principles of pathophysiology€¦ · angular stomatitis • contact allergy • atopicor...
TRANSCRIPT
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GASTROINTESTINAL
CONDITIONS
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Common GI pathologies• Acute abdomen
• Peritonitis
• Bowel obstruction
• GI haemorrhage
• Gastroenteritis
• Diseases of mouth &
tongue
• Hiatus Hernia
• Peptic ulcer
• Appendicitis
• Inflammatory bowel
disease
• Diverticular disease
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Malabsorption syndromes
• Hernias
• Haemorrhoids
• Hepatitis & Cirrhosis of the liver
• Gallstones
• Pancreatitis
• Gastrointestinal neoplasia
– Oesophagus
– Stomach
– Colon
– Rectum
– Pancreas
– Liver
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Abdominal painSurgical causes
• Abdominal aortic aneurysm
• Acute appendicitis
• Biliary colic
• Cholecystitis
• Colon carcinoma
• Diverticular disease
• Gastric carcinoma
• Pancreatitis
• Gastrointestinal perforation
• Peptic ulcer
• Acute salpingitis
• Acute urinary retention
• Urinary tract stones
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Dissecting aortic aneurysm
Medical causes
• Gastroenteritis
• Urinary tract infection
• Diabetes
• (Pneumonia)
• (Myocardial infarction)
• TB
• Malaria
• Typhoid
• Cholera
• Drugs
• IBS
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Malabsorption
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Stomatitis
• Non-infections
– Crohn's disease
– ulcerative colitis
– coeliac disease
– Angular stomatitis
– Nutrient deficiencies
• Infectious
– Bacterial
– Viral
– Fungal
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Angular stomatitis
• Contact allergy
• Atopic or seborrhoeic dermatitis
• Vitamin B deficiencies
• Iron deficiency
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Infectious stomatitis
�Bacterial
�Viral
�Fungal
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Localised Peritonitis
“Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity”
• Localised peritonitis can be caused by:
– Transmural bowel inflammation, e.g.
Appendicitis, diverticulitis, crohn's disease
– Transmural inflammation of other viscera, e.g.
Salpingitis, cholecystitis
– Transmural ischaemia, e.g. Ischaemic bowel
obstruction - strangulating hernia
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Localised peritonitis
Clinical features
• Localised tenderness
• Contraction of the abdominal muscles
• Guarding
• Rebound tenderness
• Rectal tenderness
• Features of mild systemic toxicity
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Generalised Peritonitis
Generalised peritonitis can be caused by the following:
• Localised peritonitis if left for long enough
• Perforation
• Chemical peritonitis
• Spreading intraperitoneal infection
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The clinical features of generalised
peritonitis• Patient is systemically very ill - fever, tachycardia, prostration
• Postural hypotension
• On examination:
– Rigidity of the abdominal wall
– Diffuse abdominal tenderness
– Bowel sounds may be absent because of peristaltic paralysis
– If there is severe peritonitis, e.g. Faecal, there may be signs of gram-negative bacteraemicshock, i.e. Hypotensive, cold patient
– Rectal tenderness
• Radiography
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Bowel obstruction
• Mechanical causes:
– Faeces, gallstones
– Inflammation, neoplasm
– Adhesions, hernias
• Small and large bowel obstructions:
– Adhesions
– Jammed hernias
– Carcinoma
– Volvulus
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Bowel obstruction symptoms
• Vomiting
• Colic
• Distension - visible peristalsis may be
present
• Absolute constipation
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GI haemorrhage
• Haematemesis
• Melaena
• Massive rectal bleeding
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GI haemorrhage causes
Common causes of a upper GI bleed include:
• Peptic ulces
• Gastric erosions
• Oesophageal varices
Common causes of a lower GI bleed include:
• Angiodysplasia
• Diverticular disease
• Colonic carcinoma or polyp
• Haemorrhoids
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Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is an infectious illness affecting the upper gastrointestinal tract - the stomach and, less often the small bowel.
The clinical features are:
• Acute onset
• Less than ten days duration
• Fever
• Diarrhoea and/or vomiting
• The aetiology is usually viral, especially in children.
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Gastroenteritis - causes
• Bacterial
• Viral
• Aboebic (dysentery)
• Drugs
• Diverticular disease
• Colonic carcinoma
• IBS
• IBD
• Malabsorption
• Diabetes
• Thyrotoxicosis
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Salmonella food poisoning
Infective agenets: S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, S. virchow, S. hadar, S. heidelberg, S. agona and S. indiana
• Involves small and large bowel
• Enterocolitis
• Nausea, vomiting, malaise, headaches, fever, cramps, watery diarrhoea, blood & mucus
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Haemorrhoids
Bloody diarrhoea
1. Colonic Ca
2. Diverticular disease
3. Ulcerative colitis
4. Dysentery
5. Campylobacter enteritis
6. Ischaemic colitis
Rectal bleedingBut no
diarrhoea!
