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Facilitator’s manual

CLASS 3, 4, 5

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BOX 1(Page 6-26)

Name of Chapter

Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity

My Body Myself & organ

System

Kidney Model Printed corrugated

Sheet 1

LED based Body Model Printed corrugated

Sheet 1

LED Based deficiency disease Model

Printed corrugated Sheet

1

LED Probes 4

LED's 30

LED Based Digestive System Printed corrugated

Sheet 1

LED Based Brain Model Printed corrugated

Sheet 1

My Body Body Structure

Lungs Model

Straws 2

Big Balloons 2

Small Balloons 2

Rubber band 2

Thread 1

Nuts and Bolts 2 each

Plastic Box 1

Kidney Model

Funnel Plastic 1

Plastic Box 2

Connecting pipes 2

Filter paper 12

Skeleton System Puzzle pieces 14

Teeth model Clay 100 Gms

BOX 2(Page 27-31)

Name of Chapter

Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity

Earth & Universe

Eclipse Phases of Moon Phases of Moon Setup 1

Day & Night Day and Night Model Day and Night Setup 1

Seasons Season Model

Big Ball with LED Setup 1

Small ball with Straw and Bolt 1

Rubber band 1

Elliptical Wooden Base 1

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BOX 3(Page 32-35)

Name of Chapter

Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity

Shelter and Community

Shelter Wooden house House Puzzle Set 1

Safety

Splint Making

18 cm Long wooden Stick

4

Cotton Bandage 1

Rectangular Wooden base

2

Thread 1

First Aid kit

Antiseptic liquid 1 Bottle

Cotton Roll 1

Cotton Bandage 1 Roll

Nature of clothes Cloth Heat Model

Fabric Sample 3

metal Ball 3

Thermometer 1

BOX 4(Page 36-57)

Name of Chapter

Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity

Weather , Soil, Rocks & Environment

Layer of Soil Soil Profile Plastic Box with different layers of soil

1

Properties of Soil Soil samples

Soil samples 3

Empty plastic Boxes 4

Types and Characteristics of

rock Volcanic Eruption

Plastic base 1

Baking Soda 4 test tubes

Vinegar 1 Plastic Bottle

Weather Phenomenon

Weather kit

Wooden base 1

Syringe 1

Funnel 1

Wooden Base 1

Bolt & Nut 1

Wooden Stick 1

Pieces of corrugated Sheet

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BOX 5(Page 54-57)

Name of Chapter

Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity

Weather , Soil, Rocks & Environment

Types and Characterstics of

rock Rock Samples Rock Sample Sheet 1

BOX 6(Page 58-67)

Name of Chapter

Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity

States of Matter

Float And Sink Balloon Boat

Plastic Box without lid 1

Balloon 2

Nozzle 1

Straw 1

Solid, Liquid & gases

Matter Model

Small Rectangular Plastic Boxes 3

Thread 1

Beads 1 Box

Float And Sink Scuba diver

Plastic Bottle 1

Scuba Weight 1

BOX 7(Page 68-71)

Name of Chapter

Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity

Air And Water

Water Cycle Water Cycle Kit

Zipper bags 6

Dropper 1

Methylene Blue 1 Test Tube

Purification of Water

Water Filter

Plastic box 1

Filter paper 2

Funnel 1

Cotton 1 g

Properties of Air Components of Air sticker 1

Circular corrugated Sheet 1

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BOX 8(Page 72-84)

Name of Chapter

Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity

Simple Machines

Simple Machines, Force, Work and

Energy

Balloon Car

Corrugated Rectangular base

1

Nozzle Support 1

Nozzle 1

8cm Long Straw 2

Wheels 6

Allen Bolts 4

Balloons 3

Cable Car

Half Cut Ball 1

Threads 4 Pieces

Hook 1

Types of Lever-Lever making

Simple Machine- lever Sling Shot 1

Simple Machines, Force, Work and

Energy

Simple Machines

Wooden Sticks' Stand 1

Corrugated Sheet 1

Gear 1

Pulleys 2

4cm Long Straws 2

Golden Bolts 4

Catapult

Wooden base 1

Wooden Sticks 3

Allen Bolts & nuts 3

chisel Bolts 2

Half cut Ball 1

Sling Shot 1

BOX 9(Page 85-88)

Name of Chapter

Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity

Food

Diet Pyramid Diet pyramid ( 2 Setups) Trapezium Shaped Wooden Bolcks

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Components of diet Balanced diet Wooden Blocks

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BOX 10(Page 89-98)

Name of Chapter

Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity

Plants and Animals

Animals Animal Game Printed Cards 20

Ecosystem Food Chain and Food Web

Wooden base with bolts 1

Rubber Bands 4

Corrugated Stickers 9

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MY BODY

Learning outcomes:

Cell

Internal and External organs

Important internal organs

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Human Body:

The human body refers to the entire structure of a human being and comprises a head,

neck, trunk (which includes the thorax and abdomen), arms and hands, legs and feet. Every

part of the body is composed of various types of cell.

The Cell:

Building blocks of our body:

INTERNAL ORGANS EXTERNAL ORGANS

Brain

The human brain is like a powerful computer that

stores our memory and controls how we as

humans think and react. It has evolved over time

and features some incredibly intricate parts that

scientists still struggle to understand. The brain is

the centre of the human nervous system,

controlling our thoughts, movements, memories

and decisions.

Our body

SMALL INTESTINE

LARGE INTESTINE

STOMACH

KIDNEY

LIVER

EAR

NOSE

EYES

LIMBS

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Lungs

The human lungs are a pair of large, spongy

organs optimized for gas exchange between our

blood and the air. Our body requires oxygen in

order to survive. The lungs provide us with that

vital oxygen while also removing carbon dioxide

before it can reach hazardous levels.

Intestines

Ever wondered where your food goes after

it leaves your stomach? It enters the

intestines: long, ropey tubes that break

down the food and get all the nutrients and

water out of the food. We have two

intestines: A small Intestine and A large

intestine. The small intestine is broken into

3 parts, and each part absorbs different

nutrients. The large intestine, which is the

last place the food, goes before it leaves

the body.

Stomach

Stomach is a stretchy bag of muscle that is very important in digesting food. It is part of our digestive system. When we have chewed and swallowed our food, our stomach mixes and

churns it like a blender, then adds stomach acid and enzymes, which speed digestion up.

Let us understand our body in a better way through an activity.

Activity: You will be given a corrugated sheet with the diagram of the human body along with a battery. Different parts of the body will be drawn on the sheet. Each part will have an L.E.D. fitted with it. You will have to connect the battery and now all the L.E.D.s will glow!

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Observation

Why do you think the organs are arranged in such a manner? List the internal and external

organs that you can identify in this activity below.

Observation table

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ORGAN SYSTEM

Learning outcomes:

Formation of Human Body

Nervous System

Digestive System

Circulatory System

Organ System

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The cell is the basic unit of life, a group of cells make tissue. Group of tissues together form

organ! Group of organs form an organ system and these systems together make a

complete organism or body.

