Principles of Growth and Development

By: Encinas, Bea Marie

Doños, Axzl IanEdjoc, Arjelly AnnDel Rosario, Ryan

What is Growth?

It is the progressive increase and continues advancement of the child from birth to maturity (Kelly, 1965).

Structural Change - referred as physical change, like height, weight, and breadth.

Functional Change - Involves slowing down of mental processes like the ability to perceive things, to reason, increase in vocabulary, agility and etc.

What is Development?A progressive series of orderly coherent

changes.

What is Maturation?

The process of attaining a level of development at which some specified mental function or type of behavior ordinarily appears. It is the unfolding of traits potentially present in the individual because of heredity (Harmon, 1951).

It refers to the process of change of an individual which occurs primarily s a function of aging or time. It excludes the effects of practice and experience (Edwards, 1968).

6 MATURATION PRINCIPLES according to Cox (1970)

1.Learning depends upon the biological basis being present as well as the opportunity to practice.

2.Chronological age and maturational age although related are not synonymous.

3.Although overall maturational development is forward and continuous, the parent should expect to see plateaus and regression in the child’s development.

4. The more biologically mature a child is, the easier for him to learn a given task.

5. The child usually gives signals indicating his maturational readiness for a given task.

6. Training given after the maturation readiness may be less efficient.

7 Principles of Development

• Describes the direction of growth and development

• Proceeds from head downward

• Control comes in this order : HEAD >> ARMS >> LEGS

1. Development is Cephalocaudal

2. Development is Proximodistal

• This also describes the direction of growth & development

• The direction is Centre to Outwards

• Spinal cord develops first, then the other parts of the body

• The sequence is like : ARMS >> HANDS >> FINGERS

3. Depends on Maturation and Learning

• Maturation stands for biological growth and development.

• These occurs in sequence.• Prepares the child to accept new skills and

progress on it.• Like, a six month old child cannot use language as the

infant’s brain has not yet attained that maturity label to talk.

4. Simple to Complex

• Children use their cognitive and language skills to reason and solve problems.

• Children at first are able to hold the big things by using both arms. In the next part able to hold the big things in a single hand, then only able to pick small objects like peas, cereals and etc.

• Children when able to hold pencil, first starts draw circles then squares then only letters after that the words.

5. Continuity

• From conception to death (Womb to Tomb)• Leads child to be an adult in respect of body size,

functioning, behavior. • Adulthood changes to old age.• Then comes the death which ends the life cycle.

6. Generality to Specificity

• Development proceeds from general to specific.

• Growth occurs to large muscle movements to smaller muscle movements.

• This resembles with the whole and part. We first see the whole then comes the parts.

• Infant grasps the object with his whole hand before using thumb or forefinger.

7. Growth & Development are personal matter

• Rate and amount of growth is not same for all.

• This is caused by both heredity and environment.

• There is no two individual whose development rate is name.

• There is no validity in comparing one child’s progress with or against another child.

ERICKSON’S EIGHT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

ERIK ERICKSON 1902 - 1994

Stage 1 Infancy (birth to 18 months)

Infant (birth – 18 months)

•At this stage, an infant develops their sense of trust. With proper care and attention, the child will be able to trust. However, if this does not happen, it leads to mistrust in the child’s life.•Important events: Feeding•Basic Virtue: Hope and Drive•Basic conflict: Trust vs. Mistrust

Stage 2. Early Childhood (toddler)18 months to 3 years

Early Childhood (2 – 3 years)

• Child needs to develop a certain level of independence through exploration.

• Important Events: Toilet training, bodily functions, muscular control, walking

• Basic Virtue: Willpower and Self-Control• Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame and

Doubt(Will)

Stage 3. Preschool (3 to 6 years)

Preschool (3 – 5 years)

• A sense of control and power is important in a child’s life at this stage. They feel a sense of purpose if they succeed in this.

• Important Events: Exploration, and discovery, adventure and play

• Basic Virtue: Purpose and Direction• Basic Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt

Stage 4. School Age (6 to 12 years)

School Age (6 – 12 years)• Children are forced to cope with school and

other social demands. • Important Events: School• Basic Virtue: Competence and Method • Basic Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority

Stage 5.Adolescence (12 to 18 years)

Adolescence (13 - 19 years)

• Teens develop a sense of self. If they accomplish this, they can stay true to themselves and what they believe.

