primary ed
TRANSCRIPT
Primary Education
The State of Education Series
March 2013
A Global Report
Summary
This presentation includes data on: Enrollments Out of School Children (OOS) of primary
school age Income/Gender/Location Disparities Pupil/Teacher Ratios Repetition Primary Completion Learning Outcomes Education Expenditures on Primary Education
Acronym Guide
Acronym NameEAP East Asia and Pacific
ECA Europe and Central Asia
LAC Latin American and the Caribbean
MNA Middle East and North Africa
SAS South Asia
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
WLD World (Global Aggregate)
NER Net Enrollment Rate
ANER Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate
OOS Out of School
GDP p.c. Gross Domestic Product per capita
GNI Gross National Income
NAR Net Attendance Rate
PTR Pupil-Teacher Ratio
PCR Primary Completion Rate
GPI Gender Parity Index (female value/male value)
Primary Enrollments
How many children are enrolled in primary schools?
Around 691 million children were enrolled in primary school in 2010. This is up from 685 million in 2005 and 655 million in 2000.
Over half of enrolled students were in either SAS or EAP (182 and 172 million respectively).
21% of total primary enrollments were in India and 15% were in China.
330 million (47.7%) were girls.
EAP24.9%
ECA3.0%
LAC9.6%
MNA5.5%
SSA20.0%
SAS26.4%
HIC10.6%
Share of Total Primary Enrollments by Region (%)
2010
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions;
HIC = high income countries in all geographic regions.
In 2010, 90.7% of primary school age children around the world were enrolled in primary or secondary education.
This figure rose each year between 1999 (83.7%) and 2008, but the figure remained unchanged between 2008 and 2010.
All regions have increased ANERs since 2000, but SSA and SAS improved the most – 16 percentage points in SSA and 14 percentage points in SAS.
Continued…
Have primary enrolments improved? Primary – Adjusted Net Enrollment Rates (ANER)
Primary Enrolment Rates have increased since 2000, but little progress has been made since 2008.
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 201060
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
84.585.5
88.7 89.190.7 90.7
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012
Ad
just
ed N
et E
nro
lmen
t R
ate.
Pri
mar
y. T
ota
l (%
)
Since 2008, SSA has only improved by 0.1% and SAS by 0.4%.
SAS's improvement moved it closer to other regions by 2010 (92.3%), but SSA still lags far behind with a ANER of 76.2% in 2010.
ECA’s ANER peaked in 2002 at 96.6% and has been lower since.
EAP and LAC are the only 2 regions with ANERs higher than 95% in 2010.
Have primary enrolments improved? Primary – Adjusted Net Enrollment Rates (ANER)
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 201060
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
84.585.5
88.7 89.190.7 90.7
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012
Ad
just
ed N
et E
nro
lmen
t R
ate.
Pri
mar
y. T
ota
l (%
)
Primary Enrolment Rates have increased since 2000, but little progress has been made since 2008.
Which countries have the lowest primary enrollment rates?
In the top 2 countries (Eritrea and Djibouti), less than half of primary school age children are enrolled in primary school.
All of the countries with the lowest adjusted net enrollment rates (ANER) are in SSA except Djibouti.
Of the 20 countries with the lowest primary ANERs,15 are in SSA.
There is a large range among the listed countries: #10 Gambia’s ANER almost doubles #1 Eritrea’s.
10 Countries with the Lowest Primary Enrollment Rates
(2009-2011)
1 Eritrea 34.9
2 Djibouti 44.6
3 Equatorial Guinea 56.3
4 Nigeria 57.6
5 Cote d'Ivoire 61.5
6 Niger 62.5
7 Burkina Faso 63.2
8 Mali 67.2
9 Central African Republic 68.9
10 Gambia, The 69.3
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012Notes: Data is Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary (ANER);
Purple figures are for 2011; Black = 2010; Blue = 2009. Data were not available for 67 of 214 countries.
Which countries have increased primary enrollment rates the most?
These countries have increased their primary ANERs by 22 to 42 percentage points between 1999/2000 and 2010/2011.
Ethiopia and Niger more than doubled their ANERs, but more than 1/3 of children are still not enrolled in Niger.
Only Zambia has increased its ANER to over 90%. All the countries need to continue improving to reach universal primary enrolment.
