t e r t h a n F re t~ d s t e r m , p I i -m a r y n a r e i s , s i s m . A l l a n a l y t i c a l c o n c e p t s o f i n s t i n c t s . ar e b io ~ lo gi ca li n n a t u r e , a n d t o u ,s e t h e t e r m b i o lo , g ie a l i n s t e a d o s p r ~ , m a r y

m i g h t i n d i c a t e th ~a t s e c o n d a r y n,a r c i s s i s m i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d bi o -1 ,og ical. Th e w r i te r s ' :ob.s~er~ation , , a re b as ed on t he s t u d y of ,de-r i v a t i v e s o f i r~ s ti nc tu ,a l e n e r g y ,as p r e s e n t i n h m ~ a n i n d i v i d u M s ;a n d , t h e r e f o r e , t h e y s h o u l d r e fr .a i n f r o m u s i n g t h e i r d a t a i n re f -e r e n c e t o an i m M s , p l a n t s o r ,cells. T h e y a r e i n a g r e e m e n t w i t hL e i b o v i c i , ~ w h o r e m i n d s ~ s t h a t th .e ore tic ~ al p r o b l e m s s~ ho ~ld b ed i s c as : s ed o n l y i n c o nn e ct io ~ n w i t h c o n c r e t e , an a l y ti ,e a l c ~ s e s . H o w -e v e r, i n s t e a d o,f a s i ~ g t h e t e r m , n ,a rc is ,s i, san ~ f t h e o r ga n , t h ew r i t e r s p r e f e r t o ~ say t h a t p r i g ge ry .o r ~ se:co~d .a ry na re i s~s i st i c li b ido ,

o r o b j e c t l i b i d o , m a y : a p p e a r t o c ~ at he ct t h e r e p r e , s e a t a t i o n o f .ano r g a n .

V a n d e r W a M s , ~~ s ~ g g es t, s t h a t o r i g i n a l l y t h e e g o w a s c o n -~s idered the is :o .u roe of n~ara is : s is~ , a n d th a t in 1923Da~ Ich unddas Es ), ~ F ~ e u d c o r r e c t e d t h ,is s ~ a t e ~ e n t b y s . a y in g t l m t t h e i di~s the sourCe of a l~ l in s t i nc t s , ther:e ,~o~re , a lso t he so u rc e os th e~ a rc i. s, si st ic l i b id o . I t ~ p p e a r l s t o t h e w r i t e ~ s , h o w e v e r, t h a t b e -f o r e 1923 F r e u d , h ad ~ as su m e d t h a t t h e , s o ~ l l e d e ~ o i n ,s ti n ct s w e r e

~ N u n b e r g ( R e f . 6 ) s a y s : A f a t h e r t e n d e ~ l y s t r o k e d t h e f a c e o f h i s s i x t e e n -' m o n th - o ld s o a. T h e c h i l d w a s o b v i o u s l y r a d i a ~ t w i t h h a p p in e s s . A s s o o n a s t h e f a t h e r

s t o p p e d s t r o k i n g h i m , t h e c h i l d s t a r t e d t ostroke himself a n d u t t e r e d a d ee p s o u nd' c i - c i ' , w h i c h i n h i s l a n g u a g e e x p r e s s e d t h e u t m o s t t e n d e r n e s s .


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482 PRIMARY AND SECO:bTDARu :NARCISSIS/VI

f r e e o f li~b ido; a n d t h e r e f o r e , t h e y c a n n o t u n e r s t a n d w h y v a n

d e r W~aals th on ffh t th a t F r e u d c :on~s idered the eg 'o to . be th e ,s:o~urceo~f n a r c i s s .i s t ic l ib i d o . N o r c a n t h e w r i t e r s , a g r ee w i t h h i s i d e ath a t t he s e co nd a r y n arc~s~si~stic li~bido r ep +e sen t s t he l i b id o w h ic heLathec t,s th e ego . I t appe:al~s , ra th er , th a t .se eon .dary n are i s ; s i s t i cl i b i d o e a th e c t; s t h e t o t a f p e r s o n a l i t y ; w, hi eh m e a n s t h e i d , e g oa n d s u p e r - e g o .

