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    #TL071: ERNST CASSIRER AND "PRIMEVAL

    STUPIDITY"

    Compiled and edited byFrederick Mann Copyright 2002 Build Freedom Holdings ALL !"H#$ %$%&%'

    Notice:#his report contains copyrighted material( #his in)ormation is )ree )or personaluse only( *o part o) these materials may be reproduced in any )orm + e,cept )or personaluse + -ithout permission )rom the copyright holder(

    .Myths are not /ust )airy tales -hich hae no connection to .serious. practical matters(Myths can be inserted like bullets into guns1 like rockets into planes1 like missiles intoplotted tra/ectories(. ++on appoport

    !n 3#he Myth o) the $tate13 %rnst Cassirer 4pronounced .5aesser. or .567sser.8 uses theterm .primeal stupidity. 4.9rdummheit. in "erman8:

    .Many anthropologists hae asserted that myth is1 a)ter all1 a ery simple phenomenon ++)or -hich -e hardly need a complicated psychological or philosophical e,planation( !t issimplicity itsel); )or it is nothing but the .sancta simplicitas. o) the human race( !t is notthe outcome o) re)lection or thought1 nor is it enough to describe it as a product o) humanimagination( !magination alone cannot account )or all its incongruities and )antastic andbiathetic Fallacy: #he ascription o) human traits or )eelings to inanimate nature1 e(g(1 the.cruel sea1. the .)riendly skies1. the .threatening clouds(. An aspect o)anthropomorphism( More broadly: #he mistake o) attributing human po-ers1 aspirations1emotions1 )eelings1 thoughts1 or traits to eents1 inanimate ob/ects1 or human symbols1-hich do not een possess the capacity )or such ?ualities(

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    !n 3An %ssay on Man13 %rnst Cassirer describes the implications o) the human symbolsystems 4-hich include language8:

    .Man has1 as it -ere1 discoered a ne- method o) adapting himsel) to his enironment(Bet-een the receptor system and the e))ector system1 -hich are to be )ound in all animal

    species1 -e )ind in man a third link -hich -e may describe as the symboic system( #hisne- ac?uisition trans)orms the -hole o) human li)e( As compared -ith the other animalsman lies not merely in a broader reality; he lies1 so to speak1 in a ne- !imesioo)reality( #here is an unmistakable di))erence bet-een organic reactions and humanresponses( !n the )irst case a direct and immediate ans-er is gien to an out-ardstimulus; in the second case the ans-er is delayed( !t is interrupted and retarded by a slo-and complicated process o) thought( At )irst sight such a delay may appear to be a ery?uestionable gain( Many philosophers hae -arned man against this pretended progress(.L3homme ?ui m6dite1. says ousseau1 .est un animal d6pra6. @#he man -hothinks is a depraed animal: it is not an improement but a deterioration o) human natureto e,ceed the boundaries o) organic li)e(

    et there is no remedy against this natural order( Man cannot escape )rom his o-nachieement @the inention o) symbolic systems( He cannot but adopt the conditions o)his o-n li)e( *o longer in a merely physical unierse1 man lies in a symbolic unierse(Language1 myth1 art1 and religion are parts o) this unierse( #hey are the aried threads-hich -eae the symbolic net1 the tangled -eb o) human e,perience( All human progressin thought and e,perience re)ines upon and strengthens this net( *o longer can mancon)ront reality immediately; he cannot see it1 as it -ere1 )ace to )ace( Pysic$ %e$ityseems to %ece!e i &%o&o%tio $s m$'s symboic $cti(ity $!($ces( @emphasis added!nstead o) dealing -ith the things themseles man is in a sense constantly conersing-ith himsel)( He has so eneloped himsel) in linguistic )orms1 in artistic images1 in

    mythical symbols or religious rites that he cannot see or kno- anything e,cept by theinterposition o) this arti)icial medium( His situation is the same in the theoretical as in thepractical sphere( %en here man does not lie in a -orld o) hard )acts1 or according to hisimmediate needs and desires( He lies rather in the midst o) imaginary emotions1 in hopesand )ears1 in illusions and disillusions1 in his )antasies and dreams( .=hat disturbs andalarms man1. said %pictetus1 .are not the things1 but his opinions and )ancies about thethings.(.