10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Primary
Enrollment Rates
Percentage Points
Improved
1999/2000 ANER
2010/2011 ANER
% Improved
1 Ethiopia 41.8 40.4 82.2 103.4
2 Niger 35.4 27.1 62.5 130.5
3 Mozambique 33.9 56.0 89.8 60.5
4 Bhutan 30.8 58.5 89.3 52.7
5 Guinea 30.1 46.9 77.0 64.1
6 Burkina Faso 28.7 34.5 63.2 83.0
7 Mali 25.0 42.2 67.2 59.1
8 Guinea-Bissau 23.8 51.2 75.0 46.5
9 Zambia 21.7 71.0 92.7 30.6
10 Yemen, Rep. 21.5 56.7 78.2 37.8
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012; Notes: Purple is 2011/1999 data; Black is 2010/2000;
Data were not available for 104 of 214 countries.
Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate. Primary (%)
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2012Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011)
Do countries with low national income per capita have low primary enrollments?
Low income does not necessarily indicate lower primary enrolment rates: Countries with the lowest gross national income (GNI) per capita (<$500) have ANERs ranging from 35% (Eritrea) to 97.5% (Malawi).
Countries with the lowest primary ANERs (less than 75%) have GNI p.c. less than $1270. Equatorial Guinea is the only exception with 56.3% primary ANER and $14,540 GNI pc.
There is no clear association between low national income p.c. and low primary enrollment rates.
0 5000 1000015000200002500030000350004000045000500005500030
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
R² = 0.0987588439630067
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)
Ad
just
ed N
et E
nro
llm
ent
Rat
e. P
rim
ary.
To
tal
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012 Note: ANER data are for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011.
Equitorial Guinea
Eritrea
Macao, China SAR
Djibouti
Nigeria
Which regions have reached gender parity in primary enrollments?
Gender parity indices (GPIs) are calculated by dividing the female value for an indicator by the male value, so perfect gender parity equals 1. A value below 1 indicates a bias toward males. A value above 1 indicates a bias toward females.
Globally, the GPI has been increasing from .93 in 1999 to .98 in 2010.
Most regions are very close to gender parity (+/- 0.03). Only MNA and SSA lag behind.
EAP, ECA, and LAC have achieved gender parity in primary (+/- 0.02).
All regions except MNA and SSA are within 0.03 of gender parity in primary enrollments.
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
0.93
0.930.94 0.94
0.960.97
0.970.97 0.97
0.98 0.98
WLD EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012
Gen
der
Par
ity
Ind
ex (
GP
I) f
or
Ad
just
ed N
et E
nro
lmen
t R
ate.
P
rim
ary
Female Bias
Male Bias
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September, 2012 Note: Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-
2011)
Gen
der
Par
ity
Ind
ex (
GP
I) fo
r G
ross
Enr
olm
ent R
atio
. Pri
mar
y
Have most countries reached gender parity in primary enrollments?
Half of countries with data have already achieved gender parity (+/- .02).
78% of countries with data are within 0.05 of gender parity.
Many more countries have a bias toward males in primary enrolments (GPI<1).
Afghanistan has the largest male bias at .69 followed by Central African Rep. and Chad at .73.
San Marino has the highest female bias at 1.134.
78% of countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in primary enrollments.
Female Bias
Male Bias
Which countries have the largest gender disparities in primary enrolment rates?
The male primary gross enrolment rate in these countries is much higher than the female gross enrolment rate.
7 of 10 countries are in SSA. 2 are in South Asia and 1 is in MNA.
Of the 20 countries with the lowest GPIs (GPI<0.9),14 are in SSA, 2 are in SAS, 2 are in EAP (Togo and PNG), and 1 is in LAC (Dominican Republic).
10 Countries with the Largest Gender Disparities in Primary Enrollment Rates
(2008-2011)
1 Afghanistan 0.694
2 Central African Republic 0.725
3 Chad 0.729
4 Angola 0.813
5 Yemen, Rep. 0.817
6 Pakistan 0.818
7 Cote d'Ivoire 0.833
8 Niger 0.837
9 Guinea 0.838
10 Eritrea 0.838
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012; Notes: Data is GPI for Primary Gross Enrolment Rate; Black figures are 2011 data;
Blue=2010; Data were not available for 71 of 214 countries.
Which countries have decreased gender disparity in primary the most?
These countries have moved from 0.14 to 0.25 percentage points closer to gender parity (1) between 2000/2001 and the most recent data year.
6 of the 10 countries are in SSA; 2 are in MNA and 2 in South Asia.
Senegal now has higher female enrollment rates than male enrollment rates (1.06).
Burundi and India have reached gender parity.