I t i s o bv io ~u s t h a t t h e t e r m s , l i b i d o a n d d e s t r u d o ~ a r e , b a se d o na:n e x p l a n a t o r y a n d n o t o n a de sc :ri p~ tiv e, a p p r o a c h . N e i t h e r t h esense o , rganrs , nor in ,s t r nn l en t s , s e rv ing ~ u r s en~se o rgan , s , ,c~an beused t o pe rc : e ive t he p , r e sence o . f l i b ido . and des t rndo> and t o .s e pa ra t e na I~ i s s i s t i c l i b ido f ro ,m ~object l i b ido .

T h ro .u .g h t h e , s e ns e o rg a n s , a n u m h . e r o f f a c t s a r e d e t e c t e d w h i o ho n e t r i e s t o u n d e r s t a n d b y a s.s ta in in g t h a t t h e y a r ed e r i v a t i v e s o fi n~ s ti nc tu a l e n e r g y, w h i c h c a n n o t b e s e e n d i r e c t l y. M o s t a n a l y s t sa s,s to n e t o d a y t h a t s e c o n d a r y n a r ,e i ss i st ic li b i d o a n d d e s t r u d o a r er e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e s o - c a l l e d ~ n tr ap ~ sy o h ic f u n c t i o n s o f t h e t o t a lp e r s o n a l i t y w h i c h , ac c or ,d i ng to F r e u d , m a y b e d i v i d e d i n to i d,

eg o a n d :s .uper-e .go. ~ T.he te rm in~t~apsychic:, refer ls to fu n ct io n so f t h e i n d i v i d u a l f r o m w h i c ,h t h e e x te rn ~ al w o r l d i s e )~ c lu d ed . T h eac t o .f re c ,ogni t io ,n.of an in~st , inctaal ne .ed, i t s evalarat ion, ~accept-a n c e , o r r e j e c t i o n , t h e c o n t r o l o ,f t h e b o d y, t h e m e m o r y , a n d t h eab i l i t y t,o , a ch i eve a h , a r.mon io~s c :ompro ,mi~s:e be tw ee n t he i d an dthe s up e r- e go , r eq u i r e a d i s ch , a rge o f s e , cond a ry n .a rc~ is s is ti e l i b idoa n d d e s t r u d o u n d e r n o r ~ n a l c o n d i t i o n s . O n t h e o ~ th er h .a n d , ~ a lk -i n g , e a t i n g ~ an d o t h e r a c :t iv i ti es w h i c h i n v o l v e .a n e x t e r n a l o b j e c t~appear to be p,ossi~bie only i~f,in c~ddit ion o.b jec t l ib i~do an d oh j :ec t

d~e,s tr~d ,o , a re , ava i l , ab 'l e. T o u ,se a s im i le as i l l~s . t ra t io n , one m a y. sa y t h a t t h e s e c r e t a r y o,f t h e i n t e r i o r u s e s n a rc i~ s s is ti c l ib i, do a n dd e s t r u d o , w h i l e t h e ,s e c r e t a r y o f s t a t e ( f o r e i g n a f f a i r s ) , u;ses o b j e c tl ib id o an~d des t ru~do .

Th i; s r e l a t i v e ly :s in~p .]e d iv i s i o n , appe a r s t o be , compl i c, a ted byt h e f a c t t h a t t w o t y p e s o f o b j e c t r e l a t i o n e x i s t, o r t h a t , i n o n eo b j e c t re~ llatio n, t w (~ d i f f e r e n t a t t i t u d e s m a y b e p r e s e n t . A c c o ,r d in , gto. Fr e u d , th e ~aim ~of Jh~aving an o~bject (an.acl i t~e ty p e ) , ~n,u,s t be

+Eide l~berg (Ref . 11) d iv ides the to r pe r sona l i ty in to f ive pa r t s : (1 ) the id ,

( 2 ) t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e b o d y, ( 3 ) t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e s e n se o rg a n s , ( 4 )the cen t ra l eg and (5 ) the supeT-ego .


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LUDW IG EIDELBERG~ ~r AND JA MES ~T. PALI~ER~ M.D. d~83

separated fro ~ the

type .It ,appea~s that:the anaclitic type,relation. T,hat oneor make somebodydifferentiated andun.der p athological

at te mpt to be s~mil~ar to the object (narci~s,sistie

object t~bido and des trudo gre dissh, arged in~s well as in the nareiss~istic type of objectis tr ying to become simifar to :s,o.mebody else,else similar to 'himself, impHes that the self issep.arated f rom the exter nal object. ~ O~1yco.n,ditions,may one as;same that object libido

and destrudo are being d~scharged in intrapsychic fun ctions,tand th at prim:ary or sec,on:d, ry n,areissistic lib~4o and dest,rudoare employed in object relations.