• Important Events: Social Relationships• Basic Virtue: Fidelity and Devotion• Basic Conflict: Identity vs. Role

Confusion

Stage 6. Young Adulthood (20 to 24 years)

Young Adulthood (20 – 24 years)

• Intimate, loving relationships need to form in this stage. If this fails to happen, people feel alone and isolated.

• Important Events: Relationships• Basic Virtue: Love and Affiliation• Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Stage 7. Middle Adulthood (25 to 64 years)

Middle Adulthood (25 – 64 years)• Adults need to create things that they can nurture that will outlast them;

generally, children. If they do not accomplish this, they will feel as though they did nothing good for the world.

• Important Events: Work and Parenthood• Basic Virtue: Care and Production • Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation

Stage 8. Maturity (65 to death)

Maturity (65 – death)

• Adults look back onto their life and need to be able to feel fulfilled. If they do not feel this, they will feel bitter and defeated.

• Important Events: Reflection on Life• Basic Virtue: Wisdom and Renunciation• Basic Conflict: Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Various Stages of Development

Prenatal Development Motor Development Language Development Cognitive Development Moral Development

Neonate is the newly born individual.

1. Germinal Stage – this stage starts from conception and ends after the second week.

2. Embryonic Stage – this begins when the zygote implants itself in the uterine wall and it lasts until the eighth week. This is the most critical period of development.

3. Fetal Stage – this is the stage when the motor behaviour begins and extends up to the period of birth. The developing infant become known as a fetus.

1. Prenatal Development

Factors affecting Prenatal Development

According to Hurlock (1969)1.Maternal Nutrition – mother’s diet must

contain sufficient proteins, fats and carbohydrates to keep the child healthy.

2.Vitamin Deficiency – deficiency of vitamin C, B6, B12, D, E and K is likely to interfere with the normal pattern of prenatal development.

3.Maternal Health – this is known to have great effect on unborn child.

4. Drugs – pregnant women are advised to take no drugs without doctor’s knowledge. 5. X-ray – x-ray and radium are damaging to the unborn child when used in early pregnancy.6. Alcohol – it is likely to damage the child’s physical and mental development if used frequently and heavily.7. Tobacco – this affects the fetal heart rate and the chemical content of the fetal blood.8. Maternal emotions – in mild maternal stresses, fetal activity and fetal heart rate increases.9. Uterine Crowding – in multiple births, crowding may limit fetal activity which is important for normal development.

2. Motor development depends on maturation and learning. Trying to teach a child skilled movements like walking before his nervous system and muscles are well developed will a waste of time and effort

3. Language development, this includes every means of communication in which thoughts and feelings are symbolized so as to convey meaning to others.

Factors that influence speech development:

1. Sex2. Socioeconomic Status3. Family Relationship4. Number of Siblings5. Health

4. Cognitive Development – involves changes in how the children understand and think about their world as they grow.

4 Stages of Development According to Jean Piaget (1960):

1.Sensorimotor Stage 2.Preoperational Stage3.Concrete Preoperational Stage4.Formal Preoperational Stage

Stage 1—Cognitive Development Theory

Sensorimotor StageBirth to age 2

During this stage, the child begins to develop: Reflexes Habits Hand-eye coordination Object Permanence (knowing something exists, even

though it can’t be seen) Experimentation and creativity. Piaget referred to the

children in this stage as “little scientists.” Trial and error experiments

Stage 2—Cognitive Development Theory

Preoperational StageAge 2-7

During this stage, the child begins to develop: Ability to represent objects with images and words Language skills Imagination Children learn through imitation and play during this

stage. They begin to use reasoning, however it is mainly intuitive, instead of logical.

Stage 3—Cognitive Development Theory

Concrete Operational StageAge 7-12

During this stage, the child begins to develop: The fundamentals of logic

Ability to sort objects Ability to classify objects Understanding of conservation (physical quantities

do not change based on the arrangement and/or appearance of the object)

Stage 4—Cognitive Development Theory

Formal Operational StageAge 11-15

During this stage, the child begins to develop: Ability to hypothesize, test and reevaluate

hypotheses Children begin thinking in a formal

systematic way

5. Moral Development refers to knowing right from wrong and to resist the temptation to go against the rules of acceptable behavior.

Thank you for listening!