10 Countries with the Most Improvement Toward Gender Parity in Primary
Enrollments
Percentage Points
Improved
2000 or 2001 GPI
Most current
GPI
% Improved
1 Sierra Leone 0.25 0.67 0.93 37.53
2 Ethiopia 0.22 0.69 0.91 32.73
3 Burkina Faso 0.20 0.73 0.93 27.50
4 Benin 0.20 0.67 0.87 29.66
5 Yemen, Rep. 0.19 0.63 0.82 30.55
6 Burundi 0.19 0.80 0.99 23.64
7 Senegal 0.17 0.89 1.06 19.31
8 India 0.15 0.85 1.00 17.61
9 Pakistan 0.15 0.67 0.82 21.79
10 Djibouti 0.14 0.76 0.90 18.84
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Sept. 2012; Notes: Most current GPI is the most recent data point for 2008-2011;
Data were not available for 54 of 213 countries.
Do gender, income, or location disparities exist in primary attendance rates?
EAP, ECA, LAC, and MNA do not have large disparities in primary net attendance rates (NAR) between genders, rural/urban locations, or top/bottom income quintiles.
The largest disparities in most regions are associated with income. In SSA and SAS, there is a 20 percentage point difference between the top/bottom income quintiles.
Rural students in SSA also have NARs that are 12 percentage points lower than urban students.2
Gender, income and location disparities are small in all regions except except SAS and SSA.
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20Gender disparityLocation disparityIncome disparity
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Po
int
Dif
fere
nc
e in
Ne
t A
tte
nd
an
ce
Ra
te. P
rim
ary
(M
ale
-Fe
ma
le,
Urb
an
-Ru
ral,
an
d Q
uin
tile
1-Q
uin
tile
5)
Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health Sur-veys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards
Measurement Studies for 1985-2007
Out of School Children
In 1999, 16% of primary school age children were OOS. 42% of children in SSA and almost a quarter of children in SAS were OOS.
By 2010, 9.3% of children were OOS globally, but SSA’s rate was still much higher at 23.8%.
Most of the progress in reducing the rate of children OOS occurred between 1999 and 2008. Since 2008, global and regional rates have basically remained the same.
Which regions have the highest percentage of children out-of-school?
Rates of Children Out-of-School have decreased since 1999, but progress has slowed since 2008.
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
16.315.5
15.1 14.513.1
11.3
11.1 10.9 10.19.3 9.3
WLD EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in Edstats, November 2012
Out
-of-s
choo
l rat
e fo
r ch
ildre
n of
pri
mar
y sc
hool
age
(%).
Tota
l
Which countries have highest rates of children out-of-school?
More than half of primary-school age children are out of school in Eritrea and Djibouti.
More than a quarter of primary school aged children are out-of-school in 14 countries.
47 countries have more than 10% of children out-of-school.
Nine of ten countries are in SSA.
10 Countries with the Highest Rates of Children Out-of School
(2009-2011)
1 Eritrea 65.1
2 Djibouti 55.4
3 Equatorial Guinea 43.7
4 Nigeria 42.4
5 Cote d'Ivoire 38.5
6 Niger 37.5
7 Burkina Faso 36.8
8 Mali 32.8
9 Central African Republic 31.1
10 Gambia, The 30.7
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Purple is 2011; Black is
2010; Blue is 2009; Green is 2008; Data was not available for 61 of 214 countries.
Out-of-school rate for children of primary school age (%)
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011)
Which region has the most out of school (OOS) children?
In 2010, ¾ of the world’s out-of-school (OOS) children lived in two regions: SSA and SAS.
Over half (55%) of the world's out of school children lived in SSA.
ECA had the smallest percentage of the world’s OOS children at 1.8% followed by MNA (3.9%) and LAC (4.4%).
Out-of-School Children of Primary School Age by Region (2010)
EAP10.6%
6 Million
ECA1.8%
LAC4.4%
MNA3.9%
SAS21.8%13 Mil-lion
SSA54.4%33 Mil-lion
HIC3.1%
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions;
HIC = high income countries in all geographic regions.
How many primary school age children are out of school (OOS)?
In 1999, 107.7 million children were out of primary school.
The total decreased to 72.6 million in 2005 and 60.7 million in 2010.
There were 47 million fewer children OOS in 2010 than in 1999.
Since 2008, the global number of out-of-school children has grown from 60.66 million to 60.69 million (2009) and 60.73 million in 2010.
The total number of out-of-school children has decreased by 47 million since 1999.
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
110,000,000
HIC ECA LAC MNA EAP SAS SSASource: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012
Note: HIC = High Income Countries in all regions
Out
-of-S
cho
ol C
hild
ren.
Pri
mar
y. T
otal
(in
mill
ion
s)
How much have regions decreased the total number of OOS children?
