Prisons and JailsPrisons and Jails

Mr. WhitakerMr. Whitaker

VocabularyVocabulary Congregate System Congregate System A 1900’s prison system developed A 1900’s prison system developed

in New York were inmates stayed in separate cells in New York were inmates stayed in separate cells during the night but worked together in the daytime .during the night but worked together in the daytime .

Consolidation Consolidation A corrections model in which the inmates A corrections model in which the inmates who pose the highest security risk are housed in a single who pose the highest security risk are housed in a single facility to separate them from the general prison facility to separate them from the general prison population.population.

Dispersion Dispersion A corrections model in which high-risk A corrections model in which high-risk inmates are spread throughout the general prison inmates are spread throughout the general prison population.population.

Jail Jail A facility, usually operated by county government, A facility, usually operated by county government, used to hold persons awaiting trial or those who have used to hold persons awaiting trial or those who have been found guilty of misdemeanors. been found guilty of misdemeanors.

VocabularyVocabulary Lockdown Lockdown A disciplinary action taken by prison officials A disciplinary action taken by prison officials

in which all inmates are ordered to their quarters. in which all inmates are ordered to their quarters. Maximum Security Prison Maximum Security Prison A correctional institution A correctional institution

designed and organized to control and discipline designed and organized to control and discipline dangerous felons, as well as prevent escape, with dangerous felons, as well as prevent escape, with intense supervision, cement walls, and electronic, intense supervision, cement walls, and electronic, barbed wire fences.barbed wire fences.

Medical Model Medical Model A model of corrections in which the A model of corrections in which the psychological and biological roots of an inmate’s criminal psychological and biological roots of an inmate’s criminal behavior are identified and treated. behavior are identified and treated.

Medium-Security Prison Medium-Security Prison A correctional institution that A correctional institution that houses less dangerous inmates and therefore uses less houses less dangerous inmates and therefore uses less restrictive measures to avoid violence and escapes. restrictive measures to avoid violence and escapes.

VocabularyVocabulary Minimum-Security Prison Minimum-Security Prison A correctional institution A correctional institution

designed to allow inmates, most of whom pose low designed to allow inmates, most of whom pose low security risks, a great deal of freedom of movement and security risks, a great deal of freedom of movement and contact with the outside world. contact with the outside world.

Penitentiary Penitentiary An early form of correctional facility that An early form of correctional facility that emphasized separating inmates from society and from emphasized separating inmates from society and from each other. each other.

Pretrial Detainees Pretrial Detainees Individuals who cannot post bail after Individuals who cannot post bail after arrest and are therefore forced to spend the time prior to arrest and are therefore forced to spend the time prior to their trials in jail. their trials in jail.

Private Prisons Private Prisons Correctional facilities operated by Correctional facilities operated by private corporations instead of the government. private corporations instead of the government.

VocabularyVocabulary

Separate Confinement Separate Confinement A nineteenth-century A nineteenth-century penitentiary system in which inmates were kept penitentiary system in which inmates were kept separate from each other at all times.separate from each other at all times.

Time Served Time Served The period of time a person The period of time a person denied bail has spent in jail prior to his or her denied bail has spent in jail prior to his or her trial. trial.

Warden Warden The prison official who is ultimately The prison official who is ultimately responsible for the organization and responsible for the organization and performance of a correctional facility. performance of a correctional facility.

Questions for YouQuestions for You

What are some sights and sounds of a jail What are some sights and sounds of a jail or prison?or prison?

Should a jail or prison provide a harsh or Should a jail or prison provide a harsh or rehabilitating environment for its inmates?rehabilitating environment for its inmates?

Is solitary confinement humane or in Is solitary confinement humane or in humane? Why or Why not?humane? Why or Why not?

Do you think jails or prisons deter people Do you think jails or prisons deter people to do crime in the U.S.?to do crime in the U.S.?

Short History of American Prisons Short History of American Prisons

Colonial HistoryColonial HistoryWalnut Street Prison: The First Walnut Street Prison: The First

Penitentiary Penitentiary

Pennsylvania (1776) passed a law thatPennsylvania (1776) passed a law that

offenders were to be reformed offenders were to be reformed treatment and discipline rather than being treatment and discipline rather than being

beaten or executed.beaten or executed.

The Pennsylvania System The Pennsylvania System

a. Two prisons included:a. Two prisons included:

1.1. Western Penitentiary Western Penitentiary near Pittsburgh.near Pittsburgh.

2.2. Eastern Penitentiary in Eastern Penitentiary in Cherry Hill.Cherry Hill.

Practiced separate Practiced separate confinement.confinement.

Consisted of back-to-Consisted of back-to-back cells facing both back cells facing both inward and outward. inward and outward.

The New York System The New York System

Initially run like Initially run like Walnut Street.Walnut Street.

Found that solitary Found that solitary confinement led to confinement led to sickness, insanity and sickness, insanity and suicide.suicide.

Solitary confinement Solitary confinement was abandoned in was abandoned in 1822.1822.