There are different organ systems in our body. Let’s know more about them!

The Nervous System

The body has connectors neurons that communicate signals

throughout the body. Messages are sent through nerves called

neurons that are responsible for communication in the body. The

nervous system controls the body's sense of smell, hearing,

tasting, seeing and touching. The brain and the spinal cord make

up the central nervous system. The brain lies protected inside the

skull and from there controls all the body functions by sending and

receiving messages through nerves.

The Digestive System

The start of the process - the mouth: The digestive

process begins in the mouth.

On the way to the stomach: the oesophagus -

After being chewed and swallowed, the food enters

the oesophagus.

In the stomach - The stomach is a large, sack-like

organ that churns the food and bathes it in a very

strong acid.

In the small intestine - In the small intestine, bile,

pancreatic enzymes, and other digestive enzymes

produced by the inner wall of the small intestine

help in the breakdown of food.

In the large intestine - After passing through the

small intestine, food passes into the large intestine.

In the large intestine, some of the

water and electrolytes are removed from the food.

BRAIN

SPINAL

CORD

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Respiratory System

The respiratory system brings oxygen into

the human body and gets rid of carbon

dioxide. The body needs oxygen to live. The

organ used in the respiratory system is the

lungs.

Inside the lungs are tiny sacs. When the

body takes in air, the lung sacs fill with air.

The heart pumps blood inside the lungs and

takes in oxygen and releases carbon

dioxide.

Every breath the body takes consists of

taking in oxygen and releasing carbon

dioxide.

Circulatory System

he primary job of the circulatory system is

transporting materials through the body. It carries

nutrients, oxygen and water to different cells in the

body and removes wastes the cells create. The main

parts of the circulatory system are the heart, blood,

and blood vessels. The heart beats three billion times

in an average life span and its primary goal is

keeping the blood flowing through the body.

Excretory System

Toxins are expelled through the excretory system. The

most important organs of the excretory system are the

kidney, liver and skin. The liver works as a filter helping to

catch wastes and remove them from the body. Excess

salt is removed out of the body by the kidneys. The skin

secretes salt, water and other toxins out of the body by

sweating. The excretory system is very important for

keeping the body clean.

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Let us do an activity to understand these systems better.

Activity: You will be given a corrugated sheet on which various organ systems will be

drawn on one side and their descriptions will be written on the other side having metal

connections. On the top the names of the organ systems will be written with an L.E.D. fitted

along with each name. You will be given crocodile clips with which you will connect the

right picture with the right description and the correct L.E.D. will glow!

Observation

What happens when you connect the correct picture to the correct description? What

happens when a set of wrong picture and description are matched. Record your

observations below.

Observation table

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KIDNEY MODEL

Learning Outcomes:

Urinary System : Kidneys

Parts of Urinary System

Functions of Kidneys

Working of Kidneys

Keeping the Kidneys Healthy

Interesting Facts

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When we drink a lot of water we need to go to the washroom many times after that! There

is an organ which makes us use the washroom so many times in a day, called the Kidney.

Our kidneys are two of the most important organs in your body. They filter our blood and

help get rid of waste products from our body.

First let’s see where are our kidneys in the body and how do

they work?

They are found just under your back ribs, but you can't feel

them with your hands. They have an unusual shape - kidney

beans are named after them because they have the same

shape.

Kidneys: Kidneys are reddish brown, bean shaped structures situated in the abdominal

cavity.

Each human has two kidneys, one on the right side, and one on the left side, at the back

which is both protected by the rib cage.

Size of the Kidneys: Each kidney of an adult human measures 10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm

in width, 2-3 cm in thickness with an average weight of 120- 170 g.

Kidneys are a part of our Urinary System. Let’s see what the different parts of the urinary

system are and what their functions are:

The kidneys, the bladder, and their tubes are together called the urinary system. Here's a

list of all of the parts of the urinary system:

The Kidneys: filters that take the waste out of the

blood and make urine

The Ureters: tubes that carry the urine from each

kidney to the bladder

The Bladder: a bag that collects the urine

The Urethra: a tube that carries the urine from the

bladder out of the body

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Now let’s make the kidney model and learn more about our kidneys and how they work.

Working:

Observe the way the two bottles are filtering the water and sending the waste to the bladder

through the ureters or pipes. This happens due to the working of the kidneys to filter the

blood and remove the impurities from it. The urine is then carried to the bladder through the

ureters.

When the bladder is full, the brain signals the body to go to the washroom. When we

urinate, the urine is passed through a tube called urethra from the bladder out of the body.

The kidneys are very important for us; they are a part of the waste disposal team. They

send back the minerals, vitamins and other nutrients that you get from your food and pass

into urine anything that is not needed by the body or the wastes from the body. The kidneys

keep getting rid of all the unwanted things from our body all day long.

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Keeping the Kidneys Healthy: It is important to take good care of our kidneys, for that we need to:

Drinking 6 - 8 glasses of water or other drinks (such as milk drinks or fruit juice)

each day. Your kidneys like water best.

Eating a healthy diet so that you get all the minerals and vitamins that your body

needs

Not eating a lot of 'sometimes' treats.

Staying away from drugs like tobacco and alcohol - these make the kidneys' job

more difficult.

Did you know?

Inside each kidney there are about a million nephrons. They are tiny filters catching

all the stuff that your body doesn't need and sending it out as waste.

The average person has 1 to 1½ gallons of blood circulating through his or her body.

The kidneys filter that blood as many as 400 times a day!

If you don't take in a lot of fluids or if you're exercising and sweating a lot, your urine

has less water in it and it appears darker. If you're drinking lots of fluids, the extra

fluid comes out in your urine, and it will be lighter.

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LUNGS MODEL

Learning outcomes:

Lungs

Functions of lungs

Mechanism of working of lungs

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Lungs are the respiratory unit of our body. They are air filled organs that are located on

either side of chest.

Function of Lungs

Primary function of lungs is to transport oxygen to all body parts and taking away carbon

dioxide.

Interesting Facts about lungs

1) Left and right lungs are not same. Left lung is slightly smaller, allowing room for our

heart.

2) Every person breathes in about 11000 litres of air every day.

3) We can live without one lung but it limits our physical ability.

Lungs

When oxygen enters through nose it pass through trachea (wind pipe) then it reaches

bronchus which is further divided into bronchioles. At the end of bronchioles, balloon like

structures called alveoli are present that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide from blood

vessels.

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Mechanism

When we breathe in, the muscle under our lungs (Diaphragm) pulls the lungs down and

when we breathe out, the muscle relaxes and lungs collapse that throw air outside the

body.

Let us do an activity to understand how our lungs work.

Activity: You will be given a transparent box with hole at the base, three balloons,

thread, rubber bands and two small straws. You will need to assemble the kit as shown

in the picture below, with the guidance of your teacher. Now blow air into the straws and

see what happens.