    Compare this to Aldous Hu,ley3s !ntroduction to 3#he First and Last Freedom3 by iddu5rishnamurti:

    .Man is an amphibian -ho lies simultaneously in t-o -orlds ++ the gien and the home+made1 the -orld o) matter1 li)e and consciousness and the -orld o) symbols( !n ourthinking -e make use o) a great ariety o) symbols+systems ++ linguistic1 mathematical1pictorial1 musical1 ritualistic( =ithout such symbol+systems -e should hae no art1 noscience1 no la-1 no philosophy1 not so much as the rudiments o) ciili

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    terms o)1 and acting in response to1 one set o) symbols @science1 -e hae come1 in somesmall measure1 to understand and control the elementary )orces o) nature( #hinking interms o)1 and acting in response to another set o) symbols @politics and religion1 -e usethese )orces as instruments o) mass murder and collectie suicide( !n the )irst case@science the e,planatory symbols -ere -ell chosen1 care)ully analyragmatist1-rote to me:

    .! do not need a morality to tell me -hat to do( ust the pragmatic1 utilitarian analysis -eare all born -ith( My brain identi)ies the arious courses o) action open to me at anygien point( My body or memory then releases pleasurepain signals )or each o) thealternaties1 and my brain1 -ith the tools o) economic analysis1 tells me -hich o) thealternaties -ill produce the most pleasureleast pain1 -hat )urther e))ects they may causeand -hat pleasurepain these e))ects may hae1 and -hat probabilities o) occurring eacho) these pleasurepain results has( ! then select1 as it must happen1 the action that ! haecalculated might produce the highest ratio o) pleasure to pain( Any morality that sets an apriori imperatie or prohibition on -hich actions ! -ill take can only get in the -ay o)my ma,imi

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    !n 3An %ssay on Man13 %rnst Cassirer -rites:

    .=e do )ind((( in man a special type o) relational thought((( !n man an ability to isolaterelations ++ to consider them in their abstract meaning ++ has deeloped( !n order to graspthis meaning man is no longer dependent upon concrete sense data1 upon isual1 auditory1

    tactile1 kinesthetic data( He considers these relations .in themseles.((( "eometry is theclassic e,ample o) this turning point in man3s intellectual li)e( %en in elementarygeometry -e are not bound to the apprehension o) concrete indiidual )igures( =e are notconcerned -ith physical things or perceptual ob/ects1 )or -e are studying uniersalspatial relations )or -hose e,pression -e hae an ade?uate symbolism( =ithout thepreliminary step o) human language such an achieement -ould not be possible(.

    $ome o) our symbols1 like those o) geometry1 are most use)ul( Ho-eer1 as AldousHu,ley says aboe1 .But symbols ++ as the history o) our o-n and eery other age makesso abundantly clear ++ can also be )atal((( #hinking in terms o)1 and acting in response toanother set o) symbols @politics and religion1 -e use these )orces as instruments o) mass

    murder and collectie suicide(. #he inability to e,amine1 ealuate1 and /udge symbols assymbols1 in order to determine -hether they are bene)icial or harm)ul symbols is part o)primeal stupidity or .9rdummheit(.

    !n 3An %ssay on Man13 %rnst Cassirer -rites:

    .#hough myth is )ictitious1 it is an unconscious1 not a conscious )iction( #he primitiemind -as not a-are o) the meaning o) its o-n creations( But is is )or us1 it is )or ourscienti)ic analysis1 to reeal this meaning ++ to detect the true )ace behind theseinnumerable masks(.

    Being unconscious o) our )ictions as )ictions 4and regarding our )ictions as part o)physical reality8 is primeal stupidity or .9rdummheit(. Fortunately1 it is possible )or usto become conscious o) our )ictions 4our mythological symbols8 as )ictions that may beuse)ul or harm)ul( #he process o) becoming conscious o) )ictions may be triggered bycontemplating Magritte3s .Ceci nest pas une pipe(. !n my o-n case1 the process -astriggered by reading Lysander $pooner:I#L0J: #H% C*$#!#9#!* F *A9#H!#(

    All the indented ?uotes in the rest o) this report are )rom %rnst Cassirer3s 3#he Myth o) the$tate3:

    .>erhaps the most important and the most alarming )eature in this deelopment o)modern political thought is the appearance o) a ne- po-er: the po-er o) mythicalthought( #he preponderance o) mythical thought oer rational thought in some o) ourmodern political systems is obious( @%ditor: ! beg to di))er( !t3s not all obious to mostpeople( For many it takes enormous mental sel)+e,amination and e))ort be)ore it becomesobious( A)ter a short and iolent struggle mythical thought seemed to -in a clear andde)inite ictory( Ho- -as this ictory possibleK Ho- can -e account )or the ne-