It ,appears that in projection, the statement, He hates me,takes the place of, I ha te myself , or I hate him. A n orm~alperson would as,sert that he ~s h, ated only when there is a basisof sense-orgaxt perception.s demonstr:atir~g ihate by the externalobject. It see~ns tha t whenever projects occurs, the pat ien t re-ga rds hi~s own feelin~s. ,a,s tho,se of ,another ~ers,on. Hi s resis.t-a~ce is caused by ,his uncons~cious ~go., which turn~s the o.rig,~nalactive aggTe,s~sive wish, I lmte yon or self~aggres.sive wish, Ihate .myself, into ~a pas~sive one, I am hated by hizn. A norm alper son may control his co rtsc~ous ~ate by assumir~g tha t his ha tewil~l provoke and mobilize the a.ggression of the other. However,in hi,s ,anticipation of the aggres,sion of the othe r individu.al, thenormal perso,n wi,ll different'rote .b,etween an anti cipa ted aggre s-sion and an ~aggres.siwe .act on the pa rt of the external .object. In

*ESdelberg (Ref. 12) suggests that try ing to make the object similar to one'sself also should be regarded as a narcissistic type of object relation. Compare viewsof Spinoza (l~ef. 13), It follows fro m this proposition tha t everyone endeavorsas much as possible to make others love what he ]eves, and to hate what he hates.It seems tha t the term, identification, is identical with the term, narcissistic type

of ob ject relat ion. IKowever, Fr eud sometimes describes identif ication as being some-thing diff erent from an object relation,14 the choice of an object regressed toidentification, and: F i r s t identification is the original fo rm of emotional tie with anobject, secondly, in a regr essive way it beco,mes a subs tit ute fo r a lib idina l ob jec ttie...,,15 Tim term c ~ a c l i t 4 v , appears prefe rabl e to 'qibidinal, because identificationdoes not take place witheut the use of libido. Also Glover,~ holds tha t . . . objectrelations are built on a narcissistic bas is- -ar e capable under stress of regr essingto identification. B. Lewi n~ assumes tha t parti al and total obj ects re~resent anarcissistic object choice.

~*Ferenczi (Ref. 18) refers to This loving of oneself in the person of anotherhuman being--called narcissism.

tNu nber g (Ref. 19) remarks: Another pati ent looked at me and rubbed his fore-

head. Upon my quest ionin g why he did this, he replied, 'You have wrinkles on yourforehead which I have to smooth out.'


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8 I~RI c~ARY AND SECONDARY NARC IS SI SS I

in t ro je~et ion , the pa t ien t ' s ~s~atement ,I h a t e m y s e l f , a p p e a r s i n -

s te a ~l o f I h a t e h i m .I n a d d i ti o .n to~ t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f m e t ~ b (~ l it es p r o d u c e d i n e x c e s s

a n d t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f m e t a b o l i t e s l o~ st, t h e i n d iv i d u ,a l t ri e s t oelh nin ,ate the nar~cis ,s is tic m o.r t i f ic at io ns h e h,a s e x p e r i e n c e dpas -s i v e l y b y i n f l i c t i n g t h e mac t ive ly ono t h e r s , o r o n h i m s e l f . I t i sneees~s~ary to rec~ognize th a t wh:~t one i s .do ing i s no t on ly th e re -s u lt o f h is w i s he s , ~ h i c h h e t r ie s t o g r a t i f y, b u t r e p r e s e n t s a l s oh i s r e sp on se to t h e s t im u l i o~f e x t ern ,a J o b jec t s (o th e r i nd iv idua l . s,an i r a a l s, p l an t s , fo rc es o ,f n a t u r e e t c . ) .

