privacy-enhancing overlays in bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · how bitcoin works 4 (pka,ska) (pkb,skb)...
TRANSCRIPT
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Sarah Meiklejohn (University College London) Claudio Orlandi (Aarhus University)
1
Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin
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Anonymity in Bitcoin
2
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Anonymity in Bitcoin
2
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Anonymity in Bitcoin
2
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Anonymity in Bitcoin
2
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Anonymity in Bitcoin
2
How much anonymity does Bitcoin really provide?
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Outline
3
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Outline
Background
3
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Outline
Background Taint resistance
3
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Outline
Background Taint resistance
Achieving taint resistance
3
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Outline
Background Taint resistance
Achieving taint resistance Conclusions
3
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Outline
Background Taint resistance
Achieving taint resistance Conclusions
BackgroundHow Bitcoin works
Anonymity in Bitcoin Coinjoin
3
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How Bitcoin works
4
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How Bitcoin works
4peer-to-peer network
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How Bitcoin works
4
(pkA,skA)
(pkB,skB) peer-to-peer network
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How Bitcoin works
4
(pkA,skA)
(pkB,skB)
address
peer-to-peer network
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How Bitcoin works
4
(pkA,skA)
(pkB,skB)
address
peer-to-peer network
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How Bitcoin works
4
(pkA,skA)
(pkB,skB)
address
peer-to-peer networktx:Sign(pkB→pkA)
transaction
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How Bitcoin works
4
(pkA,skA)
(pkB,skB)
address
peer-to-peer network
minertx:Sign(pkB→pkA)
transaction
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How Bitcoin works
4
(pkA,skA)
(pkB,skB)
blockchain
address
peer-to-peer network
minertx:Sign(pkB→pkA)
transaction
![Page 21: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Anonymity in Bitcoin
5
How much anonymity does Bitcoin really provide?
(pkA,skA)
(pkB,skB)
address
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Anonymity in Bitcoin
5
How much anonymity does Bitcoin really provide?
(pkA,skA)
(pkB,skB)
address
in theory, a lot! addresses are not linked to identity
![Page 23: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Input clustering [RH13,RS13,A+13,M+13,SMZ14]
2
1
3
6
7
15
Heuristic: the same user controls these addresses
6
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Change clustering [A+13,M+13,SMZ14]
2
1
3 14
7
7
0 14
11
Heuristic: the same user also controls this address
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Tracking technique [M+13,HDM+14]
cycle theft
...
heists
= exchange
service interaction
8
individual thefts
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Tracking technique [M+13,HDM+14]
cycle theft
...
heists
= exchange
service interaction
8
individual thefts
![Page 27: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Anonymity in Bitcoin
9
How much anonymity does Bitcoin really provide?
in theory, a lot! addresses are not linked to identity
in practice, maybe not so much
![Page 28: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Privacy-enhancing overlays
10
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Privacy-enhancing overlays
10
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Privacy-enhancing overlays
10
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Privacy-enhancing overlays
10
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Privacy-enhancing overlays
10
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Privacy-enhancing overlays
10
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Privacy-enhancing overlays
10
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CoinjoinIntroduced on August 22 2013 by Gregory Maxwell
“Bitcoin privacy for the real world”
11
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Coinjoin
12
2
1
3
2
1
![Page 37: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Coinjoin
12
2
1
3
2
1
![Page 38: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Coinjoin
12
2
1
3
2
1 σ1σ2
![Page 39: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Coinjoin
12
2
1
3
2
1 σ1σ2σ3
![Page 40: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Coinjoin
12
2
1
3
2
1 σ1σ2σ3
3
3
![Page 41: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Coinjoin
12
2
1
3
2
1 σ1σ2σ3
3
3
signatures contributed separately
![Page 42: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Coinjoin prevents clustering
2
1
3
13
7
15
Heuristic: the same user controls these addresses
6
![Page 43: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Coinjoin prevents clustering
2
1
3
13
7
15
Heuristic: the same user controls these addresses
6
![Page 44: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Coinjoin
14
2
1
3
2
1 σ1σ2σ3
could be:• private communication• IRC (+Tor)• central server (+blind signatures)
3
3
signatures contributed separately
![Page 45: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Coinjoin
14
2
1
3
2
1 σ1σ2σ3
could be:• private communication• IRC (+Tor)• central server (+blind signatures)
3
3
signatures contributed separately
![Page 46: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
“Coinjoin” transactions
15
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“Coinjoin” transactions
15
“coinjoin” has:• more than 5 inputs• more than 5 outputs
![Page 48: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
“Coinjoin” transactions
15
02
46
810
12
Date
Num
ber m
atch
ing
2010−12−29 2011−05−14 2011−09−27 2012−02−10 2012−06−25 2012−11−08 2013−03−24 2013−08−07 2013−12−21 2014−05−06
# “c
oinjo
ins” p
er b
lock
time
“coinjoin” has:• more than 5 inputs• more than 5 outputs
![Page 49: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
“Coinjoin” transactions
15
02
46
810
12
Date
Num
ber m
atch
ing
2010−12−29 2011−05−14 2011−09−27 2012−02−10 2012−06−25 2012−11−08 2013−03−24 2013−08−07 2013−12−21 2014−05−062011 8/2013
13
3
# “c
oinjo
ins” p
er b
lock
time
“coinjoin” has:• more than 5 inputs• more than 5 outputs
![Page 50: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Anonymity in Bitcoin
16
How much anonymity does Bitcoin really provide?
