primary products 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Exercise 6:
Primary Products of Photosynthesis
TFCD2- Group 1- (Castillo, Aquino, Bitonio, Lomibao, Ocat)
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The process that converts carbondioxide into organic compounds,
using the energy from sunlight.Sunlightis changed into chemical energy thatmake up theplantsbody.
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis allows the plant to:
Build organic compounds from CO2and
H2O
The suns energy is converted to a
biological usable form of chemical
energyThe chemical energy is stored in the
plantsorganic compound
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This experiment aims to identify theprimary products of photosynthesis
that may be of importance in themanufacture of pharmaceuticalproducts.
This experiment was conductedin orderto help the student determine andfamiliarize themselves with these
photosynthetic products through theuse of various chemical tests and helpthem describe the pharmacologicaluses of the products.
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MATERIALS
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MATERIALS
Plant and Plant materials:
Molasses, cane sugar, raisin, corn syrup,
banana, potato, cassava, mongo seeds,
soya, corn, peanut, coconut, cocoaReagents: IKI, Fehlings soln,
concentrated nitric acid, 10% NaOH,
acetone
Water bath, tong, test tube holder, mortar
and pestle, filter paper, test tubes, stopper
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PROCEDURES
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CARBOHYDRATES
IN PLANTS
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CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are organic compounds thatinclude both sugars and polymers of sugars.
The simplest carbohydrates are themonosaccharides, also known as simple sugars.
Disaccharides are double sugars, consisting of twomonosaccharides joined by a covalent bond.
Carbohydrates also include macromolecules calledpolysaccharides, polymers composed of many
sugar building blocks.
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Presence of Sugar in a Leaf Extract
1. Cut up a leaf which has beenexposed to bright light and crush itwell with a little water.
2. Filter the liquid into a test tube about1/3 filled.
3. Add about 3 mL ofFehlingssolution.
4. Boil it for a minute.
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Presence of Sugar in Molasses,
Cane Sugar, Raisin, Corn Syrup
1. Get 5 test tubes and label A, B, C, D, and E.
2. In test tube A, put 1 mL of molasses, and 2 mL of water.
3. In test tube B, put a few crystals of cane sugar and 3
mL of water.
4. In test tube C, mash a raisin and put in 3 ML of water.
5. In test tube D, put 1 mL corn syrup and 2 mL of water.
6. Shake the test tubes well until the materials are mixed
well.
7. In test tube E, put 3 mL of distilled water.
8. In all the test tubes, add 3 mL ofFehlingssolution.
9. Boil for a minute.
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Starch in Various Plan Materials Such AsBanana, Potato, Cassava, Kamote
1. Make thin sections of the plantmaterials.
2. Mount in water in a slide andexamine with a low power objectiveunder the microscope.
3. Place a drop of IKI solution on theslide at the edge of the cover glass.
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PROTEINS
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PROTEINS
Proteins are organic compoundsmade of amino acids arranged in alinear chain and folded into a globular
form. The amino acids in a polymer arejoined together by the peptide bondsbetween the carboxyl and amino
groups of adjacent amino acidresidues.
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Presence of Proteins in Various Plant
Materials
1. Soak a small amount of mongo, soya,and corn seeds in water overnight.
2. Ground these materials separately
with a mortar and pestle.3. Add water and let stand for 30
minutes.
4. Filter the materials and test for thepresence of proteins using theXanthoproteic test.
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XANTHOPROTEIC TEST
The xanthoproteic test is a test for thedetection of proteins in whichconcentrated nitric acid reacts with
the proteins to form a yellow color thatis intensified to orange-yellow by theaddition of alkali
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Xanthoproteic Test
1. Put 3 mL of the filtrate to separate testtubes.
2. To each test tube, carefully add 1 mLof concentrated nitric acid and boil ina water bath for 5 minutes.
3. Cool the solution and add 8-10 mL of10% NaOH to make the solutionalkaline.
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LIPIDS AND FATTYACIDS
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Test for Fatty Acids in Various Seeds:
Coconut, Corn, Cocoa
1. Get a 10 x 10 cm filter paper.2. Rub a peanut seed on one corner, coconut
meat on another corner, cocoa powder onanother corner.
3. Put a drop of vegetable oil on the fourthcorner.
4. In the center of the paper, put a drop ofwater.
5. Make the grease spot test.6. Hold the paper over a flame for a fewseconds.
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PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Paper chromatography is ananalytical chemistry technique forseparating and identifying mixtures
that are or can be colored, especiallypigments.
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Terpenes and Chlorophyll Pigments:Separation of Pigments by Means of
Paper Chromatography1. Chop up a handful of grass cuttings or leaves of any tree.
2. Put into a flask with about 25 mL of 85% acetone.
3. Shake the flask and allow to stand until the color has passed into
the acetone.4. When the acetone has become deep green, view the solution
by reflected light.
5. Prepare the chromatograph paper by cutting a strip of filter
paper. The length of the paper should exceed a 25 mL test tube
while the width should be less than the diameter of the testtube.
6. Drop a spot of the solution about 1 cm from the bottom of the
strip of filter paper.