SAS and MNA more than halved the total number of OOS children between 1999 and 2010. In SAS, the total number of OOS children decreased by 25.6 million or 66%.
SSA decreased the total number by 12.3 million, which was a 27% decrease between 1999 and 2010, but the total number increased by 1.5 million between 2008 and 2010.
All regions have decreased their total number of out-of-school children since 1999.
SSA SAS EAP MNA LAC ECA0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
30000000
35000000
40000000
45000000
50000000
1999 2008 2010
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012
Ou
t-o
f-S
cho
ol
Ch
ild
ren
. T
ota
l (i
n m
illi
on
s)
Which countries have the most out-of-school children?
45.8% of the world’s out-of-school children live in the 10 countries listed here.
Five of the countries are in SSA and 3 are in SAS.
Nigeria almost has as many OOS children as the regional totals for LAC, ECA, and MNA combined (10.9 million).
The US is #8 in the ranking because of the large size of the school age population and also possibly because of a lack of consistent data collection on home-schooled children.
10 Countries with the Most Out-of School Children
(2008-2011)
1 Nigeria 10,542,105
2 Pakistan 5,125,373
3 Ethiopia 2,389,945
4 India 2,278,322
5 Bangladesh 1,835,269
6 Philippines 1,460,431
7 Cote d'Ivoire 1,160,732
8 United States 1,023,231
9 Burkina Faso 1,022,362
10 Niger 1,012,228
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Purple is 2011; Black
is 2010; Blue is 2009; Green is 2008; Data was not available for 61 of 214 countries.
Are more females out-of-school than males? In 1999, there were
almost 62 million females out-of-school compared to 45.5 million males. 58% of the world’s out-of-school children were female.
In 2010, around 32 million girls were out of school compared to 28.6 million boys. 52.5% of out-of-school children were female.
The gap between male and female totals decreased from 16.5 million to 3.6 million between 1999 and 2010.
More Females are Out of Primary School than Males
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
20,000,000
40,000,000
60,000,000
80,000,000
100,000,000
120,000,000
Males Out-of-School Females Out-of-School
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012
Out
-of-S
choo
l Chi
ldre
n. P
rim
ary
(in m
illio
ns)
Where are more females out-of-school? Over half of the
world’s out of school girls are in SSA, and just under 1/4 are in South Asia.
South Asia has decreased its total number of females out-of-school by 17.7 million since 1999. The region’s total dropped from 25 million to 7 million.
SSA has also decreased its total from 24.3 million in 1999 to 17.5 million in 2010.
3 out of every 4 Out-of-School Girls are in either Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
50,000,000
55,000,000
60,000,000
65,000,000
LAC ECA MNA EAP SAS SSASource: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012
Out
-of-S
choo
l Chi
ldre
n. P
rim
ary.
Fem
ale
(in m
illio
ns)
Which countries have the most females OOS?
Around half of the world’s out-of-school females live in these 10 countries.
36% of the world’s out-of-school females live in the Top 4 countries.
Nigeria, Pakistan, and India all have more our-of-school females that the sum of all females out-of-school in LAC and ECA.
Half of the countries are in SSA and three are in South Asia.
10 Countries with the Most Female Out-of School Children
(2008-2011)
1 Nigeria 5,487,901
2 Pakistan 3,241,203
3 India 1,407,495
4 Ethiopia 1,367,141
5 Cote d'Ivoire 663,809
6 Philippines 661,551
7 Bangladesh 591,325
8 Niger 568,884
9 Yemen, Rep. 567,702
10 Burkina Faso 530,731
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October, 2012; Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Orange is
2008;Blue is 2009; Blue is 2010; Black is 2011; Data were not available for 61 of 213 countries.
Are there gender, income, or location disparities in the % of children OOS?
In all regions, more low income students are OOS than high income students. SAS has the largest income disparity at 29 percentage points difference between the top and bottom quintiles. SSA follows closely behind with 24 points.
A higher % of boys are OOS in EAP, ECA, and LAC, but a higher % of girls are OOS in SAS and SSA.
In all regions except for ECA, a higher % of rural students are OOS. This disparity is highest in SSA at 15 percentage points.2
Low income is the greatest source of disparity in percentages of OOS children across regions.
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA-30
-28
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Gender disparityLocation disparityIncome disparity
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Po
int
Dif
fere
nc
e in
th
e %
of
Ch
ildre
n O
ut-
of-
Sc
ho
ol (
Ma
le-
Fe
ma
le,
Urb
an
-Ru
ral,
an
d Q
uin
tile
1-Q
uin
tile
5)
Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health Sur-veys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards
Measurement Studies for 1985-2007
Do rural/urban disparities in educational access exist in SSA?
