priniciples of transplantation february 19 2008. goals and objectives -principal components -role of...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Priniciples of transplantation
February 19 2008
![Page 2: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Goals and objectives
- Principal components
- Role of HLA in immunogenic response
- Understand the 3 signal pathway of T cell activation and its clinical significance
![Page 3: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Classification of grafts
* Autologous grafts Grafts transplanted from one part of the body to another in the same
individual
* Syngeneic grafts (Isografts)
Grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals of the same species
Allogeneic grafts (Allografts)
Grafts transplanted between two genetically different individuals of
the same species
Xenogeneic grafts (Xenografts)
Grafts transplanted between individuals of different species
![Page 4: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2006-7year Immunology 4
![Page 5: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
IMMUNE RESPONSES TO TRANSPLANTED TISSUES
* Transplant rejection caused by genetic differences between donor and Transplant rejection caused by genetic differences between donor and recipientrecipient* HLA and blood group antigensHLA and blood group antigens
* AlloantigensAlloantigens* Antigens which vary between members of same speciesAntigens which vary between members of same species
* AlloreactionAlloreaction* Immune response to an alloantigenImmune response to an alloantigen
* Alloreactions in transplantationAlloreactions in transplantation* Host-versus-graft (transplant rejection)Host-versus-graft (transplant rejection)* Graft-versus-hostGraft-versus-host
![Page 6: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Figure 12-11
![Page 7: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Effectors of rejection
Major players:
* T Cells
* B cells
* Antigen presenting cells
* MHC (Most important)
![Page 8: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
T cells
* Arise in thymus from bone marrow derived precursors
* Each T-Cell has unique T Cell receptor (Clone)
* Selection
Positive
Negative
* Subtypes
CD 4 T cells – Antigen specific immune response
CD8 T cells - Precursors of CTL – Class I MHC
![Page 9: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
B cells
* Arise and mature in bone marrow* Negative selection* Express BCRs on their surface* When BCR is stimulated the B cell secrete
antibodies of same specificity as their BCRs
![Page 10: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Antigen presenting cells
* Most important* Activate T cells* Endocytose antigen and display it on MHC
molecules* T cells recognize and interact with antigen MHC
to become activated
![Page 11: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
MHC complex
* Encode molecules crucial to the initiation and propagation of immune response
* The HLA complex on chromosome 6 contains over 200 genes, more than 40 of which encode leukocyte antigens
* The HLA genes that are involved in the immune response fall into two classes, I and II, which are structurally and functionally different
![Page 12: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Klein J and Sato A. N Engl J Med 2000;343:702-709
Location and Organization of the HLA Complex on Chromosome 6
![Page 13: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Types of MHC
* There are three classes of MHC molecules.
* Class I- encodes glycoproteins expressed on the surface of nearly all nucleated cell; the major function of the class I gene is presentation of peptide antigens to cytotoxic T-cells
* Class II- encodes glycoproteins expressed primarily on antigen-presenting cells, examples: macrophages, dendritic cells and B-cells, where they present processed antigenic peptides to T helper cells.
* Class III- encodes various secreted proteins that have immune function including components of the complement system; C2,C4, Factor B, &TNF, and molecules involved in inflammation.
![Page 14: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Class I MHC
Class II MHC
RBCs
APCs
Nucleated cells
![Page 15: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Function of MHC
* The function of both class I and class II molecules is the presentation of short, pathogen-derived peptides to T cells, a process that initiates the adaptive immune response
* Class I - Sample cytosolic proteins and detect foreign proteins that would indicate an intracellular pathogen such as virus or intracellular bacteria
* Recognised by CD 8 T cells and provide a surviellance mechanism to target infected cells for destruction
![Page 16: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Antigen Processing and Presentation
![Page 17: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Biological functions of Class I and Class II molecules
* Class I
* Present peptides derived from endogenously synthesized proteins
* Responding T cells express CD8+
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/HLA.html#cd8
![Page 18: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
* Class II system is designated to sample extracellular proteins by extracellular proteins by specialized APC’s
* Class II are recognized by CD 4 helper T cells and allow for the generation of immune response to invading pathogens
![Page 19: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Antigen Processing and Presentation
![Page 20: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Biological functions of Class I and Class II molecules
* Class II
* Present peptides derived from exogenously synthesized proteins
* Responding T cells express CD4+
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/HLA.html#class_II
![Page 21: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Class I
* The class I genes code for the polypeptide chain of the class I molecule; the ß chain of the class I molecule is encoded by a gene on chromosome 15, the beta2-microglobulin gene.