7. Dry and put another drop on the same spot.
8. Repeat procedure for about 3 times.
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9. Completely dry the filter paper.
10. In the meantime, put a test tube on thestand and pour 2 mL of acetone.
11. Cover the test tube with a stopper.
12. When the sides of the test tube are dry,
carefully insert the strip of filter paper until thelower edge reaches the acetone.
13. Cover the test tube with a stopper.
14. Do not disturb the set-up and allow the
solution to spread upward the filter paper.15. Observe the colors that appear as the
acetone rises up the paper strip.
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RESULTS
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Test for CarbohydratesTest Reagent Positive Result
Leaf from any plantLeaf (gumamela)exposed to bright light
was crushed w/ little
water. Liquid was
squeezed to a test tube.
About 3 ml of Fehlings
solution was added to
the liquid then it wasboiled.
Fehlings solution Dark orange precipitate (of small
amounts)
MolassesIn a test tube, 1 mL of
molasses was mixed w/ 2
mL of water, shook until
mixed well then 3 mL of
Fehlings solution was
added.
Fehlings solution Red precipitate
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Test Reagent Positive Result
Cane SugarIn a test tube, few crystals ofcane sugar was put with 3 mL
of water then mixed well. 3
mL of Fehlings solution was
added later on.
Fehlings solution Brick red
precipitate
RaisinA raisin was mashed then put
in 3 mL of water in a test
tube. 3 mL of Fehlings
solution was added later on.
Fehlings solution Brick red solution
Test for Carbohydrates
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Test for CarbohydratesTest Reagent Positive Result
Corn Syrup1 mL of corn syrup and 2 mL
of water was put in a test
tube. 3 mL of Fehlings
solution was added later on.
(In another tube, 3mL of
distilled water is mixed 3mL
of Fehlings solution. It stayed
blue.)
Fehlings solution
Dark brown
precipitate
BananaThin sectioned was obtained.
Mounted w/ water on a slide
and examined under LPO. A
drop of IKI was placed and
stained the starch grains.
IKI Blue-Black color (few)
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Test for CarbohydratesTest Reagent Positive Result
PotatoThin sectioned was obtained.
Mounted w/ water on a slide
and examined under LPO. A
drop of IKI was placed and
stained the starch grains.
IKI Blue-Black color
CassavaThin sectioned was obtained.
Mounted w/ water on a slide
and examined under LPO. A
drop of IKI was placed and
stained the starch grains.
IKI Blue-Black color
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Test for ProteinsTest Reagent Positive Result
MongoSoaked overnight, ground w/
mortar & pestle, mixed w/ water
then left for 30 mins.
Xanthoprotein test: 3mL of the
filtrate was put in test tube. 1 mL
of concentrated nitric acid was
added, then boiled in water bath
for 5 mins. White precipitate
forms, then heated again. NaOHwas added upon cooling
NaOH White to Yellow orange solution
SoyaObtained from chocolate-flavored
soya milk drink, ground w/
mortar & pestle, mixed w/ water
then left for 30 mins.
Xanthoprotein test: 3mL of the
filtrate was put in test tube. 1 mL
of concentrated nitric acid was
added, then boiled in water bath
for 5 mins. White precipitate
forms, then heated again. NaOH
was added upon cooling
Concentrated nitric
acid
Yellow orange to rust-colored solution
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Test for ProteinsTest Reagent Positive Result
CornSoaked overnight, ground w/
mortar & pestle, mixed w/ water
then left for 30 mins.
Xanthoprotein test: 3mL of the
filtrate was put in test tube. 1 mL
of concentrated nitric acid was
added, then boiled in water bath
for 5 mins. White precipitate
forms, then heated again. NaOHwas added upon cooling
NaOH Dirty white to dark yellow solution
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Test for Fats and Fatty AcidsPositive Result
CornCorn seed was
rubbed against a
corner of a
paper. Stain held
against flame.
Stained (grease)
Peanut
Peanut seed wasrubbed against a
corner of a
paper. Stain held
against flame.
Stained (grease)
CoconutSmall piece of
coconut meat
was rubbed
against a corner
of a paper. Stain
held against
flame.
Stained (grease)
Positive Result
CocoaPiece of cocoa
was rubbed
against a
corner of a
paper. Stain
held against
flame.
Stained (grease)
WaterWater was
dropped on
the paper
Dried up
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Paper Chromatography
Chopped papaya leaves were put in a flask w/ 25 ml of 85% acetone. Flask
was shook very well. There was blood red fluorescence was visible through
reflected light.
An empty Gatorade bottle was 1/10-filled w/ acetone. A strip of paper for
chromatography was rolled. A small drop of the shaken solution was placed
near the end of the rolled paper. Then, it was placed inside the Gatorade
bottle. After sometime, the paper was retrieved from the bottle. The
running colors were observed.
Describe the colors formed in thepaper chromatograph. What do these
colors indicate?
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ANALYSIS ANDDISCUSSION
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2. Why have plants been
used as sources of manypharmaceutical products?
How is this related tophotosynthesis?
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3. Give the importance of
using chemical tests in
determining plant
constituents.