principle and evaluation of molten salt reactor …
TRANSCRIPT
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Institut de Physique Nucléaire - CNRS/IN2P3 Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91406 Orsay, France
DRF-IRFU-DPhN-LEARN, Saclay, France
LPSC-IN2P3-CNRS, UGA, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
PRINCIPLE AND EVALUATION OF MOLTEN SALT REACTOR REPROCESSING
S. Delpech, G. Duran-Klie, D. Rodrigues
A. Marchix, M. Dieuaide, A. Letourneau
E. Merle, J. Martinet, M. Allibert, D. Heuer
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
LIQUID 1 LIQUID 2
SOLID GAS
Metal deposition on solid or liquid cathod.
Oxide précipitation
Gas formation by electrolysis or reaction with an oxidizing gas : F2
or Cl2
Gas formation by electrolysis or reaction with an oxidizing gas : F2
or Cl2
Reductive extraction using a liquid metal
Separation principles
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Controlled by the redox system UF4/UF3
Controlled by the redox system F2/F-
Controlled by the redox system LiF/LiBi
Core
Fluorination
Reductive extraction
Redox potential domains in the fuel salt
MSFR concept: fuel salt LiF-ThF4-UF4
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Controlled by the redox system UF4/UF3
Controlled by the redox system F2/F-
Controlled by the redox system LiF/LiBi
Core
Fluorination
Reductive extraction
Redox potential domains in the fuel salt Example of uranium
MSFR concept: fuel salt LiF-ThF4-UF4
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Controlled by the redox system UF4/UF3
Controlled by the redox system F2/F-
Controlled by the redox system LiF/LiBi
Core
Fluorination
Reductive extraction
Redox potential domains in the fuel salt Example of cesium
MSFR concept: fuel salt LiF-ThF4-UF4
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
∆𝐸𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐸° − 𝑘 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝜸 𝑅𝑒𝑑 + 𝑘 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝜸 𝑂𝑥
Redox potential domains in the fuel salt Solvation effect
Solvation of Ox
Solvation of Red
Solvation
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
∆𝐸𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐸° − 𝑘 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝜸 𝑅𝑒𝑑 + 𝑘 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝜸 𝑂𝑥
Redox potential domains in the fuel salt Solvation effect
Solvation of Ox
Solvation of Red
Solvation
Activity coefficients
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Reprocessing scheme
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
• ORNL concept (tested with MSRE
reactor)
• Extraction of U, Np, Tc, I, Ru, Mo,
Te, Pu…
• Separation in gaseous phase using
NaF traps at different
temperatures.
First step: fluorination
Example: UF4 + F2 (g) UF6 (g)
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Reprocessing scheme
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Reductive extraction process
Li
LiF MFx
M
Bi
LiF-ThF4
MFx + xLiBi xLiF + MBi
No miscible phases
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Reductive extraction process Redox properties of Ln and An – LiF-ThF4 - 600°C - LM= Bi – R = Li
Why is it interesting to use a liquid metal ?
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
)()(
)()(log
4
3.2E
)(
)(loglog
3.2*)(
101
1
)()(
)()(
/LM
/
LiLix
LiFLiFx
F
RTEwith
M
MF
n
n
RT
zFEEy
MFnMn
MnMFEff
LiLiF
z
MS
LMMMFLM
yz
z
z
Efficiency depends on two adjustable parameters :
Concentration of Li in the liquid metal
Phases volume (or mole) ratio
Reductive extraction process Analytical model of An/Ln extraction efficiency
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
- Good selectivity - Extraction of Ln requires high volume of liquid metal and several stages.
Reductive extraction process Analytical model of An/Ln extraction efficiency
Influence of phases volume ratio
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
• Bi-Li (10 mol%) // LiF-ThF4-UF4-NdF3 ( 77-23-0,2-0,1 mol%)
Extraction efficiency stable after 100 minutes. Low efficiencies. Thorium is also reduced in Bi but its solubility is very low (< 0.2 mol%). Low extraction due to the formation of Bi-Th intermetallic compound which blocks the interface. Need to improve technology.
Reductive extraction process Experimental tests
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
• Multi-stages extraction
Limitation of extraction by a low kinetic
Reductive extraction process Experimental tests - Multistages
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Reprocessing scheme
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
LiCl-KCl (58.8-41.2 mol%) at 450°C
Lanthanide oxide precipitation in a chloride salt
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
LiCl-KCl (58.8-41.2 mol%) at 450°C
Oxide donors usually used for the precipitation: Li2O Li2O + 2Cl- 2LiCl + O2-
Li2CO3 Li2CO3 + 2Cl- 2LiCl + CO2(g) + O2- ……
Modification of the molten salt composition
Use of a gas (water) for the precipitation: H2O H2O(g) + 2Cl- 2HCl(g) + O2-
No modification of the molten salt composition
Lanthanide oxide precipitation in a chloride salt
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Lanthanide oxide precipitation in a chloride salt Experimental device
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Description of the chemical plant
40 L: initial inventory
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Cooling phase
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
One day in the cooling zone: - limits the evolution of the inventories in the different stages of the chemical plant.
This is of importance to allow a good performance of the chemical processes. - allows to reduce the total decay heat of the salt by a factor eight and the total
activity by a factor four. - allows to eliminate the most energetic gamma of the spectrum
Cooling phase
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Description of the chemical plant
40 L: initial inventory
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Determination of the transfer coefficients
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Decay heat in the chemical plant
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Shielding requirements in the most critical part of the plant
ThEC 2018 – October 29-31, 2018, Brussels, Belgium Sylvie Delpech, IPNO, CNRS
Thank you for your attention