primary energy analysis
TRANSCRIPT
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Primary Energy Analysis
L-2 & L-3 EN 402 8th January 2007
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ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM
PRIMARY ENERGY
ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY
SECONDARY ENERGY
TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM
FINAL ENERGY
ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS
USEFUL ENERGY
END USE ACTIVITIES
(ENERGY SERVICES)
COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GAS
POWER PLANT,REFINERIES
REFINED OIL,ELECTRICITY
RAILWAYS, TRUCKS,
PIPELINESWHAT CONSUMERS BUYDELIVERED ENERGY
AUTOMOBILE, LAMP,
MOTOR, STOVE
MOTIVE POWERRADIANT ENERGY
DISTANCE TRAVELLED,ILLUMINATION,COOKEDFOOD etc..
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Energy End Uses
Boiler, GeyserFluid heatedHeating
Fans,AC, refrigSpace CooledCooling
motorsShaft workMotive Power
Cycle, car, train,
motorcycle, bus
Distance
travelled
Transport
Incandescent
Fluorescent, CFL
IlluminationLighting
Chullah, stoveFood CookedCooking
DeviceEnergy ServiceEnd Use
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4/40Source : Energy After Rio: UNDP Publication.
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Load curve of a typical day MSEB(8/11/2000 source: WREB annual report-2001)
10260 MW9892 MW
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time hours
Demand
,MW
morning
peak
Eveningpeak
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Total Load Curve of IIT
2 5 10 k VA
19 0 0 k VA
0
500
1000
15002000
2500
3000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21222324
Time h o u rs
Working da y
Non working da yAverage power factor of the day
Working day-0.96
Non-working day-0.97
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Load curve of Mechanical Building
54 kW
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (hr)
Load(kW) average 26 kW
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
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Primary Energy Analysis
Compare options based on primaryenergy input
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Primary Energy Analysis
Compare options based on primary energyinput
Example : Agricultural Water Pumping
3 GJ of end-use /year (typical value)
Options A) Electric motor-pump
B) Diesel engine-pumpC) Biomass Gasifier-Dual fuelengine-pump
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A)ELECTRIC MOTORCOAL
COAL MINING/TRANSPORT
TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM
Electricity to Farmer
MOTOR
Pump output
POWER PLANT
PUMP
cm
pp
T&D
m
p
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A)ELECTRIC MOTORCOAL
COAL MINING/TRANSPORT
TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM
Electricity to Farmer
MOTOR
Pump output
POWER PLANT
PUMP
cm 90 %
pp 30 %
T&D 78 %
m 88 %
p 75 %
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B) DIESEL ENGINE
CRUDE OIL
REFINERY
DIESEL TRANSPORT
Diesel to Farmer
DIESEL ENGINE
Pump output
PUMP
R
DT
D
p
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B) DIESEL ENGINE
CRUDE OIL
REFINERY
DIESEL TRANSPORT
Diesel to Farmer
DIESEL ENGINE
Pump output
PUMP
R 92 %
DT 95 %
D 40 %
p 75 %
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Comparison of Options
Motor-Pump = cmppT&Dm p
=0.9*0.3*0.78*0.88*0.75
=0.139 (13.9%)
Electricity bought=
3*106/(3600*0.75*0.88)
=1263 kWh
Diesel Engine-Pump
= RDTDTD p
=0.92*0.95*0.40*0.75
=0.262 (26.2%)
Diesel Input =
3/(0.75*0.4) = 10 GJ =10*106/(9700*4.18*0.85)
=290 litres
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Comparison of Options
Motor-Pump Energy cost Rs 1263
(@Rs 1/kWh)
Capital Cost Rs 12000
Power Cuts
1300 kg of coal
Coal relatively abundant
Diesel Engine-Pump
Energy cost Rs 4643
(@Rs 16/litre)
Capital Cost Rs 24000
Uninterrupted
300 kg of crude oil
Refinery Mix
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Net Energy Analysis
Source : www.oilanalytics.org/neteng/neteng.htm
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Gasifier Option
75% Diesel replacement 70% gasifier efficiency
75 litres diesel, 754 kg biomass Biomass price Rs 1/kg Rs 1915
Capital Cost Rs 48000 Operation & Maintenance
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Energy Inputs and Outputs-Power Plant
Source : www.oilanalytics.org/neteng/neteng.htm
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Levels of Net Energy analysis
Source : www.oilanalytics.org/neteng/neteng.htm
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Primary energy analysis of RME
Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME)-Transport
Plant Production(incl fertilisers) 9000 MJ/ha
Harvesting, transport & oil extraction 5600 MJ/ha
60% to rapeseed oil (meal 40%) 8800 MJ/ha Refining & Esterification 7900 MJ/ha
96% to RME (glycerine 4%) 16000 MJ/ha
Final transport 200 MJ/ha Total annual 16,200 MJ/ha (Kaltschmitt et al,1997)
Diesel 4600 MJ (pre-chain) + 42500 (fuel) 47,100 MJ
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Comparison of RME & Diesel