Observations

What happened when you blew air into the straws? Try doing so without the outer balloon

which acts as the diaphragm. What happens now? Is there any difference? Record your

observations in the table given below.

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TEETH MODEL

Learning outcomes:

Teeth

Types of teeth

Teeth model

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Do you remember about falling of your teeth some years ago?

The first set of teeth grows during infancy and they fall off at the age between six to eight

years. These are termed milk teeth.

The second set that replaces them are the permanent teeth. The permanent teeth may last

throughout life or fall off during old age or due to some dental disease.

The teeth are the hardest substances in the human body. Besides being essential for

chewing, the teeth play an important role in speech.

A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which have erupted by about age 13:

The four front teeth in each arch are called incisors, and their function is to cut food with their sharp thin edges.

Let us now do an activity to understand the different types of teeth.

Canines have one cusp, or pointed edge, and are used for holding or grasping food, and are very strong, stable teeth.

Premolars are designed for holding food like the canines because they have cusps, but they also function to crush food.

The teeth farthest back in the mouth are the molars. These teeth have broad chewing surfaces with four or five cusps, and are designed for grinding food.

Activity: You will be given the teeth model as shown in the picture. Observe the model

and see where the different teeth are placed in the jaw.

Touch the different teeth and look at their formation and features.

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Observations

Is the formation of incisors the same as that of molars? What is the difference? What would

happen if the teeth at the front were flat like molars? Would we be able to bite something as

easily as with sharp incisors? Think and record your observations in the table below.

Observation table

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SKELETON SYSTEM

Learning outcomes:

Parts of skeleton system

Functions of skeleton system

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Touch your hand or legs or head …can you feel something hard inside? This is your

Skeleton. It is made of many bones joined together.

How would you look without your bones? Funny and blobby like a jelly or a worm!

All the bones in your body make up your Skeleton system. Skeleton system is not just a

structure of bones but it consist tendons, cartilage and

ligaments also.

Tendons: A tough inelastic band of fibrous tissue

that connects bone with muscles.

Ligaments: A band of Strong tissue that connects

bones to other bones.

Cartilage: A connective tissue which is softer than

a bone. It is found in many areas of the body

including ends of the ribs, between the vertebrae

and the spine, ears and nose, joint between bones

e.g. Elbows, knees and ankles

Functions:

Support- it gives support to our body otherwise our body would collapse into a heap.

Movement: it gives structure to muscles and enables us to move them.

Protection: it gives protection to our inner and delicate organs like skull protect our

eyes and brain, rib cage protects our heart and Lungs, vertebrae protects our spinal

cord.

Blood cell production: our blood cells produce inside the bones.

Storage of calcium.

Let us do a fun activity to understand our skeletal system in a better way.

Activity: You will be given a kit that contains different parts of our skeleton system separated

from each other in a puzzled form. Identify these parts and join them together to get a

framework of human skeleton system. Assemble them on a board or a chart and label all the

parts on the chart.

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Observations

Do the different parts fit into each other when you put then in the wrong place? Why is that

so according to you? Experiment with the different parts and record your observations in

the table given below.

Skull

Humerus

Vertebral

column

Knee

Ankle

Ribcage

Wrist

Pelvis

Femur

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DAY AND NIGHT

Learning Outcomes

What is Sun, Earth

Motions of Earth

How are days and nights

caused

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Do you see a big bright ball in the sky, when you wake

up in the morning..?

What do you call that big bright ball?? Is it sun??

Sun is a star which is made up of hot gases. It doesn’t

look like a normal star as it is comparatively near to the

earth than the other stars. It gives heat and light to our

planet- Earth.

Earth- Earth is the only planet which has life on it. The

heat received by Earth from sun is suitable for the

survival of all living beings. This is because of the

appropriate distance of the Earth from the sun.

Rotation Revolution

Rotation: The Movement of earth along its axis is known as Rotation.

Movements of Earth

Planet: A body which directly orbits the sun

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Earth rotates around its own axis from west to east. It takes around 23 hours 56 minutes

and 4 seconds to rotate around its own axis.

Along with the rotation, the earth also revolves around sun.

Revolution: The movement of Earth around Sun in a fixed path is known as Revolution.

This fixed path in which the earth revolves around the sun is known as Orbit.

To complete one orbit, Earth takes about 365 days which makes one year

How are days and nights caused??

When the earth rotates on its axis, one part of the earth faces the sun.

This part of the earth experiences daytime.

The part of the Earth which is not facing the Sun experiences Night Time.

That’s how, Days and Nights are formed.

Axis: An imaginary line around which earth spins

Sunlight

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But if you noticed, the amount of light, brightness changes as the day passes.

On the basis of that, we have these parts of a day

To understand this, let us mark a point on this diagram-

The above diagram shows, the rotation of earth from west to east-

The point which is on the other side of the earth just started getting rays and

experiences daytime

When the earth rotates, the same point comes in the front of the sun and experiences

noon

On further rotation, The point comes sideways and again gets very less light from sun

and experiences evening

And when the point goes to the side which is not receiving light at all, then it

experiences night.

This process repeats and every day we experience morning, noon, evening and night.

What will happen if you will rotate the ball very fast? Write your observation.

Day

Evening Noon Morning

Morning Evening Noon Night

Point is on the other side

of the earth this time

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What will happen if you decrease the distance between earth and sun?

What will happen if you increase the distance between sun and earth?

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CLOTH HEAT MODEL

Learning Outcomes:

Need of wearing clothes

Types of clothes – Cotton, Silk and Woollen

Sources of clothes – Natural sources

Clothes for different seasons – Summers, Winters and

Rainy

Heat absorption capacity of different types of clothes

WOOL COTTON SILK

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We wear clothes all the time! In school you wear your uniforms, at home you wear your

casual clothes, and in parties you wear your special clothes.

Why do we need to wear clothes?

Clothes protect us from dust, heat, cold, insects, sunlight etc. We wear clothes to protect

our bodies. But not all the clothes are same. They look different because of their colours

and the material from which they are made.

Observe this piece of cloth closely and try to draw the pattern you see in the box below.

As you can see the cloth is made up of many threads which are arranged in a crisscross

manner. These threads are made up of fibres. All the clothes are made up of fibres.

FIBRE TO FABRIC

Fibre Threads (yarn) Fabric

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Clothes are made from cotton, silk or woollen fibres. That’s why we have clothes of different

types.

From where do we get these fibres? The fibres are obtained from natural sources like

plants and animals.

Complete the following table:

S.no SEASON CLOTHES YOU WEAR

1

Winters

2

Summers

3

Rainy

We wear different clothes in different seasons. In summers we wear loose and light

coloured clothes, to keep us cool; they are mostly made from cotton.

In winters we wear dark-coloured clothes which keep us warm. These are called woollen

clothes, they are made from wool.

In rainy season we need clothes to protect us from rain. So we wear raincoats made from

water-proof material.