* There are some 20 class I genes in the HLA region; three of these, HLA-A, B, and C, the so-called classic, or class Ia genes, are the main actors in the immunologic theater
![Page 22: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Structure of Class I MHC
* Two polypeptide chains, a long α chain and a short β (β2 microglobulin)
* Four regions* Cytoplasmic region containing sites for
phosporylation and binding to cytoskeletal elements
* Transmembrane region containing hydrophobic amino acids
![Page 23: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Structure of Class I MHC
* Four regions* A highly conserved α3 domain to
which CD8 binds* A highly polymorphic peptide binding
region formed from the α1 and α2 domains
* Β2-microglobulin helps stabilize the conformation
![Page 24: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Klein J and Sato A. N Engl J Med 2000;343:702-709
Structure of HLA Class I and Class II Molecules
![Page 25: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Class II
* The class II genes code for the alpha and ß polypeptide
chains of the class II molecules .
* The designation of their loci on chromosome 6 consists of three letters: the first (D) indicates the class, the second (M, O, P, Q, or R) the family, and the third (A or B) the chain ( or ß, respectively).
* HLA-DRB, for example, stands for class II genes of the R family coding for the ß chains.
![Page 27: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Structure of Class II MHC
* Two polypeptide chains,α and β, of roughly equal length
* Four regions
* Cytoplasmic region containing sites for phosporylation and binding to cytoskeletal elements
![Page 28: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Structure of Class II MHC
* Four regions* Transmembrane region containing
hydrophobic amino acids* A highly conserved α2 and a highly
conserved β2 domains to which CD4 binds
* A highly polymorphic peptide binding region formed from the α1 and β1 domains
![Page 29: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Klein J and Sato A. N Engl J Med 2000;343:702-709
Structure of HLA Class I and Class II Molecules
![Page 30: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Important aspects of MHC
* Normally, the proteins that undergo recycling are the organism's own, but in infected cells, proteins originating from the pathogen are also routed into the processing
pathways.
* With the exception of jawed vertebrates, no organisms appear to make a distinction between peptides derived from their own (self) proteins and those derived from foreign (nonself) proteins.
* Jawed vertebrates, by contrast, use the peptides derived from foreign (usually microbial) proteins to mark infected cells for destruction
![Page 32: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Important aspects of MHC
* Protein processing and loading of peptides onto class I molecules are taking place all the time in most cells. There is always plenty of material to feed the processing machinery, because worn-out, damaged, and misfolded proteins are continuously being degraded and replaced by new ones.
* By contrast, the processing of exogenous proteins and the loading of peptides onto class II molecules are normally restricted to B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which are very efficient in taking up material by endocytosis or phagocytosis.
![Page 33: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Important aspects of MHC
* The consequence of protein processing is that the surfaces of cells become adorned with peptide-laden HLA molecules, amounting on a per cell basis to roughly 100,000 to 300,000 class I or class II products of each of the highly expressed HLA loci.
* Since each HLA molecule has one peptide bound to it, each uninfected cell displays hundreds of thousands of self peptides on its surface.
* Each cell thus displays a heterogeneous collection of peptides, and the surface of a cell resembles rows of well-stocked stalls at a bazaar, with bargain hunters scrutinizing the wares.
* But if, in this metaphor, the vendors are the HLA molecules and the peptides the goods, who are the potential buyers? They are a group of lymphocytes reared in the thymus and then turned loose to roam the body — the T cells.
![Page 34: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Functions and Characteristics of HLA
* HLA’s are cell-surface proteins involved in the recognition of self and non-self by the immune system
* HLA’s present foreign antigens to the immune system – resistance to viral and bacterial pathogens
* HLA’s are codominantly expressed
* Highly polymorphic and polygenic
![Page 35: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
HLA genes are co dominant: A protein from HLA genes are co dominant: A protein from each parental gene is expresed on cell-each parental gene is expresed on cell-surfacessurfaces
![Page 36: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Polymorphism and polygeny
* MHC genes are polymorphic: that is, there are large numbers of alleles for each gene
* MHC genes are polygenic: that is, there are a number of different MHC genes.