A s i l lus t r~a t ion , the f ( f l low ing ex~ample i s off{ered: A ro bb erfo rc es m e , ~at g~ n po in t t o su r r e nd e r m y w.a ll et . M y s u ffe rin~g ,a s a r e s a ] t o,f t h e l o s s o,f m y w a l l e t i s r e l i e v e d w ~ he n, n e x t d a y,a p o l i t e p o l ic e o ffic er, h a x i n g a r r e s t e d t h e r o b b e r , r e t u r n s m yw,a l.le t a n d i t s . conten ts . In sp i te o~f the fa c t th a t I h ..ave reco .veredw ha t I lo~ss I ~ sti~ l f ee l , some d i s~appo in tmen t a t h av in g f a i l ed tod e f y t h e r o b b e r r ay s,e lf . I f a n o . ld a n d e m p t y w ~ alle t i s t a k e na w.a y f r o m m e b y a n o t h e r c r i m i n a l , I s t i l l s u f f e r, .a lth o~ g~ h I m a yh a v e p l a n n e d t o th r o w a w a y t h is w a l le t . W. h at a m I s ~ f f e r i n gf ro m ? Ob~io .us ly f ro m any in . ab il i ty t o . de fy the e r i~ in ,~ l . I t . appea r st h a t a n y t h i n g w h i c h fo r c e s m e t o d o w h a t I d o n o t w n n t t o dopro,du,ee,s ~a c~a r~cter is t~ ,c se ns at io n, n a m e ly a narcis~si~stic m o rt i -f ic :ati :on, a~ d .mo,bilizes th e impu,l ,se to e] : im inate th e h m m il ia t in gm e m o r y b y , a n ac t ive in f l ic t ion of :a narci .s , s i s t ic m o, r t i f ica t iono n t h e : a g g r e s , s o r , o r o n s o m e b o d y e l s e , e v e n o n m y s e l f .

I n Beyo~vl the Ptea.s~tre Pr~n.eiple,F r e u d g i v es a n e x a m p l e inv c h ic h a c ~ i l d r e t u r n s h o m e f ro wn ~a v i, si t t o t h e d e n t i s t a n d p r o_ree ds to . repea~ t t he pa in f u l exp . e ri enc% on ly no w w i th h i s yo~ungerb r o t h e r a s t h e p a t i e n t . F r e n d in tr (~ d ttc e d t h e t e r m , r e p e t i t i o nc o m p u l s i o n , f o r t h e ln e ch a r~ i sm r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s b e h a v i o r ,a n d c on,s i d er e a l i t t o o pe I~ a te b e y o n d t h e p l e a s u r e p r in e i ,p l e . S o m e, a~ a ly s ts a s s u m e t h a t t h e c h i l d i s n o t i n t e r e s t e d s i m p l y i n r e p e a t -i n g t h e p a i n f u l e x p e r i e n e e , b u t t h a t h e t r i e s to.e l i m i n a t e t h e n a r -~ is , si s~e mo r t i f ic a t i on ,c~onne .c ted w i th i t b y i t sa c t i v e re ,pe t i t ion ,as a re su l t o ,f w hi ch ~he m a y M so ex pe r ie nc e an aggre~s~sive p le ,a~sure .

A s lo n g ,as a n~arei:s~sistic .mor t i f ica~t ion i s aeco ,mpanied by as i m u l t a n e o u s f r u s t r a t i o n o,f i n s ,t in c t ua l d r i v e s , i t m a y b e d i ff ic u l tt o d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e u n p l e a s ~ u r e o f t h e n a r c i s , s i , s t i c m o r t i f i c a t i o n

f r o m t h a t o f t h e f r u s t r a ti o n . I f s: om e b o dy t a k e s a ~ a y b y f o r c ethe fo~od I ,am ea t ing , he no t on ly in f l i e t s ~a n~a rc i ss i st ic m or t i f i ca t ion


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LUDW IG EIDELBERG~ lYLD.~ AND JA MES N. PALlY[ERt iVI.D. 4 8 5

by ~his b ru ta l 'behavio .r, ' bu t i n ad d i t i o n h e p r od uc esn in~stinct

f r u s t r a t i o ~ b y d e p r i v i n g m e (~f m y f o o,d .* C o n s e q u e n t l y, I w i l lt r y t o r e t a l i a t e b y t a k i n g b a c k m y f o o d b y fo .r ce a n d e l i m i n a t et h e f r u st ra t io ~ n o f .m y h a n ~ e r ,b y e a t i n g i t.