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    phenomenon that so suddenly appeared on our political hori%A5(

    .!) -e look at the present state o) our cultural li)e -e )eel at once that there is a deepchasm bet-een t-o di))erent )ields( =hen it comes to political action man seems to)ollo- rules ?uite di))erent )rom those recogni

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    (((#here -ere al-ays scholars o) high authority -ho -ere apt to deny that there is anysharp di))erence bet-een mythical and scienti)ic thought(

    (((According to his theory @$ir ames Fra

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    (((Human speech is metaphorical in its ery essence; it is )illed -ith similes andanalogies( #he primitie mind is unable to understand these similes in a merelymetaphorical sense( !t takes them )or realities and it thinks and acts according to thisprinciple( !t is the literal interpretation o) metaphorical names that )rom the )irstelementary )orms o) ancestor+-orship1 )rom the -orship o) human beings1 led to the

    -orship o) plants and animals1 and )inally o) the great po-ers o) nature(

    (((@Myth is1 )irst and )oremost1 a mass o) .ideas1. o) representations1 o) theoretical belie)sand /udgments( As these belie)s are in open contradiction to our sense+e,perience and asthere e,ist no physical ob/ects that correspond to the mythical representations it )ollo-sthat myth is a mere phantasmagoria( #he ?uestion necessarily arises -hy men cling soobstinately and )orcibly to such phantasmagoria( =hy do they pre)er to lie in a -orld o)illusions1 o) hallucinations and dreamsK.

    ! once asked a number o) libertarians in a room1 ho- many belieed there -ere.goernment la-s. in the room( Most o) them raised their hands( ! asked them i) there

    -ere any .policemen. or other .goernment agents. in the room( *o response( ! askedthem ho- many still belieed there -ere .goernment la-s. in the room( Most o) themraised their hands( ! asked them ho- they kne- there -ere .goernment la-s. in theroom( *o response( ! asked them i) they could see or other-ise perceie .goernmentla-s. in the room( *o response( ! doubt -hether ! had any impact on their politicalmythology 4primeal stupidity8(

    n another occasion ! did a N0+minute interactie -orkshop as part o) my #oastmastertraining( ! had an audience o) about 2G people1 including one libertarian( My theme -as.#hings that goernments do(. ! asked a olunteer to tell me something that .goernmentdoes(.

    eply: ."oernment builds roads(. Ouestion: .Hae you seen a goernment build aroadK. eply: .es(. Ouestion: #ell me in more detail -hat you sa-; -hat did thegoernment look like that built the roadK.

    ! continued this interactie process )or N0 minutes1 including -ith the libertarian( !n eachcase1 ! -ould say something like1 .=ell1 !3e actually obsered a road being built( ! sa-people and e?uipment( ! didn3t see any so+called .goernment. building the road(.

    =hateer e,amples my audience gae1 ! demonstrated that the -ork -as al-ays done byindiidual human beings1 sometimes -ith materiel and e?uipment( *obody could proide

    any eidence o) any so+called .goernment. doing anything( At the end o) the -orkshop !asked them ho- many still belieed that .goernment does thingsK. Most o) them1including the libertarian1 raised their hands( !t3s unlikely that ! had any impact on thepolitical mythology 4primeal stupidity8 o) een one o) them

    .(((#he historians o) human ciili

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    o) primitie ciili

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    coined; and een the old ones are used in a ne- sense; they hae undergone a deepchange o) meaning( #his change o) meaning depends upon the )act that those -ords-hich )ormerly -ere used in a descriptie1 logical1 or semantic sense1 are no- used asmagic -ords that are destined to produce certain e))ects and to stir up certain emotions(ur ordinary -ords are charged -ith meanings; but these ne-+)angled -ords are charged

    -ith )eelings and iolent passions(

    (((!) -e hear these ne- -ords -e )eel in them the -hole gamut o) human emotions ++ o)hatred1 anger1 )ury1 haughtiness1 contempt1 arrogance1 and disdain(