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Types of hernae
• Hernia (abdominal)
• Hiatus hernia
• Sliding hiatus hernia
• Strangulated hernia
• Inguinal hernia (congenital)
• Infantile inguinal hernia
• Hernia (inguinal,congenital)
• Congenital inguinal hernia
• CDH (congenital diaphragmatic hernia)
• Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
• Indirect and direct inguinal hernia
• Strangulated inguinal hernia
• Direct inguinal hernia
• Inguinal hernia
• Hernia (inguinal)
• Indirect inguinal hernia
• Para-oesophagealhernia
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Peptic ulcer - Aetiologies
An imbalance between secretion and neutralization of secreted acid
• Heredity
• Sex (increased incidence in males)
• Stress
• Use of NSAIDs
• Smoking
• Helicobacter pylori
• Hypercalcaemia
• Colchicine therapy
• Renal failure
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Peptic ulcer – ( Gastric & Duodenal)
Clinical features
• Recurrent epigastric pain
• Mostly relieved by food
• Pain at night
• Weight loss
• Haematemesis
• Melena
• Vomiting
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Appendicitis - Symptoms
• Patient wishes to lie still, often with legs drawn
up
• Nausea and vomiting after the onset of pain
• Infrequently, diarrhoea:
– Early and transient as a result of visceral pain
– Later if retroileal or pelvic involvement appendix; this
is typically prolonged and mucoid
• Loss of appetite - often precedes the pain by a
few hours - a reasonably sensitive symptom
• Constipation
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Appendicitis - Signs
• Lying still, with shallow breaths and reluctant to cough
• Tachycardia
• Fever 37.5-38.50c, worsening with perforation
• Foetor oris - halitosis
• Furred tongue
• Flushed
• Right iliac fossa tenderness
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Inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative colitis
&
Crohn's disease
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Ulcerative colitis
Clinical features
• Ulcers
• Diarrhoea
• Blood
• Mucus
• Fever
• Abdominal pain
• Dehydration
• Weight loss
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Crohn's disease
Clinical features
• Diarrhoea (no blood)
• Pus
• Perianal fistulae
• Bowel obstruction
• Perforation
• Malabsorption
• � western life style?
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Diverticular disease
• Persistent ache with colicky exacerbations
felt in the left lower quadrant
• No radiation
• Not precipitated by eating
• Distension, flatulence and belching
• Constipation - infrequent bowel actions
and hard stool
• Appetite and weight remain normal
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Irritable bowel syndrome
“A functional bowel disorder”
• Abnormal stool frequency
• Abnormal stool form
• Abnormal stool passage
• Passage of mucus
• Bloating or feeling of abdominal
distension.
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Malabsorption syndromes
The common causes of malabsorption in the
UK are:
• Coeliac disease
• Lactose intolerance
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Small bowel resection
• Small bowel bacterial overgrowth
• Giardiasis
• Tropical sprue is the most common cause
worldwide.
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Malabsorption syndromes
Clinical features can be grouped into those suggestive of:
• Macronutrient malabsorption
• Micronutrient malabsorption
• Clues in the history include:
• Medication - alcohol, neomycin, cholestyramine, metformin, and antimetabolites e.g. Methotrexate
• Previous gastrointestinal surgery
• Health of siblings and parents - impaired growth compared to other family members suggests chronic malabsorption
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Haemorrhoids
• Differential diagnosis
– Rectal prolapse
– Anal polyp
– Inflammatory
bowel disease
– Rectal carcinoma
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Hepatitis
Aetiologies
– Viral
– Other infections
– Alcohol
– Drugs
– Autoimmune
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Hepatitis - A
Faecal oral routeFaecal oral routeClinical features
• Jaundice
• Pruritus
• Malaise
• Myalgia
• Arthralgia
• Fever
• Diarrhoea
• Hepatomegaly (tender)
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Hepatitis - B
Transmitted parenterally, or by intimate, usually sexual, contact
• 2-6 month incubation.
• There is a prodrome of non-specific symptoms such as fever, joint pain, urticarial or maculopapular rashes, malaise, and non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea.
• The acute episode may be similar to that seen in HAV or HAC but more severe. Jaundice rarely persists for more than 4 weeks and usually, is not severe.
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Hepatitis - C
• By blood or sexual transmission
Symptoms:
• Mild – similar to other hepatides
• Jaundice in 10%
• 85% can progress to become chronic
• Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
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Gallstones
• 15% of population in West
• Most non-symptomatic
• Bile: cholesterol & bile pigments
(haemoglobin & phospholipids)
• Elderly, obese, oral contraceptives,
steroids
• PDP: western diet, High fats, protein, salt
• Crohn’s disease
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Gallstones – clinical features
• Acute cholecystitis
– Fever, vomiting, localised peritonitis, +ve
Murphy’s sign
• Chronic cholecystitis
• Biliary colic
• Obstructive jaundice
• Cholangitis
• Empyema
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Pancreatitis
• Acute pancreatitis: Inflammatory reaction
of the pancreas and surrounding tissues,
enzymes escaping into the abdominal
cavity.
• Causes: gallstones, alcohol, idiopathic
– Rare: mumps, surgery, steroids, diuretics
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Pancreatitis – clinical features
• Abdominal pain radiatinf to the back
• Vomiting
• Abdominal tenderness
• Shock
• Bruise-like around umbilicus or flanks
• High serum amylase
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Carcinoma of oesophagus
• Link to alcohol and smoking
• Dysphagia
• Palpable supraclavicular lymph nodes
• Weight loss
• Anorexia
• Aspiration pneumonia
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Carcinoma of the stomach
• 10:100,000 in UK
– Associated with: gastric polyps, chronic
gastritis, blood group A, pernicious anaemia,
smoked fish, preservatives
• Clinical features:
– Weight loss, nausea, vomiting, fullness,
dysphagia, diarrhoea
• Advanced Clinical features:
– Enlarged liver, jaundice, ascites,
haematemesis, lymph node enlargement
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Carcinoma of the colon
• PDP: Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease,
polyps, low fibre diet
• Clinical features:
– Rectal bleeding, change in bowel habit, pain,
anaemia, weight loss, obtruction, perforation,
fistula, ascites, jaundice
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EndEnd
GASTROINTESTINALGASTROINTESTINAL
CONDITIONSCONDITIONS