COTTON

•Cotton is obtained from the cotton plant

SILK

•Silk is obtained from the silkworm

WOOL

•Wool is obtained from the hair of sheep

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Activity 1: Heat Absorption Capacity of Different Clothes

Why do some clothes keep us warm while others keep us cool? Let’s perform an activity

where we will test the heat absorption capacity of different clothes.

Keep the cloth samples in sunlight for equal amount of time. Take the sample one by one

and touch them. Record your observations in the table below:

Observation Table 1

Arrange the cloth samples according to their heat absorption capacity from highest to

lowest in the box given below:

Working:

Every cloth is made from some kind of material. Cotton has the property of soaking sweat

and it lets the air pass through it. Cotton clothes are worn in summers due to this property.

They keep the body cool by allowing air to pass through and it also absorbs the sweat from

our body. Cotton clothes absorb the least amount of sunlight.

Woollen clothes have the property of absorbing heat and it also traps the air, by not letting it

to pass through. Woollen clothes trap the heat from the body and keep us warm due to this

reason. Woollen clothes absorb the maximum amount of sunlight in the experiment.

S. No. CLOTH SAMPLE

HEAT ABSORPTION CAPACITY

(How hot or warm are the sample)

1

Cotton (White)

2

Woollen (Black)

3

Silk

4

5

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WEATHER KIT

Learning outcomes:

Difference between weather and climate

Use and working of wind vane

Use and working of rain gauge

Use and working of thermometer

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Many of our daily activities are planned based on the weather predicted for that day. There

are daily reports of the weather on the television and radio and in the newspapers.

The weather report carries information about the temperature, humidity and rainfall during

the past 24 hours. It also predicts the weather for the day.

But do you know what this weather really is?

Let us understand this through an activity.

Activity 1: Cut out the weather reports of the last week from any newspaper. If you

do not get a newspaper at home borrow from your neighbours or friends and copy

these reports in your notebook. You can also collect weather reports from a library.

Now record the information from the weather reports collected by you in the table

given below.

Date Minimum

temp.

Maximum

temp.

Minimum

humidity

Maximum

humidity

Rainfall

Observation table no. 1

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Do all the seven days have the same maximum and minimum temperatures, humidity and

rainfall?

The maximum and minimum temperatures recorded may be the same for some of the days.

However, all the parameters are not the same on any two days. Over a week there may be

considerable variation.

The day to day condition of the atmosphere at a place with respect to the

temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, etc., is called the weather at that place.

The temperature, humidity, and other factors are called the elements of the weather. The

weather of a place changes day after day and week after week.

Climate

Meteorologists record the weather every day. The records of the weather have been

preserved for the past several decades. These help us to determine the weather pattern at

a place.

The average weather pattern taken over a long time, say 25 years, is called the

climate of the place.

If we find that the temperature at a place is

high most of the time, then we say that the

climate of that place is hot. If there is also

heavy rainfall on most of the days in the

same place, then we can say that the climate

of that place is hot and wet.

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Similarly if we find that the temperature at a place is low most of the time, then we say that

the climate of that place is cold.

Factors affecting Weather

Wind

A wind vane, a weather vane, or weathercock is an instrument used for showing the

direction of the wind. For accurate readings, a wind vane should be located high above the

ground and away from buildings, trees, or any objects that could interfere with the true wind

direction.

Let us do an activity to understand the wind vane.

Activity 3: You will be given a wooden base, a wooden stick, a corrugated sheet, a

big bolt, two allen bolts and some nuts. Assemble your wind vane as shown in the

picture with the guidance of your teacher.

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Record your observations in the table below.

Observation table no. 2

Rainfall

You must have observed that rainfall does not

occur every day. But how do we measure

rainfall when it happens?

We do this using a rain gauge.

A rain gauge is a device that measures liquid

precipitation (rain), over a set period of time. It is a small tube of glass or plastic with the

upper end open. A measuring scale is usually attached to the tube, so that the amount

of precipitation can be measured in inches or centimetres.

Let us do an activity to see how a rain gauge works.

Activity 2: You will be given a wooden base, two syringes, a funnel and a connecting

pipe. Assemble your rain gauge as shown in the picture with the help of your

teacher.

Now put your rain gauge outside into the rain or yourself pour some water into the

funnel. Record your observations in the table given below.

Time of Observation Wind Direction Notes

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You must have seen that the water travels through the connecting pipe to the other syringe.

Read the observation on the syringe and that is the amount of rainfall.

Thermometer

A thermometer is an instrument for measuring or indicating temperature (how hot or cold

something is). One type of thermometer is a narrow, concealed glass tube containing

mercury or alcohol which extends along the tube as it expands. Another type is a digital

thermometer, which uses electronics to measure temperature.

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Working of a Thermometer

For knowing the temperature of anybody the thermometer is kept in their mouth or armpit.

The metallic end of the thermometer should touch the mouth of the person.

The liquid inside the thermometer heats up according to the temperature of the person and

becomes equal to the temperature.

You should hold the thermometer for a few minutes to get an accurate reading.

Measure the temperature of your own body at different times of the day and record it in the

table below:

Time of Observation Temperature Activity

Woke up

After playing

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Wind Vane

Learning Outcome:

A brief introduction of wind vane

Uses of Wind vane

Observation

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Wind Vane Wind vane is an object that helps to find the direction of the wind i.e. to know which side the wind blows. It is also called as weather vane, weather cock etc It should be placed in a high place without any obstacles. It should be placed away from trees, buildings etc

How does wind occur? The sun warms the Earth's surface and the atmosphere also warms. Some parts of the Earth receive direct rays from the sun all year and are always warm. Other places receive indirect rays, so the climate is colder. Warm air which weighs less than cold air rises upwards. Cool air then rushes in and fills the gap left by the rising warm air. This movement of air is what makes the wind blow. Knowing and observing a change in wind direction is an essential part of predicting weather because wind brings us our weather.

Wind vane and its uses: It helps us to generate electricity It gives us the direction of the wind It also gives us a weather report

Observation on the activity:

Use a compass to figure out which way is North. Mark this direction on the cardboard.

Let your wind vane blow in the wind. Observe the direction toward which the wind vane points.

If the tip of the wind vane arrow is narrow enough and the back wide enough, the wind vane should point in the direction the wind is blowing.

If your wind vane is not giving good results, try designing another arrow shape.

Use your wind vane to observe the wind direction over a period of time.

Record your wind data in the table below

Time Direction of wind

Morning

Noon

Evening

Night

45

SOIL PROFILE

Learning Outcomes:

Soil and its importance

Soil Profile – Layers of Soil

A – Horizon, B – Horizon and C - Horizon

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Soil is an inseparable part of our life. Soil is one of the most important natural resources. It

supports the growth of plants by holding the roots firmly and supplying water and nutrients.

It is the home for many organisms. Soil is essential for agriculture.