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012
Percentage of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school
Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school.
Do income disparities exist in educational access in SAS and EAP?
South Asia (SAS)
East Asia and the Pacific (EAP)
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012
Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school.
Pupil Teacher Ratios
Which regions have higher primary pupil-teacher ratios?
Globally, primary pupil-teacher ratios (PTRs) have declined from 26 pupils per teacher in 1999 to 24 in 2011.
SSA has the highest PTR in 2011 at 43 pupils per teacher. SAS also has a high PTR in 2009 at 40.
All other regions have PTRs less than 23 with declining PTRs over time.
EAP has the fewest students per teacher in 2011 (18) followed by ECA at 19.
Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have the highest primary pupil-teacher ratios.
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Pu
pil
-tea
cher
rat
io.
Pri
mar
y
Which countries have the highest primary pupil-teacher ratios? These countries
have between 51 and 81 primary students per teacher.
26 countries have more than 40 primary pupils per teacher. All of these countries are in SSA except Cambodia.
There are 10 countries with primary PTRs less than 10 and 46 countries with PTRs less than 15. Most are high income countries.
10 Countries with the Highest Primary Pupil-Teacher Ratios
(2006-2012)
Pupil-Teacher Ratio. Primary
Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary
1 Central African Rep. 81.3 68.9
2 Malawi 76.1 97.5
3 Chad 62.6 -
4 Rwanda 58.1 98.7
5 Zambia 58.0 92.7
6 Mozambique 55.4 89.8
7 Ethiopia 55.1 82.2
8 Burkina Faso 52.7 63.2
9 Guinea-Bissau 51.9 75.0
10 Tanzania 50.8 -
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Note: Data is for the most recent available year; Black data are for 2011; Blue = 2010;
Data were not available for 35 of 214 countries.
Which countries have decreased primary pupil-teacher ratios the most?
These countries have decreased their primary pupil-teacher ratios by 12 to 18 pupils per teacher over time.
The most current PTR for all of these countries except Cameroon and Ethiopia is less than 35 students per teacher.
Despite great improvement, Ethiopia still has around 55 pupils per teacher.
10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Primary
Pupil-Teacher RatiosPercentage
Points Improved
1999-2002 PTR
Most current
PTR
% Improved
1 Gabon 18.1 42.6 24.5 42.5
2 Timor-Leste 17.0 47.2 30.2 36.0
3 Senegal 16.0 48.9 32.9 32.6
4 Equatorial Guinea 15.4 43.4 27.9 35.6
5 Cameroon 15.4 60.8 45.4 25.3
6 Lesotho 13.2 47.0 33.8 28.1
7 Jamaica 13.2 33.8 20.6 39.0
8 Macao SAR, China 12.6 27.5 14.8 45.9
9 Bhutan 12.5 37.9 25.4 33.0
10 Ethiopia 12.3 67.3 55.1 18.2
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013; Notes: Black data in “Most Current” column is 2011 data; Blue is 2010 data;
Data were not available for 50 of 214 countries.
Pupil-Teacher Ratio. Primary (2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.
Repetition Rates
Which regions have the highest primary repetition rates?
Globally, the percent of repeaters in primary schools has decreased from 5.3% in 1999 to 4.8% in 2011.
Repetition rates have consistently been lowest in ECA and EAP (less than 2.3% over time).
SSA and LAC have had the highest levels of repetition over time, but both regions improved from around 12% to around 8% over time.
SAS is the only region with a higher current repetition rate (4.9% in 2009) than in 1999 (4.7%).
Levels of primary repetition are higher in LAC and SSA and lower in ECA and EAP.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
pea
ters
in
pri
mar
y. A
ll g
rad
es.
To
tal
Which countries have the highest repetition rates in primary?
One third of students repeat in Burundi and almost ¼ repeat in Comoros.
All countries on the list are in SSA. 17 out of the top 20 are also in SSA. Timor-Leste, Iraq, and Suriname are the exceptions.
Six countries in the list have decreased repetition over time: Madagascar, Congo, Lesotho, Togo, Chad, and Comoros.
Burundi’s repetition rate has increased by almost 10 percentage points over time from 26.3% in 2002 to 36.2% in 2011.
10 Countries with the Highest Primary Repetition Rates
(2006-2012)
1 Burundi 36.2
2 Comoros 24.4
3 Central African Republic 22.6
4 Chad 21.6
5 Togo 21.5
6 Lesotho 20.0
7 Malawi 19.6
8 Madagascar 19.4
9 Equatorial Guinea 19.3
10 Congo, Rep. 18.4
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Note: Data were for the most recent available year; Black data is from 2011;
Blue = 2010; Data were not available for 56 of 214 countries.