    But the skill)ul use o) the magic -ord is not all( !) the -ord is to hae its )ull e))ect it hasto be supplemented by the introduction o) ne- rites( !n this respect1 too1 the politicalleaders proceed ery thoroughly1 methodically1 and success)ully( %ery political actionhas its special ritual( And since1 in the so+called .totalitarian state. @so+called and ?uotesadded1 there is no priate sphere1 independent o) political li)e1 the -hole li)e o) man issuddenly inundated by a high tide o) ne- rituals( #hey are as regular1 as rigorous and

    ine,orable as those rituals that -e )ind in primitie societies( %ery class1 eery se,1 andeery age has a rite o) its o-n( *o one could -alk in the street1 nobody could greet hisneighbor or )riend -ithout per)orming a political ritual( And /ust as in primitie societiesthe neglect o) one o) the prescribed rites has meant misery and death( %en in youngchildren this is not regarded as a mere sin o) omission( !t becomes a crime against thema/esty o) the leader and the so+called .totalitarian state. @so+called and ?uotes added(

    #he e))ect o) these ne- rites is obious( *othing is more likely to lull asleep all ouractie )orces1 our po-er o) /udgment and critical discernment1 and take a-ay our )eelingo) personality and indiidual responsibility than the steady1 uni)orm1 and monotonousper)ormance o) the same rites( As a matter o) )act in all primitie societies ruled and

    goerned by rites indiidual responsibility is an unkno-n thing( =hat -e )ind here isonly a collectie responsibility(

    (((.#he saage1. says %( $idney Hartland in his book1 3>rimitie La-13 .is )ar )rom beingthe )ree and un)ettered creature o) usseau3s imagination( n the contrary1 he is hemmedin on eery side by the customs o) his people; he is bound in the chains o) immortaltradition((( #hese )etters are accepted by him as a matter o) course; he neer seeks tobreak )orth((( #o the ciili

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    e,posed to the same )orces1 he can easily be thro-n back to a state o) completeac?uiescence( He no longer ?uestions his enironment; he accepts it as a matter o) course(

    (((But here are men1 men o) education and intelligence1 honest and upright men -hosuddenly gie up the highest human priilege( #hey hae ceased to be )ree and personal

    agents( >er)orming the same prescribed rites1 they begin to )eel1 to think1 and to speak inthe same -ay( #heir gestures are liely and iolent; yet this is but an arti)icial1 a shamli)e( !n )act they are moed by an e,ternal )orce( #hey act like marionettes in a puppetsho- ++ and they do not een kno- that the strings o) this sho- and o) man3s -holeindiidual and social li)e1 are hence)or-ard pulled by the political leaders(

    For the understanding o) our problem this is a point o) crucial importance( Methods o)compulsion and suppression hae eer been used in political li)e( But in most cases thesemethods aimed at material results( %en the most )ear)ul systems o) despotism contentedthemseles -ith )orcing upon men certain la-s o) action( #hey -ere not concerned -iththe )eelings1 /udgments1 and thoughts o) men( !t is true that in the great religious struggles

    the most iolent e))orts -ere made not only to rule the actions o) men but also theirconsciousness( But these attempts -ere bound to )ail; they only strengthened the )eeling)or religious liberty( *o- the modern political myths proceeded in ?uite a di))erentmanner( #hey did not begin -ith demanding or prohibiting certain actions( #heyundertook to change the men1 in order to be able to regulate and control their deeds( #hepolitical myths acted in the same -ay as a serpent that tries to paraly

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    indiidual and in political li)e )reedom is so o)ten regarded much more as a burden than apriilege( 9nder e,tremely di))icult conditions man tries to cast o)) this burden( Here theso+called .totalitarian state. @so+called and ?uotes added and the political myths step in(#he ne- political parties promise1 at least1 an escape )rom the dilemma( #hey suppressand destroy the ery sense o) )reedom; but1 at the same time1 they reliee men )rom all

    personal responsibility(

    #hat leads us to another aspect o) our problem( !n our description o) the modern politicalmyths one )eature is still missing( As -e pointed out1 in the so+called .totalitarian states.@so+called and ?uotes added the political leaders hae had to take charge o) all those)unctions that1 in primitie societies1 -ere per)ormed by the magician( #hey -ere theabsolute rulers; they -ere the medicine men -ho promised to cure all social eils( Butthat -as not enough( !n a saage tribe the sorcerer has still another important task( #he.homo magus. is1 at the same time1 the .homo diinans(. He reeals the -ill o) the godsand )oretells the )uture(