Parameter RME DieselPE (GJ) 16.2 47.1
CO2 equiv kg 1594 3752
CO2 kg 1037 3523
SO2 equiv g 12487 11813
SO2 g 1670 2857Nox g 14274 12691
CO g 11689 11160Annual values/ha from Kaltschmitt et al,1997 - Germany
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Paper vs Polystyrene Cups
Hocking, Martin B. "Reusable and Disposable Cups: An Energy-Based Evaluation."Environmental Management 18(6) pp. 889-899
www.ilea.org/lcas/hocking1994.html
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Re-usable vs Disposable Cups
www.ilea.org/lcas/hocking1994.html
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Hydrogen pathways
Photo chemical
Solar Energy Nuclear Energy Bio-Energy
Electricity
Wind
Thermal
ElectrolysisThermo chemical
Fossil-Fuel
Photo biological
Hydrogen
Gasification Fermentation
Cracking + Shift Reaction
Fuel Cell
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Applications A-Distributed Power Generation Rating 100
kW
B- Vehicle 4 wheeler passenger car (Maruti
800) Base Case A1- Diesel Engine Generator
(fuel diesel), A2 Gas Engine Generator (fuel
natural gas) Base Case B1 - IC Engine - petrol , B2- CNG
engine
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A1)DIESEL ENGINE
ELECTRICITY
OIL MINING/REFINING
DIESEL ENGINE
GENERATOR
TRANSPORT OF DIESEL
OM 95 %
TD 97%
DE 40 %
CRUDE OIL
GEN 95 %
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A2) GAS ENGINE
ELECTRICITY
EXTRACTION
GAS ENGINE
GENERATOR
NATURAL GAS TRANSPORT
OM 95 %
TD 97%
DE 42 %
NATURAL GAS
GEN 95 %
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FUEL CELL (NG)
NATURAL GAS
EXTRACTION
NATURAL GAS TRANSPORT
HYDROGEN
STEAM REFORMING
ELECTRICITY
PEM FUEL CELL
R 95 %
GT 97 %
FC 40 %(50%)
POWER CONDITIONING
REF 85 %
PC 95 %
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Distributed Generation
A1 Overall efficiency 35%0.246 kg of crude /kWh of electricity
A2 Overall efficiency 37%
0.25 kg of Natural gas/kWh ofelectricity
Fuel cell Overall efficiency 30% 0.307 kgof Natural gas/kWh of electricity
(37% like A2 FC eff 50%)
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Carbon Emissions
A1 Crude oil (86% Carbon)
0.211 kg Carbon/kWh
A2- Natural gas (75% Carbon)
0.187 kg Carbon/kWh
Fuel cell ( 18 kg of Carbon / 1 GJ of Hydrogen
energy SMR)FC eff 0.4 - 0.171 kg Carbon/kWh
0.5- 0.136 kg Carbon/kWh
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Vehicle ApplicationWeight (excl engine
+tank) 550 kg
Passengers (max)350 kg
Maruti
CR 0.01
CD 0.42m2 front area
100 km travel /day
Tank Engine
Petrol 40 kg 60 kg
CNG 140 kg 60 kg
FC 130 kg 15 M+15 FC
kg
B1) PETROL ENGINE
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B1) PETROL ENGINE
SHAFT WORK
OIL MINING/REFINING
IC ENGINE
TRANSMISSION
TRANSPORT OF PETROL
OM 95 %
TP 97%
PE 30 %
CRUDE OIL
TRANS 70 %
B2) GAS ENGINE
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B2) GAS ENGINE
SHAFT WORK
EXTRACTION
COMPRESSION
CNG ENGINE
NATURAL GAS TRANSPORT
OM 95 %
TD 97%
C 90%
NATURAL GAS
GE 40%
TRANSMISSION
TR70%
FUEL CELL (NG)NATURAL GAS
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FUEL CELL (NG) E 95 %
GT 97 %
FC 40 %
REF 85 %
PC 95 %SHAFT WORK
NATURAL GAS
EXTRACTION
NATURAL GAS TRANSPORT
HYDROGEN
STEAM REFORMING
ELECTRICITY
PEM FUEL CELL
POWER CONDITIONING
MOTOR
TRANSMISSION
m 90%
TR 91%
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Vehicle Comparison
B1 Overall efficiency 19.4%3.31 kg of crude /100 km of travel
B2 Overall efficiency 23.2%3.0 kg of Natural gas/ 100 km oftravel
Fuel cell Overall efficiency 24.3%
2.82 kg of Natural gas/ 100 km of travel
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Vehicle Carbon Emissions
B1 Crude oil (86% Carbon)2.84 kg Carbon/100 km of travel
B2- Natural gas (75% Carbon)2.25 kg Carbon/ 100 km of travel
Fuel cell ( 18 kg of Carbon / 1 GJ ofHydrogen energy SMR)
FC 2.11 kg Carbon/100 km of travel
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Decision Types / Perspectives
System selectionYes/NoBest possible amongst
options System / Component
Design
Decide OperatingStrategy
Decide Policies
End Users Manufacturers
Utility
Society /Government
Others
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Criteria Cost - Initial Cost, Operating Cost,
Life Cycle Cost
Reliability-Availability, Unmet Energy Emissions - Local, Global
Sustainability
Equity
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References www.oilanalytics.org/neteng/neteng.htm
P. L. Spath, M. K. Mann, Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable HydrogenProduction via Wind/Electrolyses, NREL / MP-560-35404, February2004, Colorado, USDOE.
Hocking, Martin B. "Reusable and Disposable Cups: An Energy-Based Evaluation." Environmental Management 18(6) pp. 889-899
Hocking, M.B, Paper vs Polystyrene: A complex choice, Science, 251:504-505, 1991
A. Sarkar, R. Banerjee, Net Energy Analysis of hydrogen storageoptions, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 30 (2005), pp 867-
877. K. T. Chan, Y. S. Wong, C. C. Chan, An overview of energy sources for
electric vehicles, Energy Conversion & Management 40 (1999), pp1021-1039.