principles of evolution - deer valley unified school …...principles of evolution author andrea...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Evidence of Evolution
![Page 2: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
There are 4 main bodies of
evidence that support evolution• Paleontology
• Embryology
• Comparative Anatomy
• Molecular Biology
![Page 3: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Paleontology• Study of ancient items
• Fossil: preserved bone or other trace of an
ancient organism
![Page 4: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Formed when the dead animal, or something an
animal left behind, is buried by sediment.
• This is a relatively rare event, conditions must
be just right in order for a fossil to form.
![Page 5: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
By looking at how the organisms progressed in
the fossil record we can see how they have
changed gradually.
![Page 6: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• We can use morphology and location of
fossils to determine information about an
organism’s ancestors.
![Page 7: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Transitional Fossils• Every fossil is a transitional fossil.
![Page 8: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The location of those fossils, and also
currently living organisms provides evidence
as well. – island species most closely resemble nearest
mainland species
– populations can show variation from one island to
another
![Page 9: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Developmental patterns in embryos
• Embryology-using stages of development
to determine relatedness. The closer the
stages of development the more related
the organisms are.
![Page 10: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Early in development, human embryos and
embryos of all other vertebrates (organisms
with a backbone) are similar. Ex: tailbone,
fur, gills.
![Page 11: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Comparative Anatomy• Comparing how organisms are put together
provides important evidence for evolution.
![Page 12: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Homologous structures:Structures that are derived from a common
ancestor. SAME ancestry NOT same function!
These ARE
used to
determine
evolution
relationships
![Page 13: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Analogous structures:
• structures that look similar but evolved from
different ancestors.
• These can’t be used as evidence or
relatedness. Why not??
![Page 15: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
An example could be the wing of a bird and
the wing of an insect.
![Page 16: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Vestigial structures: remnants of an organism’s evolutionary past and has no function
![Page 17: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ex: Whales and snakes
each have a vestigial
pelvis that serves no
apparent function.
This pelvis is a
remnant of the
evolutionary past
![Page 18: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Molecular Biology
• Determine similarities in common biological
molecules like DNA or proteins.
![Page 19: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
• Closely related species will show more
similarities in bio molecule than will distantly
related species
![Page 20: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Molecular clocksUse differences between molecules (like DNA, RNA Hemoglobin,
cytochrome C ) to determine how closely related 2 groups are.
The greater the divergence, the higher the % difference in the
compared molecules.
![Page 21: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• The molecular clock is a technique that
uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to
deduce the time in prehistory when two or
more life forms diverged. Over the course of
millions of years, mutations build up in any
given stretch of DNA at a reliable rate.
![Page 22: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
For example, the gene that codes for the protein alpha-globin
(a component of hemoglobin) experiences base changes at a
rate of .56 changes per base pair per billion years.
![Page 23: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2 special areas of molecular
biology are:
1) Psuedogenes
2) Hox genes
![Page 24: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pseudogenes are sequences
providing evidence of
evolution– Non-functioning sections of DNA
– carried along with functional DNA
– can be clues to a common ancestor
Think: How is this related to RNA Processing?
![Page 25: Principles of Evolution - Deer Valley Unified School …...Principles of Evolution Author Andrea Jewett Created Date 3/30/2017 11:37:24 AM](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060314/5f0ba7487e708231d4318fea/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Hox genes indicate a very distant common
ancestor.
– Determines head to tail development in embryos
– Are genes that are shared by all organisms, they
are called “master genes”.
– Position of cell
differentiation:
creates
segments of
cells in embryos
that will develop
into certain
tissues or
structures.