Which countries have decreased primary repetition rates the most?
These countries have decreased their primary repetition rates by 8 to 22 percentage points over time.
9 of 10 countries are in SSA.
6 countries have more than halved their repetition rates.
Despite great improvement, 7 of the countries have current repetition rates higher than 10%.
10 Countries with the Largest Decreases in Primary Repetition Rates
Percentage Points
Decreased
1999-2002
Repetition Rate
Most current
Repetition Rate
% Decreased
1 Rwanda 22.3 36.1 13.8 61.8
2 Mozambique 15.4 23.0 7.7 66.7
3 Sao Tome and Principe
14.4 25.8 11.4 55.9
4 Cameroon 12.7 25.2 12.5 50.3
5 Madagascar 11.0 30.5 19.4 36.2
6 Benin 10.8 21.6 10.8 49.8
7 Senegal 10.7 13.6 3.0 78.1
8 Mauritania 10.6 14.1 3.5 75.5
9 Nepal 9.6 21.6 12.0 44.6
10 Guinea 8.2 20.8 12.7 39.2
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Notes: Data were not available for 82 of 214 countries.
Primary Repetition Rate (%) (2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.
Do females repeat more than males in primary schools?
Globally, there is less than half a percentage point difference between male/female repetition rates. Males repeat slightly more than females.
Males also repeat more than females in all regions except for ECA.
The greatest gender disparity is in MNA at 2.5 percentage points.
In SSA, there is almost no difference in repetition rates between males and females.
Males repeat more than females in all regions except ECA.
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Male Female
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
pea
ters
in p
rim
ary.
All
gra
des
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013Notes: SAS data is 2009; All other data is for 2011.
Primary Completion
Which regions have higher primary completion rates?
90.3% of primary school age students completed primary school in 2011. This is a 9.3 percentage point increase since 1999.
All regions have improved their primary completion rates (PCR) over time.
SAS had the largest increase at 23.3 percentage points, but still lags behind other regions with 88% of students completing primary in 2011.
(continued on next slide)
Primary Completion Rates have been increasing in all regions since 1999.
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Pri
mar
y co
mp
leti
on
rat
e. T
ota
l
Which regions have higher primary completion rates? (continued)
SSA also improved greatly over time (17.8 percentage points) but lagged far behind other regions in 2011 with a 70% PCR.
In 2011, LAC had the highest share of primary school age students completing primary school at 101.6%. PCRs over 100% are typically due to over/under age students entering the last grade of primary or repetition.
Primary Completion Rates have been increasing in all regions since 1999.
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Pri
mar
y co
mp
leti
on
rat
e. T
ota
l
Which countries have the lowest primary completion rates?
Less than half of primary school age children complete primary school in the top 7 countries.
9 of 10 countries are in SSA.
All the countries on the list have increased their PCRs over time except Uganda and Equatorial Guinea.
Niger and Mali have increased their PCRs the most over time – 25 and 21 percentage points respectively.
45
10 Countries with the Lowest Primary Completion Rates
(2006-2012)
1 Eritrea 38.0
2 Chad 38.2
3 Central African Republic 43.0
4 Burkina Faso 45.1
5 Djibouti 45.8
6 Niger 46.2
7 Angola 46.6
8 Equatorial Guinea 51.7
9 Uganda 54.9
10 Mali 55.4
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013Notes: Data are for the most recent available data year; Black data are for
2011; Blue are for 2010; Data were not available for 45 countries.
Which countries have increased primary completion rates the most?
These countries have increased their primary completion rates by 31 to 43 percentage points over time.
5 countries have more than doubled their primary completion rates.
Despite great improvement, 7 of the 10 countries have current primary completion rates less than 75%.
10 Countries with the Most Improvement in
Primary Completion RatesPercentage
Points Improved
1999-2002PCR
Most currentPCR
% Improved
1 Bhutan 42.9 52.2 95.1 82.1
2 Zambia 40.8 62.5 103.3 65.3
3 Rwanda 40.0 29.6 69.6 135.0
4 Guinea-Bissau 37.9 29.7 67.6 127.4
5 Sao Tome and Principe
37.6 61.6 99.1 61.0
6 Madagascar 36.1 36.8 72.9 98.4
7 Burundi 34.9 27.3 62.1 127.8
8 Mozambique 33.9 22.3 56.2 151.7
9 Ethiopia 32.4 31.7 64.0 102.3
10 Mauritania 31.3 43.5 74.8 71.8
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Note: Data were not available for 68 of 214 countries.