H o w e v e r , if I d e c i d e t o d i e t, a n d t h e r e f o r e r e f u s e t o e a t ade l ic io us d e ss e r t ~s .erved ~by m y .ho.s tes, , ,and i f s~he ,succ eed s f in al l yi n f o .r c in g m e 'to e a t i t a g a i n s t m y w i l l , I w i l l e x p e r i e n c e u n p t e a l s u r ebec aus e o f hav i r~g ~e en fo ,r ced , a s w e l l ,a s p l ea su re bee , ause o ,f t hefin e, t a s t e G f t h e d e s s e r t s e r v e d . M y r e a c t i o n t o t h is k i n d o fo , ra l r a pe i~s d i ff i(ml t t o p .r ed i c t. H av in g en jo y e d the de s s e r t ,

I m a y fo rg iv e .my h (~st es s fo r ha~cing fo rc ed .me ; o r I m ay , 'i n sp i t eo f t he p l ea su re I r ece ived , t r y to . i n f l i c t a na rc i s s , i s t ic mo . r~ f iea -t i o n u p o n h e r , . a n d e v e n f i n d o n e w h i c h w o u l d g r a t i f y s o m e o fh e r f r t ~ s t ra t e d d e ,s ir e s a t t h e ,s am e t im e . I t c a n n o t b e d e n i e dt h a t t h e sr e n g t h Gf t h e r e p e ti ti o ~ n c o . r e p u ls i o n v a r i e s i n d i f f e r -e n t i n d i v i d u a l s , , c a d m a y ,b e ~ in flu e nc ed ,b y m a n y c o n d i t i o n s .

I n t h e p a s t o n e G f t h e w r i t e r s e r r e d b y a s su m i n g t h a t t h e r e p e t i -t i o n c o m p u l s i o n i s c o n c e r n e d o n ly w i t h t h e a g g r e s s i v e d r iv e s . ~W h e n s o m e b o d y ~s i n v i t e d t o a d e l ic i o u s d i n n e r , t h e g u e s t i s n o to n l y in t e r e s t e d i n r e p e a t i n g t h e p l e a s u r e b y t r y i n g t o o `b ta in a n -o t h e r i n v i t a ti o n . H e w a n t s a l s o to r e e i p ro e , at e b y o f f e r i n g a g o o dm e a l t o t h e m a n v ch o i n v i t e d hi m . I t s e e m s t h a t t h e c o n c e p t o f a ni n d i v i d u a l i n t e r e s t e d o n ly i n t h e e l i m i n a t i o n ,a nd i n c o r p o r a t i o n o fme tabo , l i te s ks m or e su i t ab l e fo r an e~r~ `b ryo, p r o t ec t e d f ro ~ l ex -t e r n a l s t il n u l~ i n t h e u t e r u s , t h a n i t is f o r a h u m a n b e i n g ~sa r-rounded ,by ex te~ rna l ob jec t s .

I n a d d i t i o n t o n a r c i s s i s t i c m o r t i f i c a t i o n s i n f li c te d u p o n u s f ro ,mw i t h o u t, w e m a y, u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n d i t io n s , b e o v e r p o w e r e d b yi n t e r n a l s t i m u l i , f o r i n s t a n c e , v o m i t i n g , a s u d d e n o u t` bu r st o f

a n g e r o r s e x , s a d d e n . su p e r -e g o d e m a n d s , o r s u d d e n f a ti gu :e .A n a n a l y t i c e x ~ am in atio n o f t h e v a r i o u s d e f e n s e m e c h a n i s m s

ind ica t:~s t h a t t h ey no t Gn ly wa~ d o ff i n fa r~ t i le w Sshes, ba t Ms od e n y t h e p r 'e s e n c e o f a n i n f a n t i l e n a r ~ s ~ s i st ic m o r t i f i c a t i o n . I np r o j e c t i o n , th e ~ s ta te m e nt, H e h a t e s m e , i s u s e d to d e n y f a i l u r eto contro,1 o ne ' s ow n .ha te . T,he ex te rn a l narc is~s is t ic m or t i f ica -t io n , I c a n n o t c ~ p e w i t h t h i s h a t e , i s u s e d t o d e n y t h e i r~ te r~ a l

~De Grooi (Ref. 20) states: I-Ie who has achieved a real lo~e object, if dis-appoi nted or disillusioned, suffers an obje ct loss, not a narci ssist ic blow. Clinicalexperience seems to indicate th at even the individual who has a c ~ e v ~ t ~ real

love object, will suffer, if deprived by force of tlfis object, not only a frustrationof his insti nctua l wishes~ ba t in additi on, a narciss isti e mortifi cation.