in theory, a lot! addresses are not linked to identity
in practice, maybe not so much
![Page 51: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Anonymity in Bitcoin
16
How much anonymity does Bitcoin really provide?does Coinjoin
in theory, a lot! addresses are not linked to identity
in practice, maybe not so much
![Page 52: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Outline
17
Cryptographic background Taint resistance
Achieving taint resistance Conclusions
BackgroundTaint resistance
Accuracy Taint resistance
![Page 53: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Anonymity in Bitcoin
18
How much anonymity does Bitcoin really provide?does Coinjoin
in theory, a lot! addresses are not linked to identity
in practice, maybe not so much
![Page 54: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Anonymity in Bitcoin
18
How much anonymity does Bitcoin really provide?does Coinjoin
in theory, a lot! addresses are not linked to identity
in practice, maybe not so much
![Page 55: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Coinjoin
19
2
1
3 3
32
1 σ1σ2σ3
![Page 56: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Coinjoin
19
2
1
3 3
32
1 σ1σ2σ3
should be hard to figure out whichinput addresses sent to this output address
![Page 57: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Coinjoin
19
2
1
3 3
32
1 σ1σ2σ3
should be hard to figure out whichinput addresses sent to this output address
should be hard to figure out permutation
![Page 58: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Taint resistance
20
2
1
3 3
32
1 σ1σ2σ3
taint set
![Page 59: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Taint resistance
20
2
1
3 3
32
1 σ1σ2σ3
taint set
accuracy: how accurately can one identify taint set?
![Page 60: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Taint resistance
20
2
1
3 3
32
1 σ1σ2σ3
taint set
accuracy: how accurately can one identify taint set?
MCC = |A∩T|×|S \ (A∪T)| - |A \ T|×|T \ A| √(|A||T||S\T||S\A|)
![Page 61: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Taint resistance
20
2
1
3 3
32
1 σ1σ2σ3
taint set
accuracy: how accurately can one identify taint set?
MCC = |A∩T|×|S \ (A∪T)| - |A \ T|×|T \ A| √(|A||T||S\T||S\A|)
guess for taint set (true) taint set
input keys (candidate set)
![Page 62: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Taint resistance
20
2
1
3 3
32
1 σ1σ2σ3
taint set
accuracy: how accurately can one identify taint set?
taint resistance: no adversary can have good accuracy
MCC = |A∩T|×|S \ (A∪T)| - |A \ T|×|T \ A| √(|A||T||S\T||S\A|)
guess for taint set (true) taint set
input keys (candidate set)
![Page 63: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Bad taint resistance: lopsided values
21
2
1.987
50.12350.123
σ1σ2
1.987
![Page 64: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Bad taint resistance: process of elimination
22
2
1
3 3
32
1 σ1σ2σ3
![Page 65: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Outline
23
Cryptographic background Taint resistance
Achieving taint resistance Conclusions
Background
Achieving taint resistanceConstructive approaches Is Coinjoin taint resistant?