Primary Completion Rate (2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.
Are more boys completing primary school than girls?
Globally, more males are completing primary school than females. The difference between male/female PCRs has shrunk from 6 percentage points in 1999 to 1.8 in 2011.
In most regions, more males complete primary than females, but in LAC and EAP, the reverse is true.
EAP's female PCR was 2.4 percentage points higher than the male PCR. LAC’s was 0.7 percentage points higher for females.
(continued on next slide)
Globally and in most regions, more males complete primary school than females.
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Male Female
Pri
mar
y co
mp
leti
on
rat
e. F
emal
e o
r M
ale
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013Note: All data are for 2011 except EAP and SAS (2010).
Are more boys completing primary school than girls? (continued)
SSA has the largest gender disparity in PCRs with 74% of boys completing vs. 67% of girls in 2011.
MNA also has a large gender disparity at 6 percentage points difference between the genders.
SAS had a large gender disparity in 1999 (15 percentage points) but decreased the difference to 2.7 percentage points in 2010.
Globally and in most regions, more males complete primary school than females.
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
Male Female
Pri
mar
y co
mp
leti
on
rat
e. F
emal
e o
r M
ale
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013Note: All data are for 2011 except EAP and SAS (2010).
Primary Completion Rate. Female (2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.
Gender Parity Index for Primary Completion Rate
(2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.
Gender Parity
Female Bias
Male Bias
Are there gender, income or location disparities in primary completion rates?
Gender disparities exist in all regions in PCRs, but they are surpassed by income disparities in all regions except for ECA.
The greatest disparities exist in SSA, where there is a 55 percentage point difference between the PCRs of top and bottom quintile students. This compares to a 33 point difference between urban and rural, and 9 point between genders.
In EAP and ECA, more rural students complete primary school than urban students.2
Low income is the greatest source of disparity in primary completion rates in all regions except ECA.
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60Gender disparityLocation disparityIncome disparity
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Po
int
Dif
fere
nc
e in
Pri
ma
ry C
om
ple
tio
n R
ate
(M
ale
-Fe
ma
le,
Urb
an
-Ru
ral,
an
d Q
uin
tile
1-Q
uin
tile
5)
Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health Sur-veys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards
Measurement Studies for 1985-2007
Learning Outcomes
5th graders in Gabon (61.4) and Cameroon (53.4) scored the highest on the French language assessment.
Gabon’s mean score almost doubled Benin and Chad’s scores (31.6 and 31.7 respectively).
Only three countries scored higher than 40 on a 100 point scale.
Mean Reading Scores vary greatly across Francophone African countries.
How do reading levels vary between African countries?
Source: Programme d'Analyse des Systèmes Educatifs de la CONFEMEN in EdStats, August 2011.
Benin
Burkin
a Fas
o
Burun
di
Camer
oon
Chad
Comor
os
Congo
, Rep
.
Cote
d'Ivo
ire
Gabon
Mad
agas
car
Seneg
al30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Mea
n p
erfo
rman
ce o
n t
he
Fre
nch
lan
gu
age
scal
e
(100
po
ssib
le p
oin
ts)
for
5th
gra
de
stu
den
ts (
2004
-200
9)
Tanzania, Seychelles, and Mauritius had the highest reading scores in 2007.
Mauritius and Tanzania both improved their scores, but Seychelles’ score was lower than in 2000.
Some countries have large disparities between genders, but in these cases, females have higher scores than males (Seychelles, Mauritius and Botswana).
Malawi and Zambia have had the lowest scores over time.
Mean reading scores of 6th grade students vary greatly between Anglophone African countries.
How do reading levels vary between African countries?
Botsw
ana
Kenya
Leso
tho
Mala
wi
Mau
ritius
Moz
ambiq
ue
Namibi
a
Seych
elles
South
Afri
ca
Swazila
nd
Tanza
nia
Ugand
a
Zambia
Zimba
bwe
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
2000 Total Total 2007
Mea
n p
erfo
rman
ce o
n t
he
read
ing
sca
le (
2000
& 2
007)
Source: Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) in EdStats, August 2011; Note: Zimbabwe 2000 is 1995 figure.
How do reading scores vary between income groups in African countries?
In all SACMEQ countries, students from the lowest income quintile have lower reading scores than students in the highest income quintile, but the scale of income disparity varies greatly.
South Africa has the largest disparity between richest and poorest followed by Namibia.
Lesotho, Mozambique, and Malawi seem to have the less of a disparity between income groups in reading scores.