![Page 37: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Crossing overresults in new haplotypes
![Page 38: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Structure of Class I MHC
Variability map of Class 1 MHC α Chain
![Page 39: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Class I polymorphism
Locus
Number of alleles
(allotypes)
HLA - A 451
HLA - B 782
HLA - C 238
There are also HLA - E, HLA - F and HLA - G
Relatively few alleles
![Page 40: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Structure of Class II MHC
Variability map of Class2 MHC β Chain
![Page 41: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Class II polymorphism
Locus
Number of alleles
(allotypes)HLA - DPA
HLA - DPB
147
HLA - DQA
HLA - DQB
105
HLA - DRA
HLA - DRB1
HLA – DRB3
HLA – DRB4
HLA – DRB5
525
There are also HLA - DM and HLA - DO Relatively few alleles
![Page 42: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Why polymorphic?
* Multiple alleles of HLA in a population increases the likelihood that the population will survive a pathogen threat
* Unfortunately, it also cause histoincompatibility in organ and tissue transplants
![Page 43: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Important Aspects of MHC
* Primary HLA products that contribute to rejection are the most polymorphic including HLA- A, - B and DR
* Efforts are made to match HLA-A, - B and DR genes and proteins in kidney transplantation
![Page 44: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
HLA profiles
* Tissue typing
* Cross matching test
* Panel reactive antibodies
![Page 45: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Tissue typing
* Helps to identify two alleles at each of the three loci
* One allele from mother and one from father
* Mother/Father: 25% chance of full match
* One Sibling: 25 % chance of full match
* Two Siblings: 44 % chance of full match
* HLA matching
3 year graft surivival 93 and 85% for HLA matched and mismatched live donors
In cadaveric grafts 82 and 76%
Most benefit with zero mismatches
![Page 46: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Cross matching test
* Serum of potential recipient is incubated with cells from possible donor
* If recipient has antidonor antibodies there is a strong likelihood that recipient would destroy transplant by antibody mediated rejection
![Page 47: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Panel reactive antibodies
* Anti HLA antibodies in the serum of a person can be assessed as PRAs
* Testing the serum of the patient against a panel of cells or antigens prepared from many different donors using cytotoxicity or flow cytometry
* Results are expressed as percentage of positive donors
![Page 48: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Response to antigenic stimulus
![Page 50: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
T cell activation
* Activation of T cell is a crucial step in generation of immune response to specific antigens
* Naive T cells restricted to SLOs
* They interact with DCs that have migrated from the periphery in response to infection or injury
* Once naïve T cells encountered their cognate antigen presented on mature DCs, they become activated.
* Following activation CD 4 T cells help B cells to convert to plasma cells
* Plasma cells produce antibodies
![Page 53: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Generation of T cell effector function
* Alloreactive T cells can be found in both naive and memory T cells
* Naive T cells may be triggered by donor or recipient APCs to proliferate and develop effector functions in SLOs
* Memory cells can be activated in the same manner or by recognizing cells in allograft directly
* Reactions mediated by naïve T cells take longer to develop than those mediated by memory T cells
![Page 55: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Structure of the T cell Receptor
* Heterodimer with one α and one β chain of roughly equal length
* A short cytoplamic tail not capable of transducing an activation signal
* A transmembrane region with hydrophobic amino acids
![Page 57: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Structure of the T cell Receptor
* Both α and β chains have a variable (V) and constant (C) region
* V regions of the α and β chains contain hypervariable regions that determine the specificity for antigen
![Page 58: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Structure of the T cell Receptor
* Each T cell bears TCRs of only one specificity (allelic exclusion)
![Page 59: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
TCR and CD3 Complex
* TCR is closely associated with a group of proteins collectively called the CD3 complex* γ chain* δ chain* 2 ε chains* 2 ξ chains
* CD3 proteins are invariant
![Page 60: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Role of CD3 Complex