Make a list of the uses of soil that you see around:

Layers of Soil

When we start digging the soil, we can see that as we go deeper the soil changes. Small

pebbles start coming out, later large stones come out. This happens because the soil is

present in different layers.

Soil is composed of distinct layers. Let’s perform the following activity to find out how the

different layers are arranged.

Activity 1: Soil Layers

To do this activity you will have to take your soil profile kit. Empty all the contents of your kit

into a clear glass. Mix well and add water to the mixture.

Mix it thoroughly and keep the glass on a smooth surface. Let it rest. Observe what you see

in the glass after a few minutes.

Now keep the glass untouched for a day. Again observe what you see in the glass.

Write your observation in the space provided.

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S.

No.

CONTENT OF GLASS AFTER FEW

MINUTES CONTENT OF GLASS AFTER A DAY

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A vertical section through different layers of the soil is called the soil profile. You can

observe soil profile near a construction site, at the sides of a road on the hill or at steep

river bank.

The rotting dead matter in the soil is called humus. It is called the topsoil or the A-horizon

The next layer is generally harder and more compact and is called the B-horizon or the

middle layer.

The third layer is the C-horizon, which is made up of small lumps of rocks. Below this layer

is the bedrock, which is hard and difficult to dig with a spade.

A – HORIZON

B – HORIZON

C - HORIZON

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SOIL SAMPLE

Learning Outcomes:

Soil and its importance

Types of soil – Clayey, Sandy and Loamy

Water retention property of different soil

samples

Crops grown in different soils

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Soil is an inseparable part of our life. Soil is one of the most important natural resources. It

supports the growth of plants by holding the roots firmly and supplying water and nutrients.

It is the home for many organisms. Soil is essential for agriculture.

Make a list of the uses of soil that you see around:

Types of Soil

The mixture of rock particles and humus is called the soil. Living organisms, such as

bacteria, plant roots and earthworm are also important parts of any soil. The soil is

classified on the basis of the proportion of particles of various sizes.

If soil contains greater proportion of big

particles it is called sandy soil. If the

proportion of fine particles is relatively

higher, then it is called clayey soil. If

the amount of large and fine particles is

about the same, then the soil is called

loamy. Thus, the soil can be classified

as sandy, clayey and loamy.

Go out in the field and pick up some different soil samples; try to classify them according to

their texture as clayey, sandy and loamy. Fill the following table based on your

observations:

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S. No. Type of Soil Sample Taken From Colour and Texture

of Soil Sample

1. Clayey Soil

2. Loamy Soil

3. Sandy Soil

Observation Table 1

As you can see based on your observations soil is of different types and they differ

according to their physical appearance and size of particles.

Properties of Soil

Based on these differences each type of soil has its own properties. One such property is

the water retention capacity or the ability of the soil to absorb and hold water.

Do all the soil samples absorb water to the same extent? Let us find out with the help of the

following activity:

Activity 2: Water Retention in Soil

For doing this activity, you would need the water retention kit. Arrange the setup with the

help of your teacher.

Prepare the three funnels with different soil sample: clayey, sandy and loamy. Now pour

water in them one by one and observe what happens. Note down the time taken for water

to seep down and drop into the bottle cap. Also, measure the amount of water collected in

the bottle cap.

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Perform the activity for the different soil samples,

observe and record the measurements. By measuring

the amount of water collected in the bottle cap you can

arrange the soil samples according to the increasing

capacity of water retention.

The soil sample with the least amount of water in the

bottle cap will have the highest water retention capacity.

Record your observations in the following table:

S.No. Soil sample Time taken for water

to start dropping

Amount of

water poured

in funnel

Amount of

water collected

in cap

1. Clayey soil

2. Sandy soil

3. Loamy soil

Observation Table 2

Arrange the soil samples in increasing order of water retention capacity in the box given

below:

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Crops Grown in Different Soils

Different types of soils are found in different parts of India. Each type of soil has its own

properties as we observed in the above activity. Based on these properties each soil is

suitable for growing certain crops.

Let’s look at the table below to understand which soil is best for growing which crops:

Clayey Soil

Wheat

Gram

Rice

Sugarcane

Sandy Soil

Wheat

Gram

Cotton

Loamy Soil

Pulses

Cotton

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Volcanic Eruption

Learning Outcomes:

Types of rocks- Sedimentary, igneous and

metamorphic

Formation of Sedimentary rocks

Formation of Igneous rocks

Formation of metamorphic rocks

Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanic Eruption prone areas

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We all know that our houses are made up of bricks and cement. But what are these things

made up of?

Do you know what is the raw material used to make bricks? Is it a rock?

Well, the answer is yes..!! Bricks are made up of rocks.

A rock is simply a solid mixture of two or more minerals. For example, most of the

sandstones are a mixture of feldspar, quartz and clay. Over a period of time, these rocks

can be transformed from one type to another. This transformation forms a cycle known as

rock cycle. Rock cycle explains how rocks form, break down and again regain their original

form over a period of time.

According to the course of this cycle, rocks are generally classified into three categories:

Let us study about these types of rocks.

1. Igneous Rocks:

Igneous rocks are formed from directly cooling of magma. Magma is a molten rock that is

formed inside the earth which melts due to intense heat and pressure. As it melts, it rises

towards the earth’s surface and sometimes comes out of the surface. When it reaches the

earth’s surface it is known as lava.

When it comes out of the surface through an opening, it is known as volcanic eruption.

To see how volcanoes erupt, you have been given Baking soda, Vinegar and food coloring to give it a real touch.

When you put the baking soda in the vinegar, you will see a reaction taking place. Till the time, the liquid is inside the crust ( that you have made), it is known as magma. When it reaches the surface, it is known as Lava.

Rocks

Metamorphic

Rocks

Sedimentary

rocks

Igneous

Rocks

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Science behind Volcanic Eruption:

Due to intense heat inside the earth, the rocks start melting. When this heat reaches the maximum and pressure inside the earth increases, magma comes out of the earth’s surface and becomes lava.

This lava cools down slowly and become hard. Such lava made rocks are known as igneous rocks.

Igneous rock that forms at the surface of the earth is referred to as extrusive or volcanic rock. Basalt is a good example of extrusive igneous rock. Igneous rock formed before it reaches the earth's surface is named intrusive rock. These rocks cool over long periods of time and, thus, develop large crystal structures, as we see in granite.

2. Sedimentary rocks:

Sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments that are deposited over time, usually as layers

at the bottom of lakes and river valleys. Sediments are pieces or particles of weathered

rocks, plants and animal matter, minerals etc. Examples: Sandstone, limestone, chalk, flint

etc.

3. Metamorphic rocks

A metamorphic rock is a result of a transformation of a pre-existing rock. The original rock is subjected to very high heat and pressure, which cause obvious physical and/or chemical changes. Examples of these rock types include marble, slate, gneiss, schist. They can be formed by pressures deep inside the Earth, by tectonic processes such as continental collisions, or when they are heated up by an intrusion of hot molten rock called magma from the Earth's interior. Examples of metamorphic rocks include anthracite, quartzite, marble, slate, gneiss and schist.