    (((%en in this respect our modern political li)e has abruptly returned to )orms -hichseemed to hae been entirely )orgotten( #o be sure1 -e no longer hae the primitie kindo) sortilege1 the diination by lot; -e no longer obsere the )light o) the birds nor do -einspect the entrails o) slain animals( =e hae deeloped a much more re)ined andelaborate method o) diination ++ a method that claims to be scienti)ic and philosophical(But i) our methods hae changed the thing itsel) has by no means anished( ur modernpoliticians kno- ery -ell that the great masses are much more easily moed by the)orce o) imagination than by sheer physical )orce( And they hae made ample use o) thiskno-ledge( #he politician becomes a sort o) public )ortuneteller( >rophecy is an essentialelement in the ne- techni?ue o) rulership( #he most improbable or een impossiblepromises are made; the millennium is predicted oer and oer again(.

    !) you hae listened to "eorge =( Bush3s speeches 4especially since $eptember DDth1200D81 you may notice ho- his political persona resonates -ith .homo magus. and.homo diinans. And ho- he abuses the term .)reedom. as political myth ++ see belo-(

    .(((@!n the domain o) science1 according to Bacon1 @man must begin by )reeing himsel);he must get rid o) his )allacies and illusions1 his human idiosyncrasies and )ancies( !n the)irst book o) his 3*oum rganon3 Bacon tried to gie a systematic surey o) theseillusions( He described the di))erent kinds o) idols1 the .idola tribus. @idols o) the tribe1the .idola specus. @idols o) the cae1 the .idola )ori. @idols o) the marketplace1 and the.idola theatri. @idols o) the theater1 and he tried to sho- ho- to oercome them in orderto clear the -ay that -ill lead to a true empirical science( @%ditor: For an elaboration1 seeI#L0JB: #H% *A#9% F "&%*M%*#(

    (((I &oitics +e $(e ot yet *o)! tis +$y( @emphasis added ) all human idols1 theidola )ori @idols o) the marketplace are the most dangerous and enduring( (((! hae nodoubt that later generations -ill look back at many o) our political systems -ith the same)eeling as a modern astronomer studies an astrological book or a modern chemist analchemistic treatise(

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    (((#he belie) that man by the skill)ul use o) magic )ormulae and rites can change thecourse o) nature has preailed )or hundreds and thousands o) years in human history( !nspite o) all the ineitable )rustrations and disappointments mankind still clung stubbornly1)orcibly1 and desperately to this belie)( !t is1 there)ore1 not to be -ondered at that in ourpolitical actions and our political thoughts magic still holds its ground(

    (((!t is beyond the po-er o) philosophy to destroy the political myths( A myth is in a senseinulnerable( !t is imperious to rational arguments; it cannot be re)uted by syllogisms(But philosophy can do us another important serice( !t can make us understand theadersary( !n order to )ight an enemy you must kno- him( #hat is one o) the )irstprinciples o) a sound strategy( #o kno- him means not only to kno- his de)ects and-eaknesses; it means to kno- his strength( =hen -e )irst heard o) the political myths -e)ound them so absurd and incongruous1 so )antastic and ludicrous that -e could hardly bepreailed upon to take them seriously( By no- it has become clear to us that this -as agreat mistake( =e should not commit the same error a second time( =e should care)ullystudy the origin1 the structure1 the methods1 and the techni?ue o) the political myths( =e

    should see the adersary )ace to )ace in order to kno- and combat him(.! presume that the .-e. re)erred to aboe by Cassirer included some o) hiscontemporaries -ho also sa- some o) Hitler3s political myths as absurd and ludicrous(Cassirer obiously sa- ho- politicians abuse .)reedom. as a political myth( He probablyalso identi)ied many other sur)ace political myths1 such as .the master race1. .the e-ishproblem1. .state education1. .the public interest1. .)air trade1. .e?uitable redistribution o)-ealth1. .gun control1. .national security1. etc(

    But did he recogni%A5and I#L0JB: #H% *A#9% F "&%*M%*#(

    !n my opinion1 despite the brilliant and insight)ul analysis o) political myths in general1 ama/or omission o) Cassirer3s 3#he Myth o) the $tate3 is that he doesn3t speci)ically makethe case that the notion o) .the state. in people3s heads is a myth( *or does he enumeratea list o) political myths and e,plain -hy they are myths( Hope)ully my -ritings constituteat least a partial remedy )or these omissions(

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