* CD3 complex necessary for cell surface expression of TCR during T cell development
* CD3 complex transduces signals to the interior of the cells following interaction of Ag with the TCR
![Page 62: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The “Immunological Synapse”
* The interaction between the TCR and MHC molecules are not strong
* Accessory molecules stabilize the interaction* CD4/Class II MHC or
CD8/Class I MHC
* CD2/LFA-3
* LFA-1/ICAM-1
![Page 63: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
The “Immunological Synapse”
* Specificity for antigen resides solely in the TCR
* The accessory molecules are invariant
* Expression is increased in response to cytokines
![Page 64: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The “Immunological Synapse”
* Engagement of TCR and Ag/MHC is one signal needed for activation of T cells
* Second signal comes from costimulatory molecules* CD28 on T cells interacting
with B7-1 (CD80) or B7-2 (CD86)
* Others
* Costimulatory molecules are invariant
* “Immunological synapse”
![Page 65: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Costimulation is Necessary for T Cell Activation
* Engagement of TCR and Ag/MHC in the absence of costimulation can lead to anergy
* Engagement of costimulatory molecules in the absenece of TCR engagement results in no response
* Activation only occurs when both TCR and costimulatory molecules are engaged with their respective ligands
* Downregulation occurs if CTLA-4 interacts with B7
* CTLA-4 send inhibitory signal
![Page 67: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Clonal expansion
* Signals 1 and 2 activate calcium calcineurin pathway, MAP kinase pathway and NF-Kb pathway
* These pathways activate transcription factors that trigger the expansion of many new molecules including IL-2,
CD 154 and CD 25.
* IL-2 and other cytokines activate the TOR pathway to provide signal 3, the trigger for cell proliferation
* A subset of activated helper T cells migrate to the B region of lymph nodes located in the cortex and help to differentiate B cells while the remainder of the effector T cells leave the lymph node and proceeds the inflamed site
![Page 68: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
* The activated T cells rapidly accumulate in the interstitium of the allograft as the response mounts in the first few days.
* CD4 T cells are cytokine secreting cells that express IL-2 and alter a variety of cytokines
* CD4 cells help B cells to enhance their antibody production through CD40 ligand
* Alloantibody produced during rejection is mainly IG g and primarily participates in the destruction of vascular endothelium of the graft
* CD 8 T cells participate in rejection through DTH or cytotoxicty
![Page 69: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
![Page 70: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Key Steps in T cell Activation
* APC must process and present peptides to T cells* T cells must receive a costimulatory signal
* Usually from CD28/B7
* Accessory adhesion molecules help to stabilize binding of T cell and APC* CD4/MHC-class II or CD8/MHC class I* LFA-1/ICAM-1* CD2/LFA-3
* Signal from cell surface is transmitted to nucleus* Second messengers
* Cytokines produced to help drive cell division* IL-2 and others
![Page 73: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Rejection
![Page 74: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
1. Hyperacute rejection
* Occurrence time
* Occurs within minutes to hours after host blood vessels are anastomosed to graft vessels
* Pathology
* Thrombotic occlusion of the graft vasculature
* Ischemia, denaturation, necrosis
![Page 75: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
ORIGINS OF ANTIBODIES TO HLA AND ABO ANTIGENS IN HYPERACUTE REJECTION
* PregnancyPregnancy* Fetus is allograft in mothers bodyFetus is allograft in mothers body* During birth, fetal cells can stimulate maternal immune responseDuring birth, fetal cells can stimulate maternal immune response
* Blood transfusionBlood transfusion* HLA typing not performed for routine transfusionHLA typing not performed for routine transfusion* Leukocytes and platelets in whole bloodLeukocytes and platelets in whole blood
* TransplantationTransplantation* Persons with more than one transplantPersons with more than one transplant
![Page 76: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Figure 12-15
![Page 77: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
* Complement activation* Endothelial cell damage
* Platelets activation* Thrombosis, vascular occlusion, ischemic damage
2006-7year Immunology 77
![Page 78: Priniciples of transplantation February 19 2008. Goals and objectives -Principal components -Role of HLA in immunogenic response -Understand the 3 signal](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649cec5503460f949b81c4/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)