primary sources on the web use in the classroom stephen titchenal program specialist for technology...
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Primary Sources on the Web
Use in the Classroom
Stephen TitchenalProgram Specialist for Technology
Cleveland Heights – University Heights City School District
What is a Primary Source?
The Ohio Historical Society defines primary sources as a "source created by people who actually saw or participated in an event and recorded that event or their reactions to it immediately after the event. In contrast, secondary source is defined as a "source created by someone either not present when the event took place or removed by time from the event."
· www.ohiohistory.org/resource/teachers/primary.html#definitions
Library of Congress Definition:
Primary sources are defined as "actual records that have survived from the past, such as letters, photographs, articles of clothing." In contrast, secondary sources are accounts of the past created by people writing about events sometime after they happened.
For example, your history textbook is a secondary source. Someone wrote most of your textbook long after historical events took place. Your textbook may also include some primary sources, such as direct quotes from people living in the past or excerpts from historical documents.
memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/lessons/psources/source.html
Copyright and the Public Domain
Anything created after 1977 is copyrighted at the moment of creation and protected for at least 70 years*.
Anything is in the public domain (free to use) in the U.S. if it was created by a federal government employee, published before 1923, published before 1978 without copyright notice, or before 1964 and not renewed*.
*INFO: www.unc.edu/~unclng/public-d.htm
Unpublished Works
Publication: distribution of copies to the public by sale, rental, lease or lending.
Works created before 1978 and not published or registered are protected for:
Life of the author plus 70 years(2003 - 70 years = died in 1933)
Corporate authors: 120 years.(2003 - 120 = 1883)
Reproductions, Compilations
Sometimes the only way students can access primary source materials
Photographs, copies or digital representations of public domain works are sometimes protected by license.
Compilations of public domain materials. Any new material can be copyrighted.
Objects / Artifacts
Ohio Historical Societyohiohistory.org
Ohio Memory Bicentennial Scrapbookohiomemory.org
Ohio History Centralohiohistorycentral.org
Images
Ohio Memory: My Scrapbookpersonalized web page
Cleveland Memory (CSU)clevelandmemory.orgPost Cards Cleveland Press
Associated Press Photo Archivewww.chuh.org/students/
Audio
National Public Radiowww.npr.org
Library of CongressAmerican Folk Life Center - Bluesmemory.loc.gov/ammem/ftvhtml/ftvhome.html
History and Politics Out Loudhttp://www.hpol.org/
Historic American Sheet Musicscriptorium.lib.duke.edu/sheetmusic/
Video/Film
Internet Archivewww.archive.org
NASAwww.jpl.nasa.gov/video/
Television Archivewww.televisionarchive.org
Internet
Wayback Machinewww.archive.orgtype a web site address (URL) to see what the web site looked like in the past
Maps
Rails and Trails: www.railsandtrails.com
Library of Congress:www.americanmemory.org
Statistics
CensusScope – 2000 Census datawww.censusscope.org/
IPUMS – 1850-1990 Census datahttp://www.ipums.umn.edu/
NBER (National Bureau of Economic Research)http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/
Economic Time Series Data Collectionwww.economagic.com/
Text
Cleveland Heights High School Historywww.chuh.org/CHHS/CHHS1901-1966/home.html
Early Cleveland History (3rd Grade - Coventry)www.chuh.org/Coventry/EarlyCleveland/TITLE.HTM
Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (CWRU)ech.cwru.edu/
Cuyahoga River (CSU)web.ulib.csuohio.edu/ellis/
Community
Cleveland Heights Historical Societywww.chuh.net/chhistory/
Cleveland Alivewww.chuh.org/clevealive/
Cleveland Press – Cleveland Heightswww.railsandtrails.com/CleveHts/
Interviews
My mother could never forget and often told me about an enormous blizzard that hit Cleveland, November 9, 1913, while she was still carrying me. Maybe that's why I always liked snow.
An article in the paper tells of 60 miles per hour winds brought suffocating clouds of snow, 22.4 inches over three days. It shut down business, trapped people in their homes, placed the whole area into panic, and caused frantic searches for food. Street cars and trains were stopped cold against a wall of snow. Automobiles had to be pulled out by teams of horses. Communication was nearly impossible as the wind toppled thousands of poles holding telegraph and electric wires.
The Nov. 10th, 1913 record of 17.4 inches in 24 hours still stands. Steamers stayed in the harbor, however some ran aground, one ran aground at E 40th street, despite rescue attempts, 142 people were lost in the storm. For days the undertakers could not bury the dead.
Milk and coal was scarce, water supplied by the city was so muddy it had to be boiled to make it potable. Fortunately mother had enough food and the gas remained on my mother could boil the water, keep the house warm and cook food. Mayor Newton D. Backer decreed he would prevent a recurrence of downed lines in the future, by installing all lines underground from that point on.
Lesson Plan Examples
Evaluating Eyewitness Reportsedsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?ID=281
NARA Digital Classroomwww.archives.gov/digital_classroom/
National Parks Service Teaching with Historic Placeswww.cr.nps.gov
Library of Congress American Memory Learning Pagememory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/lessons/index.html
Creating Your Own Project
Collaborate with a local historical society, university or government body
Interview family members or communityIdentify experts in your communityOrganize your school’s archive
Digitizing Your Own Project
Scan images at 300-600 dpi and save as tiff file (burn to CD for “archival” storage)
Convert images to jpg, djvu or pdf for web viewing.
Use OCR to convert text to “html” format.Add research and bibliographic
information.Use a database to organize project
www.railsandtrails.com/digitizing.htm
Handling oversize originals (Maps)
Scan in overlapping sectionsUse a graphics program such as
Photoshop to straighten if necessary.Use layers in Photoshop to overlap
sections orUse a commercial program such a
Panavue Image Assembler.
For more information
Stephen TitchenalProgram Specialist for Technology14780 Superior RoadCleveland Heights, Ohio 44118
[email protected] version of handouts will be at:
www.chuh.org/Workshops/primarysources/main.lasso