The New York System The New York System

In 1831, the In 1831, the congregate system congregate system was started.was started.

a. Inmates worked and a. Inmates worked and ate together.ate together.

b.b. Silence was enforced Silence was enforced by guards.by guards.

The Reformers and the The Reformers and the Progressives Progressives

Rehabilitation became a new tool.Rehabilitation became a new tool. Elmira Reformatory rewarded good behavior Elmira Reformatory rewarded good behavior

with early release.with early release. Progressives believed that crime was caused by:Progressives believed that crime was caused by:

a.a. Social b.Social b. Economic c. Biological factors. Economic c. Biological factors.

Medical Model held that institutions should offer Medical Model held that institutions should offer a variety of treatments and programs to cure a variety of treatments and programs to cure inmates.inmates.

The Reassertion of Punishment The Reassertion of Punishment

1.1. In 1974, Martinson In 1974, Martinson published his work published his work critical of rehabilitation.critical of rehabilitation.

2. Martinson’s work and a 2. Martinson’s work and a rise in the crime rate rise in the crime rate helped create a get-helped create a get-tough philosophy tough philosophy towards crime.towards crime.

Do you think the role of theDo you think the role of theprisons should be more prisons should be more rehabilitative orrehabilitative orpunishment?punishment?

The Origins of PrisonsThe Origins of Prisons Activity Activity

Age of TortureAge of Torture

The ReformersThe Reformers

Building IdealsBuilding Ideals

19th Century 19th Century

Activity ContinuedActivity Continued

What is a pillory and how was it used?What is a pillory and how was it used? What is a prison hulk? What is a prison hulk? What is a Panopticon prison and who invented What is a Panopticon prison and who invented

it? it? In five sentences, explain how the Quakers In five sentences, explain how the Quakers

influenced prison reform. influenced prison reform. Briefly explain architectural and disciplinary Briefly explain architectural and disciplinary

ideals in the earliest prisons. ideals in the earliest prisons. How did prison design change in the 19th How did prison design change in the 19th

century? century?

The Prison Population BombThe Prison Population Bomb

A.A. According to According to Blumstein of Carnegie Blumstein of Carnegie Mellon University Mellon University much of the growth of much of the growth of prison populations is prison populations is due to the due to the enhancement and enhancement and stricter enforcement stricter enforcement of drug laws.of drug laws.

Four Factors of Increased Four Factors of Increased Populations in PrisonsPopulations in Prisons

Increased probability of incarceration is greater Increased probability of incarceration is greater than twenty years ago.than twenty years ago.

Inmates serving more time for each crime:Inmates serving more time for each crime: Federal prison growth: since 1995 the federal Federal prison growth: since 1995 the federal

prison population has been growing at twice the prison population has been growing at twice the rate of the states.rate of the states.

Rising incarceration rates of women: in 1981 Rising incarceration rates of women: in 1981 there were 14,000 women in prison, by 2003, there were 14,000 women in prison, by 2003, the number had reached 100,102.the number had reached 100,102.

Types of Prisons Types of Prisons

Maximum-Security Maximum-Security Prisons Prisons

Medium-Security Medium-Security PrisonsPrisons

Minimum-Security Minimum-Security Prisons Prisons

Maximum-Security Prisons Maximum-Security Prisons

They are designed with full attention to They are designed with full attention to security and surveillance.security and surveillance.

Inmates lives are programmed in Inmates lives are programmed in militaristic fashion.militaristic fashion.

About one-quarter of nation’s prisons are About one-quarter of nation’s prisons are maximum-security institutions.maximum-security institutions.

Maximum security facilities house Maximum security facilities house approximately 16 percent of the nation’s approximately 16 percent of the nation’s prisoners.prisoners.

Medium-Security PrisonsMedium-Security Prisons

Medium security Medium security facilities hold 35 facilities hold 35 percent of prison percent of prison population population

Commit less serious Commit less serious offenses and are less offenses and are less of a risk for escaping. of a risk for escaping.

More programs, more More programs, more freedom of movement freedom of movement and more contact and more contact between inmates.between inmates.

Minimum-Security Prisons Minimum-Security Prisons

Minimum security facilities 49 percent of Minimum security facilities 49 percent of prison population.prison population.

facilities often look more like college facilities often look more like college campuses than prisons. campuses than prisons.

Inmates are mostly nonviolent and well Inmates are mostly nonviolent and well behaved. behaved.

Extreme freedom of movementExtreme freedom of movement

Facility Research ProjectFacility Research Project

Working in pairs, your partner and you Working in pairs, your partner and you will research two facilities on the federal, will research two facilities on the federal, local, or state level.local, or state level.

Using your handout, you will create a Using your handout, you will create a one page report on each facility and one page report on each facility and create a presentation to give to the class create a presentation to give to the class on the facilities that you choose.on the facilities that you choose.

What is the difference?What is the difference?

Government Prisons and Private PrisonsGovernment Prisons and Private PrisonsUsing the diagram tell me:Using the diagram tell me:

Five Reasons why privatized prisonsFive Reasons why privatized prisons

What are three arguments against it?What are three arguments against it?