Igneous Rocks

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Sedimentary Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks

58

MATTER MODEL

Learning Outcomes:

What is Matter

Types of Matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases

Properties of Solids

Properties of Liquids

Properties of Gases

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When we look around we see numerous things. Like a chair, water in the bottle, tree, board

etc. this list can go on and on.

Is there something which you cannot see but still feel around you?

The wind coming from the fan can only be felt, not seen by the eyes. The air is also present

around us, but we can only feel it. The things that are present around us all called matter.

All the examples that are given above are examples of matter.

What do you see around you? List some things in the box given below:

Types of Matters: Solids, Liquids and Gases

To know more about the different types of matters, let us try to find out

the different types of matter–

The hard things: The things that you see around which are hard

and have a fixed shape for example- chair, table, books, trees, cars

etc. are all called solids.

The things which flow: The things which can flow from one place to

another, and don’t have a fixed shape i.e. they can change their

shape according to the container’s shape for example- water, juice,

milk, tea, coffee etc. are all called liquids.

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The things which we feel: The things which we take in while

breathing, which is filled in balloons, which we feel around when

we sit under a fan, the thing filled in cycle tires etc. are all called

gases.

Look at the examples of solids, liquids and gases in the above figure. Observe them

carefully; what is common in them? Note your answers in the table below:

S. No. SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES

1 Fixed shape

2 Flow easily

3 Takes shape of container

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There are certain properties of solids, liquids and gases. Let’s find out the reason behind

these properties.

All solids are made in the same manner, so are liquids and gases. The reason for these

properties is the structure of the solids, liquids and gases.

Let’s make the Matter model and try to understand the structure of the solids, liquids and

gases.

Observe the lack of spaces between the particles (beads) due to which their movement is

almost impossible in solids.

Similarly the availability of space between liquids and gases particles (bead) provides the

space for movement. As the shape is not fixed so it can change according to the shape of

the container.

Properties of Solids

Solids stay in one place and can be held.

Solids keep their shape. They do not flow like liquids.

Solids always take up the same amount of space. They do not spread out like gases.

Even though they can be poured, sugar, salt and flour are all solids. Each particle of

salt, for example, keeps the same shape.

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Properties of Liquids

Liquids can flow or be poured easily. They are not easy to hold.

Liquids change their shape depending on the container they are in.

Even when liquids change their shape, they always take up the same amount of

space.

Properties of Gases

Gases often cannot be seen.

Gases do not keep their shape or always take up the same amount of space. They

spread out and change their shape and volume to fill up whatever container they are

in.

Gases can be squashed.

63

Balloon Boat

Learning Outcomes:

Concept Of Boat

Concept Of Float and Sink

Working of Balloon Boat

64

Sitting in a boat, traveling through water is such an amazing experience..!

So, we can say boat is kind of watercraft that floats on water and used for traveling

purpose.

There are different kinds of boats:

Unpowered or human-powered boats:

Unpowered boats include rafts and floats meant for

one-way downstream travel.

Human-powered boats include

canoes, kayaks, gondolas and punt. They are

propelled by paddles.

Sailboats: These boats are propelled solely by

means of sails.

Motorboats: These boats are propelled by

engines

But do we ever think how these boats float on water..?? What makes them float??

How do boats float On Water?

Most of you would know the answer of the above question.

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There are some objects which float and there are some objects which sink.

Let us have a look!!

When the density of an object is less than that of water, it floats on its surface

When the density of an object is equal to that of water, it remains submerged under

water

When the density of an object is more than that of water, it sinks

The material that is used to make a boat has a special property of floating on water.

Some Objects float in water like polythene, log of wood etc..

Some objects sink in water like pebbles, coins etc..

Some objects neither float nor sink like Submarines..!!

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We Make Boat with such materials that float on water. Like in our boat we used a plastic

box. But how does our boat move??

Working of a Balloon Boat:

In the Balloon boat, you inflate the balloon; put

your thumb on the nozzle so that the air doesn’t

come out.

Now, when you keep it in the water you see that

air escapes out from the straw. And the boat

starts moving in the direction opposite to that of

straw.

Due to the shape and the material used, the boat

floats on the water.

Change the direction of the straw and write your observation in the box given below.

Yeah..!!

This one is

sinking

Ohh..!! Its Floating

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Use different size balloons and observe that change in distance travelled. Write your

observation.

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WATER FILTER

Learning Outcomes:

Importance of Filtering Water

Filtration and Filtrate

Parts of Water Filter

Working of Water Filter

Interesting Facts About Water

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One of our most valuable resources is water but water in lakes, rivers and other sources

contains impurities that make it look and smell bad. The water also may contain

microorganisms that can cause disease. We need to make the water fit for use before using

it.

Importance of water

1) It is used by plants for making their food.

2) It is used for drinking, washing clothes, bathing.

3) It is used for cooking food

4) It is the habitat of aquatic organisms.

Water can be purified by filtering it through a water filter. It is very important to filter water

before using it for all these above mentioned uses.

Can you name some methods of filtering water?

Filtration and Filtrate

Filtration is a process of removing solids from a liquid

substance by a physical process by passing the liquid

through porous substance called filter. Any or a

combination of filter can be used depending on the type of

impurities for e.g. Cloth, sand, cotton wool or paper.

The liquid obtained after filtration is called the Filtrate. In

this case the filtrate is clear water.

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Water Filter

Water filter can be designed using easily available

materials. In this water filter to filter the water we will be

using a filter paper and cotton. In this filter, both filter paper

and cotton layer will act as a sieve.

The filter paper will separate all the big and small impurities

of water. In case some small particles get through the

paper, the cotton will stop them.

Working Of Water Filter:

The Water Filter that we have made has two layers working as a Sieve.

When we pass dirty water containing impurities of different sizes then the uppermost layer

(filter paper) traps the biggest impurities. Then the water passes from the second layer the

cotton which traps comparatively smaller impurities.

So the water we get is comparatively very much

cleaner. The impurities are trapped in the filter paper

as you can see in the picture.

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Fun Water Facts

1) Nearly 97% of water is salty and undrinkable.

2) 2% of water is in the ice caps and glaciers.

3) Only 1% of water is available for human consumption.

4) Every glass of water brought to our table in a restaurant requires another two glasses of

water to wash and rinse the glass.

5) Another layer of Coal can be used in the above filter as it removes certain unwanted

colours, odours and some bacteria from the water. This technique was used by Egyptians

in 13th century.

6) Further treatment of the above water can be done by adding chlorine tablets to kill the

germs in water to make it safe for drinking.

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Air and Its Properties

Balloon car

Learning Outcomes:

Air and its properties

Simple Machines

Wheel and axle- A simple Machine

Working Principle of a balloon car

73

There is one thing which is present around us but we cannot see it and that is Air.