![Page 66: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Constructing taint-resistant protocols
24
could be:• private communication• IRC (+Tor)• central server
2
1
3
2
1 σ1σ2σ3
![Page 67: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Constructing taint-resistant protocols
24
could be:• private communication• IRC (+Tor)• central server
if server is trusted and A is passive
then we can achieve taint resistance
2
1
3
2
1 σ1σ2σ3
![Page 68: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Constructing taint-resistant protocols
24
could be:• private communication• IRC (+Tor)• central server
if server is trusted and A is passive
then we can achieve taint resistance
if server is passively corrupted then we can achieve (1-ε)-taint resistance
2
1
3
2
1 σ1σ2σ3
![Page 69: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Constructing taint-resistant protocols
24
could be:• private communication• IRC (+Tor)• central server
if server is trusted and A is passive
then we can achieve taint resistance
if server is passively corrupted then we can achieve (1-ε)-taint resistance
(like CoinShuffle [RM-SK14]) if an active A controls τ fraction of n parties then we can achieve
(1-nτn-1)-taint resistance
2
1
3
2
1 σ1σ2σ3
![Page 70: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Analyzing taint-resistant protocols
25
![Page 71: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Analyzing taint-resistant protocols
25
participated in 108 transactions ourselves
![Page 72: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Analyzing taint-resistant protocols
26
implemented simple subset-sum algorithm: (roughly) if sum of input values is output value,
input addresses might be in taint set for output address
![Page 73: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Analyzing taint-resistant protocols
26(Atlas,Coinjoin Sudoku)
implemented simple subset-sum algorithm: (roughly) if sum of input values is output value,
input addresses might be in taint set for output address
![Page 74: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Analyzing taint-resistant protocols
26(Atlas,Coinjoin Sudoku)
implemented simple subset-sum algorithm: (roughly) if sum of input values is output value,
input addresses might be in taint set for output address
active adversaryknows addresses
and knows coinjoins
![Page 75: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Analyzing taint-resistant protocols
26(Atlas,Coinjoin Sudoku)
implemented simple subset-sum algorithm: (roughly) if sum of input values is output value,
input addresses might be in taint set for output address
active adversaryknows addresses
and knows coinjoins passive adversary
knows no addressesand guesses coinjoins
![Page 76: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Sanity check: Ground truth output taint
27
0 10 20 30 40−1.0
−0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Number of input public keys
MC
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m & s=2n & s=2c & s=2
![Page 77: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Sanity check: Ground truth output taint
27
0 10 20 30 40−1.0
−0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Number of input public keys
MC
C●
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m & s=2n & s=2c & s=2
(due to a quirk in theSharedCoin system)
![Page 78: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Sanity check: Ground truth output taint
27
0 10 20 30 40−1.0
−0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Number of input public keys
MC
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m & s=2n & s=2c & s=2
(due to a quirk in theSharedCoin system)
(accurate)
![Page 79: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Active adversaries: Coinjoin output taint
28
0 10 20 30 400
10
20
30
40
Number of input public keys
Size
of s
et S
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m & s=2m & s=4n & s=2n & s=4c & s=2c & s=4
![Page 80: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Active adversaries: Coinjoin output taint
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m & s=2m & s=4n & s=2n & s=4c & s=2c & s=4
how many possiblesubsets?
![Page 81: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Active adversaries: Coinjoin output taint
28
0 10 20 30 400
10
20
30
40
Number of input public keys
Size
of s
et S
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m & s=2m & s=4n & s=2n & s=4c & s=2c & s=4
how many possiblesubsets?
(didn’t capture behavior)
![Page 82: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Active adversaries: Coinjoin output taint
28
0 10 20 30 400
10
20
30
40
Number of input public keys
Size
of s
et S
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m & s=2m & s=4n & s=2n & s=4c & s=2c & s=4
(less confident)
how many possiblesubsets?
(didn’t capture behavior)
![Page 83: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Passive adversaries: “Coinjoin” output taint
29
0 10 20 30 400
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m & s=2m & s=4n & s=2n & s=4c & s=2c & s=4
![Page 84: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Passive adversaries: “Coinjoin” output taint
29
0 10 20 30 400
10
20
30
40
Number of input public keys
Size
of s
et S
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m & s=2m & s=4n & s=2n & s=4c & s=2c & s=4
(less confident)
![Page 85: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Passive adversaries: “Coinjoin” output taint
29
0 10 20 30 400
10
20
30
40
Number of input public keys
Size
of s
et S
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m & s=2m & s=4n & s=2n & s=4c & s=2c & s=4
(less confident)
passive adversary is much less confident
than active one!
![Page 86: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Outline
30
Cryptographic background Taint resistance
Achieving taint resistance Conclusions
Background
Conclusions
![Page 87: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Conclusions
31
How much anonymity does Bitcoin really provide?does Coinjoin
in theory, a lot! addresses are not linked to identity
in practice, maybe not so much
![Page 88: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Conclusions
31
How much anonymity does Bitcoin really provide?does Coinjoin
in theory, a lot! addresses are not linked to identity
in practice, maybe not so much
in theory, can achieve perfect taint resistance
![Page 89: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Conclusions
31
How much anonymity does Bitcoin really provide?does Coinjoin
in theory, a lot! addresses are not linked to identity
in practice, maybe not so much
in theory, can achieve perfect taint resistance
in practice, depends on auxiliary information
![Page 90: Privacy-Enhancing Overlays in Bitcoin · 2015-02-05 · How Bitcoin works 4 (pkA,skA) (pkB,skB) address peer-to-peer network miner tx:Sign(pkB→pkA) transaction](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022043010/5fa21552072ee449db6865b5/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Conclusions
31
How much anonymity does Bitcoin really provide?does Coinjoin
in theory, a lot! addresses are not linked to identity
in practice, maybe not so much
in theory, can achieve perfect taint resistance
in practice, depends on auxiliary information
Thanks! Any questions?