Five differences between Maximum SecurityFive differences between Maximum Security

Prisons and Medium Security PrisonsPrisons and Medium Security Prisons

Prison AdministrationPrison Administration

Management DifficultiesManagement Difficulties

1. Consequences of1. Consequences of

mismanagement canmismanagement can

be severe.be severe.

2. Breakdowns in2. Breakdowns in

managerial control managerial control

commonly precededcommonly preceded

acts of mass violence.acts of mass violence.

Prison Management Structure Prison Management Structure

The management The management structure of prisons is structure of prisons is similar to those of similar to those of police departments.police departments.

Both systems have Both systems have hierarchical chain of hierarchical chain of command.command.

Prison Management Structure Prison Management Structure

Police departments have a continuity of Police departments have a continuity of purpose that is sometimes lacking in purpose that is sometimes lacking in prison organizations.prison organizations.

In prisons the employees are:In prisons the employees are:

1.1. counselors trying to rehabilitate. counselors trying to rehabilitate.

2. guards attempting to control.2. guards attempting to control.The warden or superintendent is ultimately The warden or superintendent is ultimately

responsible for the operation of a prison.responsible for the operation of a prison.

The Emergence of Private Prisons The Emergence of Private Prisons

Labor costs are less expensive for private Labor costs are less expensive for private prisons.prisons.

Competitive bidding: the drive for profit Competitive bidding: the drive for profit pushes private prisons to pay the lowest pushes private prisons to pay the lowest possible price for items.possible price for items.

Less red tape: private prisons do not have Less red tape: private prisons do not have the same amounts of paperwork that slow the same amounts of paperwork that slow down governmental organizations.down governmental organizations.

The Function of Jails The Function of Jails Holding those convicted Holding those convicted

of misdemeanors.of misdemeanors. Receiving/holding Receiving/holding

individuals pending: individuals pending: arraignment, trial, arraignment, trial, conviction or conviction or sentencing.sentencing.

Temporary detention of Temporary detention of juveniles.juveniles.

Holding mentally ill Holding mentally ill pending transfer to pending transfer to mental health facility.mental health facility.

The Function of JailsThe Function of Jails

Detaining probation/parole violators or Detaining probation/parole violators or those who “jumped” bail.those who “jumped” bail.

Houses inmates awaiting transfer to state Houses inmates awaiting transfer to state or federal prisons.or federal prisons.

Operating community-based corrections Operating community-based corrections programs.programs.

The Jail Population The Jail Population Pretrial Detainees Pretrial Detainees

(walking legal (walking legal contradictions)contradictions)

Sentenced Jail Inmates: Sentenced Jail Inmates: individuals sentenced to individuals sentenced to short terms, typically short terms, typically between thirty and ninety between thirty and ninety days.days.

Other Jail Inmates: Other Jail Inmates: include convicted felons include convicted felons awaiting transfer to state awaiting transfer to state or federal prisons, or federal prisons, probation or parole probation or parole violators.violators.

The End of the Line: Supermax The End of the Line: Supermax Prisons Prisons

The “Worst of the Worst” The “Worst of the Worst” Prisoners are committed to a “supermax” Prisoners are committed to a “supermax”

because they misbehave in standard because they misbehave in standard penal institutions.penal institutions.

Held in one-person cells.Held in one-person cells.Permitted out of their cells only ninety Permitted out of their cells only ninety

minutes a day.minutes a day.

Marion – The First Supermax Marion – The First Supermax

After Alcatraz was closed in 1963, the After Alcatraz was closed in 1963, the Bureau of Prisons attempted to “disperse” Bureau of Prisons attempted to “disperse” the worst prisoners throughout the prison the worst prisoners throughout the prison system.system.

2.2. In 1983, Marion experienced a rash In 1983, Marion experienced a rash of violence that resulted in a total of violence that resulted in a total lockdown of the institution.lockdown of the institution.

3.3. Marion left the lockdown policy in Marion left the lockdown policy in effect, creating the first “supermax.”effect, creating the first “supermax.”

The New Generation Supermax The New Generation Supermax

In the past decade, a In the past decade, a new generation of new generation of supermax facilities supermax facilities has been created.has been created.

These new facilities These new facilities focus on technology, focus on technology, and security in the and security in the housing and housing and movement of inmates.movement of inmates.

Senseless Suffering?Senseless Suffering?

Various groups argue that supermax prisons are Various groups argue that supermax prisons are cruel and unusual.cruel and unusual.

So far, the courts have not forced the elimination So far, the courts have not forced the elimination of supermax prisons.of supermax prisons.

Think-Pair-ShareThink-Pair-Share

The article called “The End of the Line The article called “The End of the Line Supermax Prisons”Supermax Prisons”

Final ProjectFinal Project

Your partner and you will design a prison Your partner and you will design a prison or jailor jail

You will have to design the building, rank You will have to design the building, rank structure, programs, security measures, structure, programs, security measures, daily routines, housing arrangements, and daily routines, housing arrangements, and more.more.