Air is a mixture of many gases. It is mainly made up of Nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Air shows us many properties such as

We can feel it but we can’t see it

Air can be compressed

Air has weight

Air occupies space

Let us understand about these properties with the help of an activity. Take out balloon from

your kit and inflate it.

What did you observe??

It occupied the space inside the balloon. Does it prove the property that air occupies

space?

Now fill in the table that how would you show ‘air can be compressed’ using the same

inflated balloon?

Now take the second balloon. Tie both the balloons to the ends of the green fluorescent

straw with threads. Tie one more thread exactly at the centre of the straw and suspend the

arrangement in the air by holding the thread tied at the centre (as shown in the fig).

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What did you observe? Write your observation in the following table.

Now with the help of your teacher, assemble the model of balloon car.

Parts of balloon Car

While assembling the model of your balloon car, you used a green fluorescent straw to join

the wheels. These wheels along with the fluorescent straw are known as Wheel and Axle.

Wheel and axle is a kind of simple machine. Simple machines make our work easier.

In our model of balloon car, axle is used to join the two wheels together.

Working of a balloon Car:

Nozzle

support

Nozzle

Balloon

Base

Wheel

Axle

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First of all, you inflate the balloon and put your thumb on the nozzle so that the air doesn’t

come out. Now keep the car on the ground and let the car move.

What did you observe?? Is the direction of air and the car same??

Observation:

Testing of a Balloon Car:

1. Blow the air in the balloon and fill the observation table:

S. No. Size Of Balloon Distance Covered

1 Small

2 Medium

3 Large

The air comes out in backward

direction (Action) and car moves

in forward direction (Reaction)

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2. Try your balloon car on different surfaces like smooth, rough, and slippery and write your

observations like how a car moves on the following surfaces. How much distance does it

cover?

Surface Motion of car Distance covered

Rough

Smooth

Slippery

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TROLLEY CAR

Learning Outcomes:

Trolley Car System

Trolley Car System In

Mountains

Trolley Car Model and its Parts

Working of trolley car Model

78

1. Trolley Car System

There are so many kinds of transport

systems around us like land transport, water

transport and air transport system.

But is there any other kind of transport

system? The answer is yes..!! Most of you

must have visited hill stations and if you

have not, then you must have seen the

mountains and hill stations in movies, books

etc…

Actually to construct roads in mountains is very difficult and it requires lot of money also.

So, there we use a different kind of transport system that is cable/ trolley car system.

2. Trolley Car System in Mountains

When you go to hill stations, you may see

trolleys suspended from cables take people

and things from one hill top to another.

So, trolley car (also known as cable car) is a

kind of transport system or a means of

transport relies on Cables or Ropes. It

doesn’t run on roads like a normal car.

Apart from using this system in hilly areas, it

can be used to cross River valleys and Water

bodies etc…

3. Working of Trolley car

In this kind of system, trolleys or cable cars are suspended from above by cables. One

cable supports the trolley. Then there are two more cables attached to it which are used to

pull the trolley to one of the sides.

It is a two way transit system.

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4. Trolley Car Model and Its Parts

In the model f trolley car, you use half cut ball as a trolley and threads as cables. To

suspend the trolley from the cables, you use a hook. One end of the cable is tied to the

hook and the other end of the cable is tied to the legs of two chairs, tables or to any two

corners. Then there are two more threads which are shorter in length and are tied to the

hook. These threads are used to pull the trolley to each side.

5. Working of Trolley Car Model

Trolley car is used to carry things from one place to another by way of cables. In this model

we tie two threads with the hook. Two students stand on each side and pull the thread to

pull the trolley towards them.

This is a manually operated trolley car. In actual, trolley cars are operated by using

electricity.

Cables

Trolley

Model of Trolley Car

80

Simple Machine Lever

What is a Simple Machine

Learning Outcome:

Simple Machine

Advantages of Simple Machine

Types of Simple Machine

A brief About lever

Parts of Lever

Classes of Lever

81

Since the beginning of time, humans have searched for ways to make their work easier. Simple machines are the most basic of the machines that we use daily to make the work easier. There are machines like car, AC, Computers. But these are complex ones. Levers, Inclined Planes and Pulleys, wedges are some examples of simple machines. So, Simple machines are machines which make our work easier.

Types of Simple Machines

Simple machines and their Work

Picture

Lever- Levers are used to lift up heavy things with less effort

E.g. In a see-saw you lift your friend up very easily

Pulley- A pulley is used to pull things up in an easier manner.

E.g. Pulling a bucket full of water from a well

Inclined Plane- An inclined plane is used to load the things from high place to a low place by just rolling them on a

slide E.g. loading a motorcycle in a truck

Wheel and axle- Wheel help us to carry goods and people with less effort and

axle joins the two wheels together E.g. wheel and axle of a bicycle

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A Brief about the Lever:

Levers are one of the most common types of simple machines we use. They are used

everywhere, from door handles to dinner utensils, scissors, see-saws, crowbars and more.

However, not every lever is created equally. There are three different classes of lever.

Parts of lever There are three parts of lever- Fulcrum, Load and Effort.

Fulcrum is the part that supports the lever arm and acts as a pivoting point.

Effort is the part where you apply force to move or lift the object.

Load is the part where object is placed so that it can be moved or lifted up.

Classes of Lever

There are three different kinds of levers.

A first-class lever is a stick where the fulcrum is in between the load and effort. Some

common first-class levers are see-saws, crowbars, pliers, scissors (which use two first-

class levers together), and a hammer pulling a nail.

Wedges- It is just a plane thing which is thick at one end and thin at the other

end. It is used to cut things very easily

E.g. Knife, axe

Screws- A screw is a pointed nail with grooves in it

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A second-class lever is a stick where the fulcrum is at one end of the stick, you push

on the other end, and the weight is in the middle of the stick. Some common second-

class levers are doors, staplers, wheelbarrows, and can openers.

A third-class lever is a stick where the fulcrum is at one end of the stick, you push on

the middle, and the weight is at the other end of the stick. With a third-class lever, you

have to put in more energy than you would just lift the weight, but you get the weight to

move a longer distance in return. Some common examples are a broom, a hoe, a

fishing rod, a baseball bat, and our own human arms.

Load Effort Fulcrum

Load Effort Fulcrum

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Effort Load Fulcrum

85

DIET PYRAMID

Learning outcomes:

Balanced diet

Components of balanced diet

Diet pyramid

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Your food choices each day affect your health — how you feel today, tomorrow, and in the

future. Good nutrition is an important part of leading a healthy lifestyle.

A balanced diet is one that gives your body the nutrition it needs to function properly. This

means eating a wide variety of foods in the right proportions, and consuming the right

amount of food and drink.

The food we eat can be divided into the following four groups:

Intake of these types of food in the right quantity fulfils the needs of our body and keeps us

health.