7/8

486 P R I M A RY A N D S E C O I ~ D A RY N A R C I S S I S 1 V [

na rd s , s is t i c mor t i f i e a ti on , I c anno t cope w i th a n d c o n t ro l m y ow n

h a te . I n i n t r oj e c t io n , t h e s t a t e m e n t , I h a t e m y s e l f , i s u s e dto de n y f~ail~ure to d es tr oy (contr~(fl) th e exYernal ob jec t: I t isn o t t r u e t h a t I f a i l e d t o p r e v e n t ,h im fr o m l e a v i n g m e . T h e f a c t~s t ha t I fo r ced ~ t o l e ave ,me b y f a i l i n g to con t r o l m y o wnh a t e. O t h e r d e f e n s e m e d a l i s t s a l s o s,h ow t h a t a n ex te lm ~alnar,e i s~s i s t i c mor t i f i ca t ion i s used to deny an in te rnM nare i ss i s t l cmor t i f i oa t i on and v i c e v e r s a

2 5 E a s t 8 6 t h S t r e e tNew Yo rk N. Y.

R E F E R E N C E S

1 . F r e u d , S i g m u n d : T h e E g o a n d t h e I d . P. 3 9. L o n d o n . 1 92 7.

2 . F e n i e h e l , O .: T h e P s y c h o a n a l y t i c T h e o r y o f t h e N e u r o s e s . P. 3 6. N e w Yo r k .1945.

3 . E i d e l b e rg5 L u d w i g : S t n d i e s i n P s y c h o a n a l y s i s . N e l w o u s a n d M e n t a l I ) 4 se a aeMo nograp h . P . 149. Ne w York . 1948 .

4 . H a r t m a a m , H . : C o m m e n t s o n t h e p s y c h o a n a l y t i c th e o r y o f t h e e go . P p . 7 4- 96 i n :T h e P s y c h o a n a l y t i c S t u d y o f t h e C h i ld , Vo l. V. P. 8 4 . N e w Yo r k . 1 95 0.

5 . J o n e s , E r n e s t : P a p e r s o n P s y c h o a n a l y s i s . F o u r t h e d i t i o n . Wo o d . B a l t i m o r e . 19 38 .

6 . N u n b e r g , H . : P r a c t i c e a n d T h e o r y o f P s y c ho a n a l y si s . N e r v o u s an d M e n t MDisease M onogra ph . P . 217 . New York . 1948.

7 . N a c h t , S . : R e v u e F r a n ~ a l s e d e P s y c h a n a l y s e , 4 : 5 2 9 , 1 94 9.

8. Le uba , J . : Op. c i t . , re f . 7 , p . 456.

9. Le ibov ici , A. : Op. c i t ., ref . 7 , p . 559.

10. Va n d er Wa als , I t . G. : Op. c i t . , ref . 7 , p . 504.

11. E i d e l b e rg , L u d w i g : A n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o th e s t u d y o f t h o n a r c i s s i s t ic m o r t i fi c a -tion. PSYOHIt,T. QUAR~., 31:4 , 657-668, Oe tob er 1957.

- - : ? 3 b e r d i e I n , e r e u n d d i e a l is s e re n a r zi z ti s ~ he K r ii n k u n g . P s y a he , X L : 5 ,672 ft .

1 2. - - - - : A n O u t l i n e o f t h e C o m p a r a t i v e P a t h o l o g y o f th e N e u r o s e s . P. 50 . N e wYork. 1954.

1 3. S p i n o z a , B . : T h e P h i l o s o p h y o f S p i n o z a . J o s e p h R a t h e r, e d i t o r, l~ s L i b r a r yed i t ion . New York . 1927 .

14. F re ud , S igm und : G esam me l te Sc hr i f t e n . Vol . VI , p. 305 . Vienn a , 1925-1934 .

1 5. : G r o u p P s y c h o l o g y a n d t h e A n a l y s i s o f t h e E g o . H o g a r t h . L o n d o n .

1 6. G l o v e r, E . : P s y c h o a n a l y s i s . S e c o n d e d i ti o n . P a g e 2 10 . S t a p l e t o n P r e s s . N e wYork. 1949.