400
425
450
475
500
525
550
575
600
625
Average score
Source: Filmer using Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) 2000 database
Mea
n S
core
on
Rea
din
g A
sses
smen
t
Poorer students have lower mean reading scores in all Anglophone African countries.
El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Peru, Guatemala, and Colombia are within 5 percentage points of gender parity. Female scores are higher than male scores in these countries.
Uruguay has the largest difference between male/female reading scores with a 19.6 percentage point male bias.
Panama (15.9), Brazil (15.7), Cuba (15.2), and the Dominican Rep. (15.1) also have large male biases.
Source: Latin American Laboratory for Assessment of the Quality of Education (LLECE SERCE) in StatPlanet, August 2011
Have LAC countries reached gender parity in reading levels?
Difference between Male/Female Mean Scores on the 6th Grade Reading Assessment (2006)
In all countries, mean scores for rural students are lower than for urban students.
The greatest location disparity is in Peru (79) followed by Mexico (58).
Cuba has the smallest disparity between rural/urban areas (13) followed by Nicaragua (21).
The scale of disparity between urban/rural scores is much higher than the disparity between male/female scores.
Source: Latin American Laboratory for Assessment of the Quality of Education (LLECE SERCE) in StatPlanet, August 2011
Does rural/urban residence impact 6th grade reading levels in LAC?
Difference between Urban/Rural Mean Scores on the 6th Grade Reading Assessment (2006)
Expenditures on Primary Education
Which countries spend the least per student on primary education?
The average spending per primary school student is 16.7% of per capita GDP. These countries spend between 3.5 and 7 percent of GDP per capita on each primary school student.
Five of the 10 lowest spending countries are in SSA. Two are classified as high income countries.
5 countries have net enrollment rates higher than 90%.
DRC is the only country with low primary spending and very high private enrollment share (82.5%).
10 Countries with the Lowest Share of p.c. GDP per Primary Student
(2006-2012)
Share of pc GDP (%) per
student
Primary Net Enrolment Rate (%)
Private Enrollment Share (%)
1 Monaco 3.5 21.8
2 Central African Rep. 4.4 68.5 13.8
3 Brunei Darussalam 5.1 91.6 36.6
4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 5.2 82.5
5 Liberia 5.4 40.8 32.6
6 Madagascar 6.4 17.8
7 Cameroon 6.6 93.8 20.9
8 Cambodia 6.8 98.2 1.5
9 Panama 6.8 96.9 12.0
10 Rwanda 6.9 98.7 2.2
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013 Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available between 2006 and
2012: Blue figures are for 2010; Green for 2009; Black for 2011; Maroon for 2007; Data were not available for 82 countries.
Which countries spend the most per student on primary education?
Serbia spends over half of per capita GDP on each primary student, and all other countries in the list spend more than a quarter.
Eight of the listed countries have primary net enrolment rates (NER) higher than 90%.
These countries have low private enrolment shares ranging from 0.1 to 14%.
10 Countries with the Highest Share of p.c. GDP per Primary Student
(2006-2012)
Share of pc GDP (%) per
student
Primary Net Enrolment Rate
(%)
Private Enrollment Share (%)
1 Serbia 55.6 93.2 0.1
2 Cuba 49.3 98.2
3 Moldova 41.4 87.8 0.9
4 Cyprus 31.5 98.7 7.6
5 Latvia 31.4 95.1 1.1
6 Comoros 29.5 77.8 14.1
7 Denmark 28.9 95.4 13.7
8 Sweden 28.3 99.4 9.5
9 Estonia 27.8 95.0 4.1
10 Iceland 27.2 99.0 2.0
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013 Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available between 2006 and
2012: Blue figures are for 2010; Green for 2009; Maroon for 2008; Data were not available for 82 countries.
Public Expenditure per Pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Primary
(2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.
This presentation utilizes the following data sources:1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics data in the EdStats Query
The presentation was created with the most recent UIS data release that included 2010 data for most indicators/countries.
Indicators were calculated by UIS according to definitions available in the EdStats Query.
2) Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007; Reports were generated through ADePT Edu (2011)
3) Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in the World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE)
4) Learning Outcome Data from the EdStats Query: Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality
(SACMEQ) Latin American Laboratory for Assessment of the Quality of Education (LLECE
SERCE) Programme d'Analyse des Systèmes Educatifs de la CONFEMEN (PASEC)
Data Sources
The State of Education Series
The following State of Education presentations are available on the EdStats website:
Educational Levels: Pre-Primary Education Primary Education Secondary Education Tertiary Education
Topics: Access Quality Expenditures Literacy Equity Gender