Carbohydrates

The role of carbohydrate in the body includes

providing energy for working muscles, providing fuel

for the central nervous system, enabling fat

metabolism, and preventing protein from being used

as energy.

We get them from foods like cereal, rice, oats etc.

Fats like oil or butter

Proteins like milk, fish

Fruits and vegetables rich in fibre, vitamins and minerals

Carbohydrate rich food like cereal, rice

We need least fats,

than proteins, than

fruits and

vegetables and

most carbohydrates

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Vitamins, minerals and fibre

These are needed by the body to perform

various functions and also to strengthen the

immune system, protect itself and remain

healthy.

We get vitamins, minerals and fibre mainly

from fruits and vegetables and also from

cereals.

Proteins

Proteins are the building blocks of life.

Every cell in the human body contains

protein. The basic structure of protein

is a chain of amino acids. You need

protein in your diet to help your body

repair cells and make new ones. They

also keep our skin and hair healthy.

We get proteins from food items like

milk, fish, eggs, soya etc.

Fats

Fat is a backup source of energy to fuel your

workout when carbohydrates are not available.

Fat is an essential part of your diet. It provides

energy, absorbs certain nutrients and

maintains your core body temperature.

The sources of fat are oil, butter, cream etc.

Now let us do an activity about the right kind of diet.

Activity: You will be given four wooden blocks of varying size cut at an angle. They will

have double tape stuck to them on one side each. You will have to take the blocks and

write on them the components of diet we need in their order. Then you will take off the

covers of the tape and paste them on to one another in the proper order. Your food

pyramid is ready!

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Observation

Why do you think we placed cereals and rice at the bottom most level of the food pyramid?

Why does our body need them in more quantity? Why are fats needed in such less

quantity. Think and write your observations below.

89

ANIMAL GAME

Learning Outcomes:

Wild Animals

Examples of Wild Animals

Herbivores, Carnivores and Omnivores

Animal Game

90

We share this planet earth with animals and plants. Some animals are kept as pets in our

homes like dogs, cats, sheep, horses etc. They are known as Pet Animals.

While some animals are found in forests or kept in zoos, national parks, etc. These animals

are non-domesticated, so they can’t be kept in houses. They need natural surroundings to

survive. Lions, tigers, hippopotamus, elephants are all Wild Animals, because they live in

the wild.

PET ANIMALS WILD ANIMALS

List some pet and wild animals that you can see in the above pictures in the table below:

PET ANIMALS WILD ANIMALS

In a forest animals need food to survive and grow. Some eats plants, while others eat the other animals.

Can you name an animal which eats other animals?

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HERBIVORES, CARNIVORES AND OMNIVORES

Animals are divided in groups on the basis of what they eat. Some animals eat only plants,

some eat other animals and some eats both animals and other plants.

Herbivores: They eat plant and other producers.

Example: Zebra, Deer, Cow etc..!!

Carnivores: They eat only animals.

Example: Tiger, Lion, Vultures, Eagles etc.

Omnivores: They eat both plant and animals.

Example: Crow, Bear etc.

Take out a card from your animal game kit and find out what that animal eats from the

card’s backside.

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ELEPHANT HERBIVORE

LION

CARNIVORE

PARROT

OMNIVORE

ACTIVITY 1: ANIMAL CARD GAME

To play this game you will need the animal card kit. Make pairs with your partner. Both of

you will take turns in drawing out a card with your eyes closed from the bundle.

Show the animal to your partner and say the name and weight of the animal. For example if

you draw out the card of parrot, you will say PARROT 4000gms (4kgs).

Your partner will call out the name of his/her animal and the weight. For example if they

have a card of the cat, they will say CAT 4.5kgs.

REMEMBER

1000gms = 1kg

So, 4000gms = 4kg,

5500gms = 5.5kg

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The card of the cat is heavier so that person wins in this round. The player gets 1

point.

The player with the parrot card gets 0 point for this round.

Both the players need to fill the table to keep record of their turns. At the end the one

with higher score wins the game.

Total score = __________

S.No. Name of Animal Weight Type of Food Eaten Score

1 Parrot 4kgs Omnivore 0

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FOOD CHAIN

Learning Outcomes:

Food Chain

Examples of food chains

Producers, consumers and decomposers

Herbivores, Carnivores and Omnivores

Food Web

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All living things need energy to grow, move etc. They get it by eating food. What do these

living things feed on? Smaller insects feed on green plants, and bigger animals feed on

smaller ones and so on. A food chain is a path in which nutrients and energy move

through an ecosystem. Food chains are usually in a sequence, with an arrow used to show

the flow of energy.

Plants → Deer → Lion

In a forest ecosystem, grass is eaten by a deer, which in turn is eaten by a lion. The grass, deer and lion form a food chain. In this food chain, energy flows from the grass to the deer to the lion. The ultimate source of this energy is the sun.

Some common food chains are mentioned below:

Plants → Deer → Lion

Plants → Worm → Bird → Cat

Plants → Grasshopper → Frog→ Snake→ Hawk

Aquatic Plant → Small animal → Small fish → Big fish → Bird

Producers, Consumers and Decomposers

Organisms are grouped into categories called trophic level.

These levels are divided into producers, consumers and

decomposers.

Producers: They make up the first trophic level and are

also known as Autotrophs. They make their own food by

the process of photosynthesis.

Consumers: The next trophic level is made up of consumers that eat producers.

Consumers are of three types: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores.

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Herbivores: they eat plant and other producers.

Example: Zebra, Deer, Cow etc..!!

Carnivores: They eat only animals.

Example: Tiger, Lion, Vultures, Eagles etc.

Omnivores: They eat both plant and animals.

Example: Crow, Bear etc.

Decomposers: They make up the last trophic level. They turn organic wastes such

as decaying plants into inorganic material such as nutrient-rich soil.

Producers like green plants use solar energy to make food. When a primary consumer eats the producer, a part of this energy is passed on to it.

The primary consumer is then eaten by a secondary consumer. And the secondary consumer may be eaten by a tertiary consumer, and so on. In this way energy gets transferred from one consumer to the next higher level of consumer.

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A food chain always begins with producers. Herbivores (plant-eaters) come next in the chain. They are consumed by carnivores (flesh-eaters). A few food chains can be long and may extend to the fourth, fifth or even sixth order of consumers.

Food web

One producer is eaten by several primary consumers which are further eaten by several

secondary and tertiary consumers.

For example a plant is eaten by deer, rabbits and many more consumers. A deer can be

eaten by a lion, tiger etc.

We can say that there are many food chains which are present in our ecosystem. These

complex food chains together are called Food Web.

Food web: A food web consists of all food chains in an ecosystem.

Observe the following diagram of a food web and identify as many food chains as you can:

List the food chains in the space provided below and identify the producers, consumers and

decomposers:

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Use your food chain kit and make a food web. After completing the food web, fill the

following observation table:

S.No. Name of Animal Tropic Level of Animal Type of Consumer

1 Deer Primary Consumer Herbivore