17. Lew ln , B . : Th e body as pha l lus . Psych oan . Quar t . , I I :2 4- 47 (33) , 1933.

18. Fe re nez i , S . : Sex in Psych oana lys i s . P . 297. New Y ork . 1950 .

19. Nu nb erg , H . : Op. c i t . ref . 6 , p . 209.

2 0. D e G r o o t , J . L . : P r o b l e m s o f f e m i n i n i t y. P s y c h o a n . Q u a r t . , I I : 4 8 9 - 5 1 8 ( 4 9 2 ) ,

19.33.21. Eidelbe rg~ Lud w ig: Of ) . c i r. , ref . 12, pp. 36-39.


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L U D W I G E ID EL BE R G ~ 1 V[.D .~ A N D J A M E S N . PA L M E R ~ M . D . 4 8 7

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

A b ra ha ~ m , I ~ : S e l e c te d P a p e r s ~of K a r l A b r a h a m . T h e I ~ t e r n a t i o n a l P s y c h o a n a l y t i c a lL i b r a r y. L o n d o n . 1 9 4 8 .

F r e u d , S i g m u n d : O n n a r c i s s i s m : A n I n t r o d u c t i o n . C o l le c te d P a p e r s I V . P p . 3 0 - 59 .L o n d o n . 1 9 1 4 .

: I n s t i n c t s a n d t h e i r Vi c i s s i t u d e s . C o l l ec t e d P a p e r s , I V. P p . 6 0 -8 3 . L o n d o n . 1 9 1 9 .: l ~ o u r n i n g a n d M e l a n c h o l i a . C o I l e c t e d P a p e r s , I V. P p . 1 5 2 - 1 7 0 . L o n d o n . 1 9 1 7 .

@ r u n b e r g e r , B . ; E s s a i s u r l a s i t u a t i o n a n a l y t i q u e e t le p ro c e s s u s d e g u ~ r is o n . I n ;L a D y n a m i q u e . P p . 1 - 5 3 . P a r i s . 1 9 5 6 .

H a r t m a n n , I t . : O n r a t i o n a l a n d ir r a t i o n a l ac t io n . I n : P s y c h o a n a l y s i s a n d t h e S o c ia lSc ience . u 1 . New Yo rk . 1947 .

: P s y c h o a n a l y s i s a n d d e v e lo p m e n t a l p s y c h o lo g y. I n : T h e P s y c h o a n a l y t i c S t u d yof th e C lf ild~ Vol . V. P p . 7 -17. New Yo rk . 1950 .

- - - : T h e m u t u a l i n fl u e nc e i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t v f e g o a n d id . I n : T h e P s y c h o a n a l y t i cS t u d y o f t h e C h i l d . Vo l . V I I I . P p . 9 - 3 0 . N e w Yo r k . ] 9 5 3 .

: C o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e m e t a p s y c h o l o g y o f s c h i z o p h r e n i a . I n : T h e P s y c h o a n a l y t i cS t u d y o f t h e C h i l d . Vo l . V I I I . P p . 1 7 7 - 1 9 8. X e w Yo r k . 1 9 5 3 .

t I a r t m ~ n n , H . , a n d K r i s , E . : T h e g e n e t i c a p p r o a c h i n p s y c h o a n a l y s i s . I n : T h e P s y -c h o a n a l y t i c S t u d y o f t h e G h i l d . Vo l . I . P p . 11 - 3 0 . N e w Yo r k . 1 9 4 5 .

H a r t m a n n , H . ; K r i s , E . , a n d L o w e n s t o i n , R . : C o m m e n t s o n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f p s y c h i cs t r u c t u r e . I n " T h e P s y c h o a n a l y t i c S t u d y o f t h e C h i ld . Vo l . I I . P p . 11 -3 8 .N e w Yo r k . 1 9 4 6 .

: N o t e s o n t h e t h e o r y o f a g g r e s s io n . I n : T h e P s y e l m a n a l y t i c S t u d y o f t h eC h i l d . Vo l . I I I / I V , P p . 9 - 3 6. N e w Y o r k . 1 9 49 .

L e w i n , B . : T h e P s y c h o a n a l y s i s o f E ] a t i o n . l ~ ew Yo r k . 1 9 5 0 .L o r a n d , S . : A n a r c i s s i s ti c n e u r o s i s w i t h h y p o c h o n d r i a c s y m p t o m s . P s y c l m a n . R e v.,

15 :261-277 , 1928 .N a ~ h t , S . ; D i a t k i n e , R . , a n d t ~ a v r e a u , J . : L e m o i d a n s l a r e l a t i o n p e r v e r s e . R o y.

F r a n ~ a i s e d e P s y c h a n . , X X : 4 5 7 - 4 7 8 . 1 9 56 .

primary and secondary narcissism

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