privacy, technology and economics in the 5g environment · regulation. •on the international...
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Privacy, Technology and Economics in the 5G
Environment S AM AN T K H AJ U R I A
A S S I S T P R O F E S S O R , C M I
K N U D E R I K S K O U B Y P R O F E S S O R , D I R E C T O R C M I
S K O U B Y @ C M I . A A U . D K
Background
• Privacy is a complex, multifaceted concept • Privacy has been an important topic throughout history of communication
• Recent advances in information technology have raised attention/ interest to an all time-high • Surveillance by the state
• Collection of information by companies
• Different notions of privacy • Decisional Privacy
• The right to choose…..human rights
• Informational Privacy • Disclosure of personal information
• Concerns are raised
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Statistics – Survey by the Pew Research Center • 86% of internet users have tried to use the internet in
ways to minimize the visibility of their digital footprints
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• 55% of internet users have taken steps to hide from specific people or organizations
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• Access to certain kind of behavioral data and communication content
Statistics – Survey by the Pew Research Center
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Challenges for Online User/ Challenges for the ‘System’ • Users are increasingly reluctant to disclose personal information online because
of privacy concerns
• The ‘System’ builds increasingly on data as an economic asset controlled and monetized by the services providers whose business cases requires this
• In the privacy policy of the general Data protection and privacy frameworks users are offered ‘Notice and Choice’ • A mechanism giving a choice between either accepting all service terms and conditions or
not using the service at all
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The privacy policy of ‘Notice & Choice’
• The assumptions are • Companies post their privacy policies
• Users read and understand these policies
• Users follow a rational decision-making process to engage only with companies they believe offer an acceptable level of privacy
• Notice & Choice is designed and promoted as a replacement for regulation.
• On the international scene this is ‘assuring’ both privacy rights and international data flows.
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‘Notice & Choice’
• Notice have been recognized as essential to ensure that consumers are properly informed before divulging personal information as it ideally informs on • Identification of the entity collecting the data
• Identification of the uses to which the data will be put
• Identification of any potential recipients of the data
• The nature of the data collected and the means by which it is collected.
• The consequences of a refusal to provide the requested information
• The steps taken by the data collector to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and quality of the data .
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‘Notice & Choice’
• ‘Choice’ is typically defined in terms of consent • According to FTC, choice means giving consumers options as to how any
personal information collected from them can be used.
• Choice is also related to secondary uses of information – uses beyond those necessary to complete the contemplated transaction
• No frameworks – US or EU (with its sharper data protection rules) – mention ‘value’ as part of ‘Notice’ or ‘’Choice’
• It is, however, ‘out there’ – and obvious to consider in a market economy setting – and the basis for the development of the online services
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Users’ personal data worth • Facebook earns its revenue from targeted advertising which is seen when user is
using their service.
• To estimate the value of an average Facebook user • Recent financial disclosures for shareholders, number of Facebook users, their location. • Average users’ worth based on geographical area ( based on income and spending patterns ) • Gender plays a very important role too – advertisers are generally willing to spend more to
reach women then men. • Time spend by the user on Facebook – Number of friends user has and number of likes added
by the user.
• Twitter also earns its revenue from users’ data and the ads they show • Twitter focus on how often a user looks at the tweets and how a user drive other users to the
tweets
• Can the ‘silent’ accept of value appropriation survive in the visions for 5G?
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A Technology Vision of 5G
• Not fully defined
• A modularized solution vs the monolithic 2G, 3G, 4G
• 5G will build on new radio access technologies combined with evolved existing wireless technologies ( LTE, GSM, WiFi, DVB … ) • Heterogeneous networks
• 5G wireless networks will • Support 1,000-fold gains in capacity • Extremely low latency and response times • Connections for ‘at least’ 100 billion devices - IoT • Flexible capacity – frequency slicing etc
• A new network paradigm, e.g., serving the Smart City
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5G – ‘Users’ & Data
• The connected world of the future is based on information and data generated by people, processes and the environment we live in – the Smart City
• The corresponding, emerging network consists not only of infrastructure provided by network providers but also by the users, and a broad range of 3rd party access providers
• The paradigm shift is driven by a changed concept of what a user ‘is’ • Mainly a huge set of diverse devices and applications interoperating, a cooperative and
coordinated set of physical and logical objects – the ‘IoT World’ • Some of these objects are owned by a ‘real end-user’ e.g., FitBand or cellwatch • Others will be instances of services that are associated with the user
• In 5G, all these instances will be univocally understood as being of a ‘user domain’ and will be orchestrated in order to provide the overall integrated services the user wants - ‘personalization attribute services’ (PATS)
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5G – A Socio-technical construction
• The socio-technical structures ‘the crowd and cloud’ will be key enablers to • Explore & generate infrastructures for common use with socialized devices
• Generate and exchange information
• The 5G Networks will be designed around the needs and requirements of the ‘user’, and the information value
• The data generated and accessed by the ‘users’ will be distributed across adequate communities – based on the value
• This distribution mechanism requires ‘full’ commercialization of data – a showdown for the ‘Notice & Choice’ with its binary option
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New Trust & Business Models
• The 5G socio-technical construction implies • New trust models recognizing the new user concept incl. extended requirements in areas
such as authentication between various actors and devices, accountability and non-repudiation
• New business models defining new stakeholders roles and recognizing a fuller commercialization of data
• Not realized – yet – in the emerging privacy frameworks
• The proposed new EU Directive on the protection of personal data still recognizes three distinct categories of stakeholders • Data Subject – Individual who is the subject of the personal data • Data controller – determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data • Data processor – a 3rd party who simply processes personal data on behalf of the data
controller without controlling the contents or making use of the data
• There is no role foreseen for the user as provider/ seller of data
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Conclusion
• Privacy is a key aspect of online users’ daily life.
• Research have shown that the levels of trust among users have gone down – transparent treatment of privacy related data is lacking
• 5G is needed to exploit IoT potentials and support Smart City development
• The technical development of 5G is under way - A successful deployment of the user centric and data centric 5G technology must build on user trust
• Increased transparency is not enough in a system dominated by ‘personalized attribute services’ (PATS)
• A functioning 5G ecosystem demands clearly established users’ rights to data
• A corresponding business model remains to be developed
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